فهرست مطالب mahmoud khoramivafa

in this study, the effect of silver nanoparticles and humic acid on some morphological characteristics of quinoa seedlings under drought stress was investigated. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment consisted of three levels of silver nanoparticles (0, 10 and 20 mg L-1 AgNPs), three levels of humic acid (0, 100 and 300 mg L-1) and three levels of drought stress (0, -6 and -12 bar). In this study, Titicaca cultivar was used. The highest amount of seed vigor and seed germination rate were observed in the highest level of AgNPs and humic acid, which indicates the positive effect of AgNPs and humic acid on germination percentage, germination rate and quinoa seed vigor. According to the obtained results, drought stress led to a decrease in germination percentage and growth characteristics of quinoa seeds. AgNPs and humic acid had a positive effect on germination and growth characteristics of quinoa seedlings under drought stress conditions compared to control treatment. With increasing the concentration of AgNPs and humic acid, the amount of proline, soluble sugars, total phenol, flavonoids and catalase activity under drought stress increased, indicating the positive role of AgNPs and humic acid to increase drought tolerance in quinoa. Therefore, the use of humic acid at a concentration of 300 mg L-1 along with 20 mg L-1 AgNPs is recommended to improve germination and seed growth of quinoa under drought stress conditions

Various methods are suggested for the removal and detection of heavy metals in the environment, most of which require a lot of time and money. Therefore, phytoremediation is a method that requires less time and money than other methods to remove heavy metals from the environment. In the present study, the image processing technique by smart mobile phone was used to determine the contamination of pennyroyal hyper accumulator plants by three heavy metals lead, nickel, and cadmium. Thirty plants were planted in thirty pots in perlite. For 28 days, these plants were photographed by mobile phones, both inside the box and contact imaging. Matlab R2017b software environment was used for image processing and artificial neural network operations. To determine the structure of artificial neural network, 12 neurons (Includes red, green and blue of RGB color space, hue, saturation and brightness of HSB color space, luminosity, blue Chroma and red Chroma of YCbCr color space and bright, red/green and bright yellow/blue L*a*b* color space) neurons as input layer and 4 neurons for output layer once (includes lead, nickel, cadmium, and control) again 2 neurons (containing heavy metal and control) in the output layer, both box and contact images were considered and the best network structure was identified.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of seed priming on the grain yield and its related traits of linseed under post flowering water deficit in Razi University during the 2015-2016 years. 

A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran was used. Three factors including: two cultivars (Indian and Hungarian), seed pre-treatment factor in eight levels including five seed bacteria inoculations (Bacillus sp., Bacillus megatrium, Bacillus amyloliqueufaciens, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas geniculata), Hydro priming, KNO3 and control treatment and 3) Stop watering after flowering and control were evaluated. 

The results showed that, in control treatment, grain yield of Indian and Hungarian cultivars (1536 and 1497 kg.ha-1 respectively) had not significant difference, but biomass yield of Hungarian cultivar (6129 kg.ha-1) was significantly higher than of Indian cultivar (4575 kg.ha-1). Water deficit caused significant reduction in grain yield, biological yield, the number of pod per plant, the number of grain per plant, thousands grain weight, the number of empty pod per plant, plant height, the number of main branches and the number of subsidiary branches in two evaluated cultivars. Seed priming treatments not only significantly mitigated water deficit effect on grain yield and its components but also in control treatment, increased these traits significantly. Bacillus megatrium and Bacillus amyloliqueufaciens had the best positive effect on evaluated traits.

It seems that use of appropriate and indigenous strains of plant growth promoting bacteria can be one of the suitable strategies for increasing the productivity of crops under drought stress conditions.

Using the AquaCrop model, this research simulated the grains and biological yields of soybean cultivars (M9, Zan and Williams) under different irrigation treatments and future climatic conditions. To this end, whether data of the LARS-WG model were used as input data related to 1970-2010 period in Pars abad of Moghan Plain using AOGCM of HadCM3 based on scenarios of AR4 (A1B, A2 and B1) and NCAR based on scenarios of AR5 (RCP2.6 and RCP 8.5) to study periods of 2011-2030 and 2046-2065. Results showed, compared to the historical period, the statistical periods of 2011-2030 and 2046-2065 would show increases in average monthly minimum temperatures for all scenarios. These periods would also reveal decreases in average monthly maximum temperatures as well as average monthly precipitations for scenarios of RCP8.5, A2, A1B, RCP2.6, and B1, as well as scenarios of B1, RCP2.6, RCP8.5, A2, and A1B, respectively. According to the findings of RMSE and NMRSE, the AquaCrop was a good model for performance evaluation and simulation. The values of grain and biological yield would increase more for A1B and RCP8.5 than for the other scenarios during future periods. These findings indicate that soybean is an acceptable plant for the future climate of Pars abad of Moghan. In conditions of sufficient water and deficient water, Williams and Zan, respectively, exhibited lesser growth reduction and higher grain and biological yields than M9.

This experiment was conducted at Mehrgan Agricultural Research Station, Kermansha, Iran, in 2012. The maize parents of hybrid 704 cultivar was cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments includes: 1-ammonium nitrate (1/3 before planting and 2/3 after planting) 2-solupotas 3-iron chelate, 4-zinc sulfate, 5-manganes sulfate 6- boric acid, 7- Combine treatments 1 to 6 with each other. 8- Combine treatments 1 and 2 with each other. 9- Combine treatments 3 to 6 with each other. 10- Control (without spraying). The applied treatments were sprayed in three stages: 1- growth stage from 6 to 8 leaves 2- maximum leaf area index 3- after pollination. The length of plots was 7 meters and width was 4.5 meters (including 4 mother line and 2 father line) with spacing rows of 75 cm and plant spacing on the 18 cm row. The cultivation was carried out on May 1 and irrigation system was sprinkler. The treats measured was include macro and micro elements in seed, germination percentage, seedling vigor index (SVI), germination rate and Seedling growth rate (SGR) for each treatment. The results showed that foliar application did not significantly differ in the amount of nutrients in corn seed. Despite the lack of significant difference in the amount of nutrients in the seed, seedling growth and germination rate were superior in some treatments, so that the highest seedling growth was observed in potassium spraying treatment. The highest rate of germination was also due to spraying with high consumption elements.

 Food security (FS) is defined as sustainable access to safe and nutritious food for a healthy and active life. The present study was designed to investigate and determine FS status of rural households and the relevant influential factors. It was conducted on 432 rural households in six subdistricts of two districts of Sarpolzahab, West of Iran, in 2016.

 The samples were selected using random cluster sampling, and FS status was assessed using United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) household FS questionnaire. Therefore, both socio-economic questionnaire and the household FS questionnaire were completed during a face to face interview. Data were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS-22. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and forward multiple logistic regression were used for data analysis.

 Prevalence of food insecurity (FI) in all of the surveyed households was 65.3%, and household FS status between the subdistricts had a significant difference (P< 0.01). The results of the study showed that the prevalence of FI in the subdistricts of Posht-Tang and Sarab (83.3% and 76.4%, respectively) was higher than other subdistricts. Number of household’s members, land ownership, education of household’s head, activity status, and household’s income had significantly relationship with household FI (P< 0.01).

The high prevalence of FI is a major threat to the abnormal utilization of environmental resources in this realm. Therefore, given the impact of horticultural activities and diverse cultivation on household FS, macro and regional policies should be provided to increase the diversity of products through agroforestry and intercropping.

This research presents the basic information on the FS status of rural households in Sarpolzahab and some related socio-economic factors the results of which can help planners and managers to implement interventions to improve the FS and welfare of rural households.

Selenium due to its physiological and anti-oxidative properties is considered to be essential micronutrient for humans, animals and plants. The positive effects of selenium on reduction of various environmental stresses in plants is, however, still unclear and need to be explored. In this study, the effect of selenium on increasing drought tolerance of yellow landrace onions in Isfahan was investigated by factorial experiment in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions. Treatments were drought stress at three levels (0, 50 and 75% of field capacity) and levels of selenium at three levels (0, 5 and 10 mg.L-1 sodium selenate). Foliar application of selenium was performed in two plant growth stages. The first foliar application at the onset of stress (onion production stage) and the second application was carried out two weeks after the onset of stress (onion development stage). Increasing selenium concentrations, under all levels of drought, traits like plant height (62.66 cm), leaf number (11.66), fresh weight (36.82 g) and dry weight of bulb (4.66 g) were increased. In contrast to drought stress, selenium concentrations increased onion physiological properties (total phenol, flavonoid, total soluble sugar, relative leaf water content and stomatal conductance). Increased onion growth under drought stress is attributed to the antioxidant property of selenium. Because, selenium acts as an oxidant at high concentrations it decreased growth. Selenium at 10 mg.L-1 did not have any detrimental effect on onions. It increased the growth of bulb and seedling onion. These results suggest that selenium application may improve antioxidantal defense system of onions under drought stress conditions. Thus, its use may be recommended under arid and semiarid regions.

Determining appropriate deficit irrigation regimes and varieties under these conditions is necessary to optimize the use of available water in arid and semi-arid regions. In this regard, field experiments were carried out for two years (2014-2015) at the Moghan plain, Iran. The experimental design in each year was split plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. The main plots consisted of four irrigation levels: normal irrigation, 80% of maximum daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 70% ETc and 50% ETc. Three maize hybrids (SC704, SC703, SC705) were arranged in the sub-plots. Mean comparisons showed that deficit irrigation caused a significant decrease in grain yield and other agronomic traits, physiological characteristics (chlorophyll a, b and relative water content) and growth parameters (leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate). On the other hand, leaf rolling percentage increased due to the water deficit stress. By increasing deficit irrigation intensity (especially at 50% ETc), chlorophyll a, b and relative water content decreased in SC705 more than the other two hybrids (SC703, SC704) and the leaf rolling percentage at the severe stress condition reached to 60% in SC705. The highest grain yield (8.51 t/ha) and biomass (19.36 t/ha), averaged over two years, were observed under normal irrigation for the SC705 hybrid. However, this hybrid had minimum grain yield and biomass at 50% ETc. By increasing water deficit from normal irrigation to 50% ETc, significant decrease was observed for leaf area index, plant growth rate, relative growth rate and net photosynthesis rate of SC705. Due to the sensitivity of physiological characteristics and growth parameters to the deficit irrigation and the influence of grain yield from these traits, it seems necessary to prevent the occurrence of water deficit at critical stages of maize growth. In conclusion, due to the sensitivity of the SC705 to water shortage, this hybrid is not recommended to water deficit conditions and it would rather be planted when enough irrigation water is available. On the other hand, SC704 seems suitable for the water deficit environments, especially at the severe water stress condition (50% ETc).

Small scale framers mainly face to farm sprawl, land multiplicity and diminution, losing resources and cultural mechanization incapability. Whereas the multiple cropping has more sustainability in unsuitable geographical regions environmentally, it is one of the suitable ways for small scale farmer's livelihood. Nonetheless, there is indispensable to assertion of multiple cropping profitability compare to sole cropping scientifically. Hence, an experiment as split plot design carried out in 2008 at Kermanshah region, aim to economic evaluation of medicinal pumpkin intercropped with both chickpea and lentil. Main plots included nitrogen fertilizer (0, 75, 100, 125, Kg.ha-1) and sub plot were three cropping systems consisting of sole cropping of medicinal pumpkin and intercropped with four rows of lentil and chickpea. The highest LER (2.20) and cost benefit ratio (8.81) were obtained from medicinal pumpkin intercropped with lentil at 75 Kg.N/ha and medicinal pumpkin intercropped with chickpea at 125 Kg.N/ha, respectively. All of indices showed profitability of medicinal pumpkin intercropped both with lentil and chickpea in Kermanshah region. There were the highest land productivity and economic profitability by intercropping the medicinal pumpkin and lentil with 75 Kg.N/ha consumption.