mahnaz taslimi

School health care providers work as human resources in two areas of education and health in schools, which are responsible for their professional development as government employees. This process requires more attention in newly hired or experienced people in order for health literacy to be properly conveyed to the audience of this occupational group.

In this review, comparative, systematic article, which was conducted in the academic year of 2019, based on the method of document analysis studies and the researcher's experience, with the aim of transferring professional experiences (documentation of knowledge), the Items of professional development based on adaptation to the KSAB model were discussed.

The items required for the acquisition of competence and professional development of health care workers have been described in the beginning and were adapted and separated in the model. Then it was counted in 15 categories and 4 fields (professional knowledge-professional ability-professional attitude and professional skill) based on the KSAB model.

Determining indicators and components based on the consensus of the group of educational and health experts based on the needs of the audience can strengthen the commitment and professional ethics, lead to growth and job satisfaction of employees. Therefore, school health educators and trustees should be constantly reviewed to develop professional competencies

Teacher internships began in the United States in 1900 and include work-based teaching experiences. Programs with titles from school to work, in search of work, teaching new teaching methods, and etc., are considered as the best methods of in-service training by a teacher. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of professional internship on the professional development of teachers.

This review article was performed through library study (documentary) to the desired information to access the required data. Data were analyzed and categorized by content analysis method.

Based on the findings of the present study, internship in teacher training faces four major challenges. The positive points and internship developer and the negative points and barriers of internship were drawn in 12 separate categories. Finally the conceptual model of organizational competencies and behaviors acquired during the internship.

According to the findings of the study, a culture of continuous internship in the professional life of teachers is necessary at any stage. Teachers can be prepared to face the job and organizational expectations through teacher internship. Therefore, it is recommended that educational officials pay more attention to this issue.

School-centered health programs have always been considered by education system as a factor in promoting students’ health and building effective community culture. The purpose of this study was to obtain health-oriented prescriptions for stakeholders that can be effective in developing school culture.

The study was performed by analytical review method with document analysis, content analysis and library study. Operational plans consisting of 3 copies of the documents communicated by the Ministry of Education to schools in line with the transformation document in the academic year of 1397-1397. Furthermore, applied research on the effectiveness of these plans in the school organizational culture was used in the last 4 decades. By data reduction method, extractive categories, similarity characteristics and commonalities of the two research variables were calculated with a group of experts’ opinion and some professors.

From the content analysis, 30 features of health-oriented programs were extracted, which were adapted to the two models of organizational culture of school and the axes of Shine model. The existence of commonality was determined in all axes.

The results showed that the commonalities of school programs promoting health and organizational culture are tied to the common roots of beliefs and values that create synergistic effects in the school. Therefore, health teachings in children and adolescents become behaviors, attitudes and Healthy habits in adulthood and they are transferred to future generations. Therefore, considering the role of culture transfer through school, the formation of health-oriented programs is important to create habits and positive thinking in schools.

The purpose of this study was to identify patterns of organizational culture in schools, focusing on its typology, which could be used as a guide for school administrators in the rapid changes. This qualitative research was a kind of analytical-case study with a library method. The surveyed community included sources, compilations and authoritative researches of the last four decades in the field of organizational culture of schools inside and outside the country that were available in accordance with the search terms. A sample of 308 cases that provided theorizing, modeling, and typology. With content analysis and subject coding, the findings were identified in two categories. In the first category, the approach is based on three categories (1. Functionalism, 2. Process-driven approach, 3. Improvement-Efficiency approach) with the aim of understanding the phenomenon of school culture and strategies for increasing school performance. In the second category, with the methodological view of research and application of the results in three groups, descriptive evaluation studies, correlation studies and school culture studies. This typology shows that the school has a specific organizational culture, based on the factors and backgrounds, and that managers and educational leaders with a comprehensive understanding of patterns can be the discoverer and creator a positive organizational culture in schools.

School organizational culture is one of the most effective assets in promoting school goals and programs and implementing health-oriented programs is one of the important demands of the family along with the education of the students. The purpose of this study was to explain the dimensions of school-based health programs that are instrumental in the development of school organizational culture.

In this mix method study, focusing on phenomenological studies was used to gain a deep understanding of the situation under study from the school's ecosystem information. Data were obtained from structured interviews with 30 school principals and staff in the area of  health programs and school organizational culture, observations and assessment checklists. Based on the systematic coding method, the main categories were obtained. After obtaining the selected codes, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed. Its validity and reliability were confirmed by test-retest and Its Cronbach's alpha test was 0.794. Then, a sample of 1329 stakeholders was Surveyed into 5 groups (students, teachers, staff, parents).

The results, while endorsing the categories by the stakeholders, showed that health-based programs are effective in developing school organizational culture through strengthening participatory culture, organizational learning, empowering and strengthening citizenship culture.

The essence of health-oriented programs is a cultural program, both based on knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors in identifying the future lives of students and the community. These influential programs in the area of school organizational culture that need for health of their audiences, as an effective tool for school success, should be the focus by educational planners and leadership.

Nowadays high usage of users from virtual environments and their connection via social networks like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter shows the necessity of finding out shared subjects in this environment more than before. There are several applications that benefit from reliable methods for inferring age and gender of users in social media. Such applications exist across a wide area of fields, from personalized advertising to law enforcement of reputation management. Text posts represent a large portion of user generated content, and contain information which can be relevant to discovering undisclosed user attributes, or investigating the honesty of self-reported age and gender. Because the highest rate of information exchanges is in text format, author identification from the aspects like age, gender, political and religious opinions from these contents will seem more considerable. Gender identification  that could be useful in security and marketing, also answers the following question: given a short text document, can we identify if the author is a male or a female?  This question is motivated by recent events where people faked their gender on the Internet. In this paper, author gender identification in blog’s data is investigated. In this regard, four groups of features include syntactic features, word-based features, character-based features, and function words are employed. In addition, character n-gram features is used for improving the accuracy of classification. For evaluation of the proposed method, 3212 texts were collected from Technorati.com and blogger.com. Experimental results demonstrate that these types of features are practical. furthermore, a new classification method called "Bayesian Random Forest" is introduced. Each tree in Bayesian Random Forest  is a Bayes tree. The results of experiment show that this method attains noticeable results in comparison with other classification algorithms such as Naïve Bayes, Naïve Bayes Tree, and Random Forest and it increases accuracy of gender identification to 89.5%.

Sociodemographic factors are important determinants of weight disorders. National representative studies provide a view on this health problem at national and regional levels. This study aimed to assess the distribution of growth disorders in terms of body mass index (BMI) and height in 6-year-old Iranian children using geographical information system (GIS). In this cross-sectional nationwide survey, all Iranian children entering public and private elementary schools were examined in a mandatory national screening program in 2009. Descriptive analysis was used to calculate the prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity, and short stature. Then, ArcGIS software was used to draw the figures. The study population consisted of 955388 children (48.5% girls and 76.5% urban). Overall, 20% of children were underweight, and 14.3% had high BMI, consisted of 10.9% overweight and 3.4% obese. The corresponding figure for short stature was 6.6%; however, these growth disorders were not equally distributed across various provinces.. Our results confirmed unequal distribution of BMI and height of 6-year-old children in Iran generally and in most of its provinces particularly. The differences among provinces cannot be fully explained by the socioeconomic pattern. These findings necessitate a comprehensive national policy with provincial evidence-based programs.

Decayed teeth are one of the diseases of civilization. Intraoral factors which interact with the others such as heredity, cultural and social factors are involved in the initiation of the disease. Among social factors, health care is particularly important. The aim of the present study was to evaluate DMFT, dmft and gingivitis in the first-year students of elementary, guidance and high schools in rural and urban areas in 23 provinces of Iran. This descriptive nationwide study was conducted in 2009‒2010 as part of the routine examination of first-year students of elementary, guidance and high schools in 23 provinces in Iran. This examination was performed across the country by physicians and medical personnel in relation to DMFT and dmft and gingival inflammation. Data were recorded in students’ health records and frequencies were extracted and reported. The results showed first-year elementary students had the highest caries rate with 45.56%. Caries rates were 40.99% and 35.8% in rural and urban areas, respectively. First-year students of elementary, guidance and high schools in Kashan and Shiraz had the highest and lowest caries rates with 62% and 13%, respectively. Under the limitations of the present study, the highest caries rate was reported in elementary students in Kashan. The highest rates of tooth extractions, tooth restorations and gingival inflammation were reported in elementary, high school and guidance school students, respectively.

Ambiguous genitalia is a hereditary disorder that usually requires early attention and detection. The discovery of ambiguous genitalia in a neonate is situation that could be difficult to manage, not only because of complications such as salt-losing, but also due to the importance of sex determination before psychological gender could be established. Awareness of the prevalence of ambiguous genitalia can affect the attitude and consideration of physicians and related medical personnel about disease in different communities. So in this study, the prevalence of ambiguous genitalia and undescended testes (UDT) in Iran was reported.

This national study was conducted in 2009-2010 as part of the routine screening examinations at school entry in Iran. The physical examinations were performed for students at entry to three school levels by physicians and medical personnel. Execution and conduction of this program was the duty of the University of Medical Sciences in each province.

On average, the prevalence of ambiguous genitalia was 0.04% at national level (0.03%, 0.05%, and 0.03% at 6, 12, and 15 year olds, respectively). The prevalence of ambiguous genitalia was not significantly different according to age group and living area. The average of UDT) prevalence in the whole country was 0.13%. The prevalence of UDT was higher at elementary school level than in the other two levels.

Although the prevalence of genitalia abnormalities was not high in the school students in Iran, given the importance of the issue and in order to find the ambiguous genitalia or UDT, medical examinations and parental notification should be taken seriously at an earlier age.

Anemia is one of the most popular hygiene problems in the world which is accompanied by disturbance of growth and development، reduction of intelligence quotient، and education problems specially for children and teens. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia in students and to indentify the stricken and endangered people in Iran. In this cross-sectional descriptive study، through students examination program، all of the first grade students in three school levels in all over the country were examined in aspect of different disturbances including anemia. Clinical signs of anemia in physical examination were considered as evidence of being anemic. Data collecting was done using registered information in students'' health identity document (ID) cards. The prevalence of anemia was 4. 5% for students، 5. 5% for girls، 3. 5% for boys، 4. 6% in urban areas، and 4. 1% in rural areas. Prevalence of anemia for the first grade students of primary، secondary، and high school was 4. 8%، 4. 5%، and 4. 1%، respectively. Prevalence of anemia in students، especially in first grade of primary school، is worrying; this shows the importance of exact recognition and identification of endangered persons with wide- spread، steady and high-sensitive screening programs. Planning and performing suitable programs for prevention and treatment of disease in society and schools is essential، too.

The fourth survey of the surveillance system named ‘‘childhood and adolescence surveillance and prevention of adult non‑communicable disease’’ (CASPIAN-IV study), was conducted among a national representative sample of Iranian students. This paper describes the methods and early findings of this survey. This nationwide school‑based study was conducted in 2011-2012 in 30 provinces of Iran among 13,486 students, 6‑18 years (6640 girls, 75.6% from urban areas) and one of their parents. Mean age of students was 12.5 years. Based on the World Health Organization growth curves, 12.2% were underweight, 9.7% overweight and 11.9% were obese. Abdominal obesity was observed in 19.1% of students. The dominant type of cooking oil in urban families was liquid oil and hydrogenated fat (39% and 32%), most rural families used hydrogenated fat (53%), respectively. A total of 18% of students had at least 30 min of daily physical activity; 41% of students used computer in weekdays and 44% used it in weekends. Almost 34.5% of students reported to have at least one cigarette smoker and 21.5% reported to have a waterpipe smoker in their relatives. Moreover, 20.3% of students reported that they had suffered an injury needing the help of school health providers during the year prior to the study. Current evidence on the health risky behaviors among Iranian children and adolescents confirms the importance of conducting comprehensive surveillance surveys to identify health risk behaviors. Data of this survey and the trend of variables provide necessary information for health policy makers to implement action‑oriented interventions.

Obesity in accordance with metabolic syndrome (MetS) confronts populations at the higher risk of morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases including, chronic kidney diseases (CKD). The renal complication of obesity and MetS has been less debated in young adolescents. the objective of this study was to assess the kidney function in obese adolescents with or without MetS. The data used in this study were collected as part of a national study entitled childhood and adolescence surveillance and prevention of adult non-communicable disease study. The present study was conducted on a sub-sample of 113 obese adolescents (body mass index >95th percentile) aged between 10 years and 16 years selected by convenient sampling from the whole population studied. Anthropometric indexes and blood pressure were examined. A 12-h fasting serum was obtained for each participant to measure blood glucose, lipid profile, quantitative CRP(HS-CRP), cystatin-c, urea, and creatinine. Fasting spot urine was collected to determine microalbumin and creatinine. Based on the study findings, participants were assigned into two groups with and without MetS. The mean of microalbuminuria was in similar ranges in two groups and while the mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated by Bokenkamp’s, updated and combined Schwartz’s formulas were significantly lower in MetS + obese group in comparison with obese group. The similar result was not achieved by filler’s formula. Among MetS components, waist circumference had a correlation with HS-CRP(p = 0.04; r = 0.15). GFR was calculated based on the Schwartz formula and cystatin-c formulas had no significant correlation with any MetS components. Our findings suggest that MetS can increase the risk of kidney dysfunction in obese adolescents. More studies are suggested in this regard in the pediatric population.

A growing body of evidence supports an association between oral health and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in adults. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between tooth brushing frequency and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. This nationwide population‑based study was conducted among 5258 Iranian students, aged 10-18 years, living in urban and rural areas of 27 provinces in Iran. The association of tooth brushing frequency was assessed with anthropometric indexes and cardiometabolic risk factors after adjustment for potential confounders. Higher frequency of tooth brushing was associated with lower mean levels of low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C) in both genders (P < 0.0001) and lower frequency of elevated LDL‑C in girls (P = 0.03). The frequency of elevated blood pressure decreased with higher tooth brushing frequency in boys (P = 0.03). After adjustment for many potential cofounders such as age, gender, anthropometric indexes, screen time, socioeconomic status, and family history of non‑communicable diseases, participants who washed their teeth at least once a day had lower risk of high LDL‑C and low high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‑C) levels in comparison to those who reported lower frequency of tooth brushing; some different associations were observed among girls and boys. Our findings suggest an independent and protective role of teeth brushing frequency for some cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Increasing both the general health awareness and improving oral health should be considered in primordial and primary prevention of non‑communicable diseases.

To evaluate predictive factors of adolescents’ appraisal of their health. The nationwide study, entitled “Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non‑communicable Diseases (CASPIAN) study,” was conducted in 2010 among Iranian school students, aged 10‑18. In addition to demographic factors and physical examination, variables as family structure, nutrition habits, physical activity, smoking, hygienic habits, violence, school attachment, family smoking, and family history of chronic diseases were assessed. The dependent variable is the self‑rated health (SRH) and it was measured by 12 items, which had already been combined through latent class analysis. We had taken a dichotomous variable, i.e. the higher values indicate better SRH. The dependent variable was regressed on all predictors by generalized additive models. 75% of adolescents had a good SRH. The linear and smooth effects of independent variables on SRH were observed. Among all the variables, physical activity had a positive linear effect on SRH (β = 0.08, P value = 0.003). Smoking, violence, and family history of disease associated to SRH non‑linearly (P value < 0.05). Family smoking (β = –0.01) and hygienic habits (β = 0.27) related to SRH both linearly and non‑linearly. Physical health and high risk behavior, either of linear or non‑linear effect, are factors, which seem to shape the adolescents’ perception of health.

To assess the national inequality of school readiness and autism among 6-year-old Iranian children before school entry using a national health assessment survey. In a cross-sectional nationwide survey, all Iranian children entering public and private elementary schools were asked to participate in a mandatory national screening program in Iran in 2009 in two levels of screening and diagnostic levels. The study population consisted of 955388 children (48.5% girls and 76.1% urban). Of the whole children, 3.1% of the 6-year-old children had impaired vision. In addition, 1.2, 1.8, 1.4, 7.6, 0.08, 10, 10.9, 56.7, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.6 percent had color blindness, hearing impaired, speech disorder, school readiness, autism, height to age retardation, body mass index extremes, decayed teeth, having disease with special needs, spinal disorders, and hypertension, respectively. The distribution of these disorders was unequally distributed across provinces. Our results confirmed that there is an inequality in distribution of school readiness and autism in 6-year-old children across Iranian provinces. The observed burden of these distributions among young children needs a comprehensive national policy with evidence-based province programs to identify the reason for different inequality among provinces.

By the current global obesogenic environment, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is becoming an important health problem in the pediatric age group.. This study aimed to determine the first age-and gender-specific percentiles and upper limit normal limit (ULN) of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) among a nationally-representative sample of children and adolescents in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The second objective was to determine the linear association of obesity indexes and age with serum ALT and AST levels..Patients and This nationwide study was conducted among a representative sample of 4078 students aged 10-18 years, who were selected by multistage random cluster sampling from 27 provinces of Iran. ALT and AST were measured on fresh sera. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as an index of generalized obesity, and waist- to- height ratio (WHtR) as an index of abdominal obesity. The age- and gender-specific percentiles of ALT and AST were constructed, and the 95th percentile of each enzyme was considered as the ULN. Gender-specific linear regression analysis was employed to examine the association of BMI or WHtR with the levels of ALT and AST.. Data of ALT and AST were available for 4078 (2038 girls) and 4150 (2061 girls),respectively. Participants had a mean (SD) age of 14.71 (2.41).The ULN of ALT for boys, girls,and the total individuals were 36.00; 38.00; and, 37.00 U/L, respectively. In both genders,ALT and AST had linear association with age. The association with BMI was significant for ALT in both genders and for AST only in boys, the association of ALT with WHtR was significant in both genders; the corresponding figures were not significant for AST.. The findings of the current study confirmed the current ULN value of 40 U/L commonly used for the pediatric age group. The linear association of indexes for generalized and abdominal obesity with ALT underscores the importance of timely prevention and control of childhood obesity..

To assess the national prevalence of clinical disorders in 6-year-old Iranian children before school entry using a national health assessment survey. In a cross-sectional nationwide survey, all Iranian children entering public and private elementary schools were asked to participate in a mandatory national screening program in Iran in 2009 in two levels of screening and diagnostic levels. The study population consisted of 955388 children (48.5% girls and 76.1% urban). Of the whole children, 3.1% of the 6-year-old children had impaired vision. In addition, 1.2, 1.8, 1.4, 10, 10.9, 56.7, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.6% had color blindness, hearing impaired, speech disorder, height to age retardation, body mass index extremes, decayed teeth, having disease with special needs, spinal disorders, and hypertension, respectively. The distribution of these disorders was unequally distributed across provinces. Our results confirmed that the prevalence of clinical disorders among 6-year-old children across Iranian provinces was not similar. The observed burden of these distributions among young children needs a comprehensive national policy with evidence-based province programs to identify the reason for different distribution among provinces.

A school-based surveillance system entitled the childhood and adolescence surveillance and prevention of Adult Noncommunicable disease (CASPIAN) Study is implemented at national level in Iran. This paper presents the methods and primary findings of the third survey of this surveillance system. This national survey was performed in 2009–2010 in 27 provinces of Iran among 5570 students and one of their parents. In addition to physical examination, fasting serum was obtained. Body mass index was categorized based on the World Health Organization growth charts. Data of 5528 students (2726 girls, 69.37% urban, mean age 14.7 ± 2.4 years) were complete and are reported. Overall, 17.3% (17.3% of girls and 17.5% of boys) were underweight, and 17.7% (15.5% of girls and 19.9% of boys) were overweight or obese. Abdominal obesity was documented in 16.3% of students (17.8% of girls and 15% of boys). 57.6% of families consumed breads, the staple food for Iranians, prepared with white flour. Most families (43.8% in urban areas and 58.6% in rural areas) used solid hydrogenated fats. 22.7% of students did not add salt to the table food. 14.2% of students reported to have a regular daily physical activity for at least 30 min a day. Overall, 10.4% of students (11.7% in urban areas and 7.3% in rural areas) reported that they used tobacco products, often waterpipe. 32.8% of students experienced at least three times of bullying in the previous 3 months. During the year prior to the survey, 14.46% of students had an injury needing the interference by school health providers. This survey is confirmatory evidence on the importance of establishing surveillance systems for risk behaviors to implement action-oriented interventions.