majid karimpourreihan

Mining activities are one of the most persistent causes of soil degradation due to the destabilization of the physicochemical structure of the soil. In this research, quantitative data of soil stability indicators were used to assess the effect of sodium sulfate extraction on soil properties and protective behavior of the earth's surface. The research method was based on tranformations in soil stability indicators, namely, acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR), for natural surfaces (undisturbed topsoil), stripped topsoil layer (displaced soil layer) and sodium sulfate extraction layer. The results show that the concentration of exchangeable sodium percentage and the exchangeable calcium to magnesium ratio in the layer of displaced soil and the extraction layer of sulfate is reduced compared to the natural soil. While the organic matter content of soils does not change in all layers, and the value of electrical conductivity in the sulfate extraction layer is higher than all layers. The results of the soil stability data value show the instability of the displaced soil layer compared to the other two layers. Based on the presented results, it has been shown that the soil instability potential increases due to sodium sulfate extraction.

Lowlands, playas, and downstream portions  of rivers in desert areas contain vast reserves of fine-grained sediments, such as silt and clay, as well as soluble materials including a variety of salts. Surfaces created by the combination of these materials can become periodically susceptible to wind erosion. Thus,they are considered to be major dust sources on a global scale.Depending on the spatio-temperial distribution and composition of salts and fine materials, some proportions of these areas areusually either covered by an evaporite salt crust or disperedsoil.Crust is a relatively thin consolidated soil surface layer or seal that is more compact and cohesive than the material immediately below it. When crusts are formed, particles are bound together and become less susceptible to abrasion by blowing soils compared tothe less stable material below the crust. Both crusted surfaces and dispersed soils are morphologically and geochemically dynamic and can respond rapidly to changes in the local environmental conditions.These changes can be natural, such as the frequencies of surfacedrying and flooding by rainwater or the changing groundwater levels, or can be the result ofanthroponic activitiesproviding salt resources for economic use.Over time, the continued operations of both mechanical and chemical processes on lowland surfaces ultimately lead to the decay of salt crust integrity.Crusts usually provide a protectionagainstan underlying ‘fluffy’ layer of sedimentsrepresentingas salty sediments of dust-size fractions with notably low bulk densities.Wind erosion activity occurs particularly when the crust is disturbed or broken by different activities, such as  salt extraction or vehicular traffic flow.In all desert areas of Iransodium sulphate (Na2SO4) salts are deposited based on humidityand temperatureconditions, as well as groundwater levels and degrees of salt solubility (concentration). These areas usually occur between downstream of covered pediments and upstream of playas.Traditionally, these areas arevalued forsodium sulphate salt extraction,whichcontributes to the economy of the local population in several ways.The study area  was the lowland area of Ivanki, which was one of the areas undergoing wide sodium sulfate extraction. According to the residents, this area providedsand sources forwind erosion and air pollution.It was often a source of emission made by the existingmaterials not only because of wind erosion, but also due tosodium sulfate extraction.This paper investigated the effect of sodium sulfate extraction on creating or exacerbating wind erosion through a collection of sediment samples taken at the sodium sulfate extraction site and their grain-size testing.

The sodium sulfate extraction sites were identified based on local information and interpretation of satellite images. The areawas located in the southwest of Eyvankey City between covered pediments and internetworks of playa.It occupied an area of approximately 5000 ha. The sampling points were identified based on geological and geomorphological studies.SThe sampling wascarried out at the summer season.  4Four sites were considered for sampling;two sites asthe control sites and two sites forsodium sulfate extraction. In the control sites, only one sample was taken from the topsoil (natural land) without manipulation and extraction, whilethe samples in the other two sites were taken from 3horizons: a) soil samples fromthe degraded surfaces; b) samplesoriginated fromthe extraction horizon; and c) samples from the lower layers (without manipulation and extraction).Thus, 8 samples were totally collected.The obtained samples were granulated by the common dry-sieving method.Granulometric statistical analysis wasdone for each sample by using GRADISTAT software. 

According to the ambrothermic diagram, drought conditions prevailed in the region for about 7 months of the year. This drought couldthe aggravating wind erosionparameters, such as soil moisture and vegetation cover. The warm period corresponded to the warm seasons (spring and summer).Anemometer measurements showed that the study area was affected by erosive and strong winds blowing from the north, northwest, and east.Land cover studies revealedthat more than 60% of the soil surface in the control samples was preserved by the crust with particles larger than 2000 microns. However, after crust destruction for sodium sulfateextraction, the effect of crust cover was less than 45%. In other words, the soil surface lost 25% resistance to wind erosion.In the process of sodium sulfate extraction, the soil under the crust, which contained soil particles, along with a significant amount of powdered sodium sulfate particles, was exposed to wind erosion.Our studyshowed that the frequency percentage of vulnerable particles changedfrom about 10% in the surface layer in the control samples to about 50% in the middle and lower layers of the extracted areas. This meant that the region was about 5 times more sensitive to wind erosion.Studies on the statistical parameters of the samples demonstratedthat the average particle diameters significantly and regularly changed from very coarse sands (surface layers of the control samples or natural lands) to coarse sands (degraded surface layers),fine sands (middle layers), and finally very fine sands (bottom layers), which indicatedincreasedsensitivity to the wind erosion process from the surface layer (crust) to the bottom layer. 

In this research, field observations, mechanical analysis of soil particle granulation, and investigation of wind characteristics showed that a very high potential ofdust emission from degraded crusts triggered by open extraction. Spatial changes and displacement of removal areas caused bysodium sulfate reduction duringthe extraction periodled tofurther environmental destruction and wind erosion intensification. The results revealeda significant complexity in the relationships ofthe flux of dust emitted from thecrust degraded by sodium sulfate extraction and natural surface crust withthe threshold wind speed required for wind erosion, which suggests furtherresearch to be conducted in this regard in the future. Keywords:sodium sulphate, wind erosion, evaporative crust, granulometry, soil conservation .

The tourism industry has become the world's third-largest income-generating industry, after the oil and auto industries, and it requires less investment in employmentKeywords: Worn texture, Organizing, District 10, Recreational Approach. Our country is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of tourism, with many millennia attractions and civilization, according to the World Tourism Organization, But our nation's share of this lucrative industry is negligible both in terms of number and turnover, and requires consistent planning. Given the current status and growth and prosperity of this industry in the country and the northeastern provinces (Shirvan), this study aimed to investigate the barriers to tourism development in Shirvan. In order to investigate the research problem through documentary and library method, data collection has been done and the findings of the present study are descriptive-analytical and using expert judgment (Delphi method) and field survey method (observation and questionnaire). Is obtained The TOPSIS model was also used for data analysis to investigate Shirvan tourism barriers and the results show that the loss of gardens as a tourist attraction due to water deficit and drought was able to top the criteria in the case of 0.735. Be examined.

Sand and dust storms occur when unchecked, strong or turbulent winds combine with exposed loose soil dry surfaces. These conditions are usually exacerbated by human activity and land use change in semi-arid and arid regions. The Damghan region, due to its geoecological structure, has created a special features in the arid region on the closed basin of Haj Aligholi. At present the ecosystem balance of the region is affected by anthropogenic exploitation and wind activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the priority of sand resources in the aeolian process. In this study, we were compared the composition and variations of grain size in land natural units (landforms) and human activity - based units (Landscape). In each unit of sand source were taken soil or deposit samples. The results of granulometry show that Agricultural Land Unit contain more than 60% of particles larger than 2000 microns; As a result, this unit is more resistant to wind erosion than other units. Whereas, this value is about 15% for the most sensitive landforms (alluvial plain with water erosion). On the other hand, the granulometry results of particle below 2000 micron indicate that Agricultural Land Unit contains the most vulnerable particles to wind erosion. This means that agricultural land has a high potential to provide sand resources in the process of wind erosion.

In many countries, climate is a valuable asset for the tourist, since the climate of the destination is one of the information tourists need, and tourists plan their itinerary according to the destination's desired climate. Climate is a major factor in the development of the tourism industry, and, considering the importance of the influence of climate factors on tourism planning, determining the indicators of tourism comfort, tourism climate and physiologically equivalent temperature is very important. In the present study, the Kerman province has been zoned monthly using tourism climate indices and physiological equivalent temperature. For this purpose, the indicators were calculated for 12 synoptic stations within the Kerman province during the statistical period of 2003 to 2013. The calculated station results were generalized to the study area in the GIS environment using Inverse Distance Interpolation method. The results of the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) showed that the best months to travel to Kerman province were April, October, December and March and also the best seasons for tourist attraction were early spring, autumn, and late winter. Also, according to the results of the Physiological Equivalent Temperature Index (PET), the best conditions for traveling to Kerman province were during April, October, November, and March, and the best seasons for tourist attractions were early spring and autumn. Based on the results of the studied indices, it can be concluded that considering the conditions of the province and the climatic parameters used in each index, the results of Physiological Equivalent Temperature Index were more consistent with the conditions of Kerman province.

The southern part of Garmsar, has ecotourism and geotourism potential. This research feasibility study of ecotourism and geotourism potentials and its impact on Increasing the economic potential of indigenous people in the southern Garmsar region is a strategic approach. This research, in terms of how data is collected, and its nature, is descriptive-analytic research, and in terms of purpose, it is also applied. The data collection tools included interviewing and completion of the questionnaire. According to the obtained data, the attraction, facilities and services, and the general status of ecotourism and geotourism in the study area have been investigated. then, SWOT analysis method was used to analyze the information and determine the strategies and strategies of the research. Finally, strategies and strategies related to the research topic were presented. The results showed that the study area with 9 strength points and the final coefficient was 3.57and 9, and the final coefficient was 3.61 against 9 weaknesses, and the final coefficient was 34/1 and 9 points of threat, and the final coefficient was 1.55, Has developed and exploited the ecotourism and geotourism potential of the region, but the weaknesses and threats have prevented the actualization of these capabilities. Therefore, it can be said that the final strategy of ecotourism development and geotourism development in southern Garmsar is an aggressive strategy to strengthen the strengths and use existing opportunities to overcome the weaknesses and threats in the field of tourism development in the region.

The present research, with emphasis on strategic planning approach, seeks to elaborate executive strategies and Effective for sustainable development of tourism industry of Kavir Shahdad. Due to its capabilities and valuable resources, this region has the ability to turn into tourist attractions And with accurate and efficient planning, it can be introduced as a tourist destination in the country. In this regard, the strategic planning approach is able to turn the region's resources into attractions and tourism activities. As a result, there are potential positive effects, including increased employment, increased social welfare of the people of the region, Preserving and developing existing resources, historical and natural resources of the region. In the first step, interviews and surveys were carried out through a questionnaire from experts, officials and administrators of the tourism sector in Kahir Shahdad area. In the second step, data and information are analyzed using content analysis and SWOT analysis, which is a strategic orientation. Then, using the external and internal evaluation matrix to identify the expected impacts of the region Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix QSPM is classified and prioritized tourism development strategies of Kavir Shahdad Area The results of the surveys and calculations show that the region faces the opportunity for the tourism sector in the external environment with the opportunity and the internal environment. Therefore, it has a very high capacity to develop and enhance its tourism capacity to become a developed tourism destination.

The necessity of efficient policies in oil and gas sector has been a top priority principle of the governing system in which their key leading role to provide our consistent national interest of recent and future generations cannot fall into the decline. Over the past few years subjects such as fuel crisis and price inflation particularly at filling stations have led the campaign into the privatization by branding and environmental concerns involvement as well. Nowadays environmental issues has nationally and internationally become one of the most paramount topics that numbers of countries have affirmed their commitment to the worldwide established conventions in order to intercept taking a turn for the worse. This survey is conducted to evaluate the challenges and capabilities of LPG filling stations based on environmental concerns. Ten experts took part in a questionnaire contains twelve capabilities-index and fifteen challenges-index. Local software programs and mathematical methods such as “Shannon entropy” to weigh indexes and “Grey relational analysis” to prioritize parameters were employed.

The existence of arid and semi-arid areas in a dominant part of Iran and continual occurrence of drouth in recent decades cause several limitations against economic development planning due to water resources shortage. Therefore, adoption of a water harvesting strategy and its conformity with indigenous conditions of the country is of critical importance. Since air humidity in southern Iran exceeds%85 in many days of the year, there is good possibility for water harvesting through installation of water collector systems. Exact site selection based on effective factors on the procedure can prevent wastage of time, human, and financial resources. For this aim, at present study, meteorology data layers was provided first, and weighted in GIS environment by Boolean method. Then the maps were compiled to obtain suitable locations for water harvesting. Finally, the created layers were incorporated to identify suitable region for determined months.