دکتر مجید کریم پورریحان

Mining activities are one of the most persistent causes of soil degradation due to the destabilization of the physicochemical structure of the soil. In this research, quantitative data of soil stability indicators were used to assess the effect of sodium sulfate extraction on soil properties and protective behavior of the earth's surface. The research method was based on tranformations in soil stability indicators, namely, acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR), for natural surfaces (undisturbed topsoil), stripped topsoil layer (displaced soil layer) and sodium sulfate extraction layer. The results show that the concentration of exchangeable sodium percentage and the exchangeable calcium to magnesium ratio in the layer of displaced soil and the extraction layer of sulfate is reduced compared to the natural soil. While the organic matter content of soils does not change in all layers, and the value of electrical conductivity in the sulfate extraction layer is higher than all layers. The results of the soil stability data value show the instability of the displaced soil layer compared to the other two layers. Based on the presented results, it has been shown that the soil instability potential increases due to sodium sulfate extraction.

Rapid urban expansion has always been one of the most important spatial-spatial phenomena It is considered in many countries of the world, including Iran and this issue has caused serious damage to the national, regional and urban space in Iran Islamshahr city is one of the areas around the metropolis of Tehran, which in recent decades due to the cheapness of land, housing, potential and regional position, has always been considered by immigrants and today, the phenomenon of urban creep in it has created many problems in various aspects Therefore, the present study with descriptive-analytical, applied and exploratory methods to the role of urban creep phenomenon in spatial-spatial developments of settlements in the metropolitan area of ​​Tehran (Case study: Islamshahr city and sphere of influence) The statistical population of the present study consists of all experts in the field of urban creep, with a sample size of 50 people In order to analyze the research findings, spss-excel and lisrer software were used to encode and analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires. The results of research on environmental - physical, economic - social and managerial factors have been the most important factors affecting urban creep in Islamshahr At the same time, urban creep has not affected the spatial development of Islamshahr city, but creep has affected the spatial development aspects of Islamshahr city.

Urban creep can cause problems and changes in the area of large urban settlements and its area of influence. One of the most important problems of this phenomenon is land use change, which developers and developers use as an important tool in various national, regional and local levels. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of this occurrence of events. This paper examines the effects of urban creep on large settlements in Tehran (Islamshahr). In this research, the volume of 50 samples and the reliability coefficient of 0.73 was obtained, which showed the acceptable reliability. The validity of this study was confirmed through a penley of specialists and rural and urban experts and urban urban urban urban urban development. In the physical dimension, increasing the economic value of land and increasing the modalities has no effect and raising the level of transportation facilities in cities and villages in this field. In the economic and social dimension, improving economic welfare and social values of residents have the most influence and in management of change in management mechanisms and management processes and problems and problems of villages have the most impact on urban crawl. In order to have any relationship with each of the variables, Liser software, AGFI test model and Binomial order testing and Ratios testing are used. The results of the sig level in all variables, which is smaller than the alpha coefficient (0.05), concluded that environmental-physical, economic and social factors and management factors are the main factors affecting urban creep in Islamshahr.

Considering that one of the duties of governments is to provide suitable and resistant shelter for the weak sections of the society and villagers, as a result, one of the government's incentive policies is to provide loans to the villagers, in this way, it is possible to improve rural houses and improve their resistance against accidents. natural payment The purpose of this research is not only to evaluate the housing improvement plan, but considering the vulnerability of the rural strata and their deprivation, the granting of housing improvement loans can be effective in all aspects of their lives, especially in terms of mental and physical security, so in this research Investigating the effects of granting loans on the quality of life and psychological, economic and social security of villagers has been discussed. The current research method is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population in this research is all the households that benefited from housing improvement loans from 1384 to 1397 (1428 households). Based on the Morgan table method, 302 households were randomly selected as a sample and questioned. In order to question the households, a questionnaire was developed to evaluate the effects of the credits granted to the households in terms of economic, social, physical and environmental aspects, and also a questionnaire was developed to determine the effective components in the research of the sustainable policy model of housing improvement credits with a survey of experts and The professors were edited. To analyze the data, SPSS statistical analysis software and mean difference methods, factor analysis model and T-TEST were used. The results of the data analysis showed that in Mallard city, the credits granted in recent years have left positive effects in all the investigated dimensions; So that the average of all the studied dimensions is higher than the ideal state, that these loans have an effect on the economy of households, mental and psychological peace, sense of security, housing resistance against natural disasters, especially earthquakes, and the biological health of households, and considering the positive effects of these loans In the following, it was determined that, based on the investigated indicators, the influential components in the process of receiving facilities and improving and accelerating its implementation, the economic, social and organizational-administrative components played a role in the implementation of the housing improvement project as well as possible, and the greater the desirability of these 3 The component is effective in implementing the mentioned plan as best as possible.

Lowlands, playas, and downstream portions  of rivers in desert areas contain vast reserves of fine-grained sediments, such as silt and clay, as well as soluble materials including a variety of salts. Surfaces created by the combination of these materials can become periodically susceptible to wind erosion. Thus,they are considered to be major dust sources on a global scale.Depending on the spatio-temperial distribution and composition of salts and fine materials, some proportions of these areas areusually either covered by an evaporite salt crust or disperedsoil.Crust is a relatively thin consolidated soil surface layer or seal that is more compact and cohesive than the material immediately below it. When crusts are formed, particles are bound together and become less susceptible to abrasion by blowing soils compared tothe less stable material below the crust. Both crusted surfaces and dispersed soils are morphologically and geochemically dynamic and can respond rapidly to changes in the local environmental conditions.These changes can be natural, such as the frequencies of surfacedrying and flooding by rainwater or the changing groundwater levels, or can be the result ofanthroponic activitiesproviding salt resources for economic use.Over time, the continued operations of both mechanical and chemical processes on lowland surfaces ultimately lead to the decay of salt crust integrity.Crusts usually provide a protectionagainstan underlying ‘fluffy’ layer of sedimentsrepresentingas salty sediments of dust-size fractions with notably low bulk densities.Wind erosion activity occurs particularly when the crust is disturbed or broken by different activities, such as  salt extraction or vehicular traffic flow.In all desert areas of Iransodium sulphate (Na2SO4) salts are deposited based on humidityand temperatureconditions, as well as groundwater levels and degrees of salt solubility (concentration). These areas usually occur between downstream of covered pediments and upstream of playas.Traditionally, these areas arevalued forsodium sulphate salt extraction,whichcontributes to the economy of the local population in several ways.The study area  was the lowland area of Ivanki, which was one of the areas undergoing wide sodium sulfate extraction. According to the residents, this area providedsand sources forwind erosion and air pollution.It was often a source of emission made by the existingmaterials not only because of wind erosion, but also due tosodium sulfate extraction.This paper investigated the effect of sodium sulfate extraction on creating or exacerbating wind erosion through a collection of sediment samples taken at the sodium sulfate extraction site and their grain-size testing.

The sodium sulfate extraction sites were identified based on local information and interpretation of satellite images. The areawas located in the southwest of Eyvankey City between covered pediments and internetworks of playa.It occupied an area of approximately 5000 ha. The sampling points were identified based on geological and geomorphological studies.SThe sampling wascarried out at the summer season.  4Four sites were considered for sampling;two sites asthe control sites and two sites forsodium sulfate extraction. In the control sites, only one sample was taken from the topsoil (natural land) without manipulation and extraction, whilethe samples in the other two sites were taken from 3horizons: a) soil samples fromthe degraded surfaces; b) samplesoriginated fromthe extraction horizon; and c) samples from the lower layers (without manipulation and extraction).Thus, 8 samples were totally collected.The obtained samples were granulated by the common dry-sieving method.Granulometric statistical analysis wasdone for each sample by using GRADISTAT software. 

According to the ambrothermic diagram, drought conditions prevailed in the region for about 7 months of the year. This drought couldthe aggravating wind erosionparameters, such as soil moisture and vegetation cover. The warm period corresponded to the warm seasons (spring and summer).Anemometer measurements showed that the study area was affected by erosive and strong winds blowing from the north, northwest, and east.Land cover studies revealedthat more than 60% of the soil surface in the control samples was preserved by the crust with particles larger than 2000 microns. However, after crust destruction for sodium sulfateextraction, the effect of crust cover was less than 45%. In other words, the soil surface lost 25% resistance to wind erosion.In the process of sodium sulfate extraction, the soil under the crust, which contained soil particles, along with a significant amount of powdered sodium sulfate particles, was exposed to wind erosion.Our studyshowed that the frequency percentage of vulnerable particles changedfrom about 10% in the surface layer in the control samples to about 50% in the middle and lower layers of the extracted areas. This meant that the region was about 5 times more sensitive to wind erosion.Studies on the statistical parameters of the samples demonstratedthat the average particle diameters significantly and regularly changed from very coarse sands (surface layers of the control samples or natural lands) to coarse sands (degraded surface layers),fine sands (middle layers), and finally very fine sands (bottom layers), which indicatedincreasedsensitivity to the wind erosion process from the surface layer (crust) to the bottom layer. 

In this research, field observations, mechanical analysis of soil particle granulation, and investigation of wind characteristics showed that a very high potential ofdust emission from degraded crusts triggered by open extraction. Spatial changes and displacement of removal areas caused bysodium sulfate reduction duringthe extraction periodled tofurther environmental destruction and wind erosion intensification. The results revealeda significant complexity in the relationships ofthe flux of dust emitted from thecrust degraded by sodium sulfate extraction and natural surface crust withthe threshold wind speed required for wind erosion, which suggests furtherresearch to be conducted in this regard in the future. Keywords:sodium sulphate, wind erosion, evaporative crust, granulometry, soil conservation .

The tourism industry has become the world's third-largest income-generating industry, after the oil and auto industries, and it requires less investment in employmentKeywords: Worn texture, Organizing, District 10, Recreational Approach. Our country is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of tourism, with many millennia attractions and civilization, according to the World Tourism Organization, But our nation's share of this lucrative industry is negligible both in terms of number and turnover, and requires consistent planning. Given the current status and growth and prosperity of this industry in the country and the northeastern provinces (Shirvan), this study aimed to investigate the barriers to tourism development in Shirvan. In order to investigate the research problem through documentary and library method, data collection has been done and the findings of the present study are descriptive-analytical and using expert judgment (Delphi method) and field survey method (observation and questionnaire). Is obtained The TOPSIS model was also used for data analysis to investigate Shirvan tourism barriers and the results show that the loss of gardens as a tourist attraction due to water deficit and drought was able to top the criteria in the case of 0.735. Be examined.

Sand and dust storms occur when unchecked, strong or turbulent winds combine with exposed loose soil dry surfaces. These conditions are usually exacerbated by human activity and land use change in semi-arid and arid regions. The Damghan region, due to its geoecological structure, has created a special features in the arid region on the closed basin of Haj Aligholi. At present the ecosystem balance of the region is affected by anthropogenic exploitation and wind activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the priority of sand resources in the aeolian process. In this study, we were compared the composition and variations of grain size in land natural units (landforms) and human activity - based units (Landscape). In each unit of sand source were taken soil or deposit samples. The results of granulometry show that Agricultural Land Unit contain more than 60% of particles larger than 2000 microns; As a result, this unit is more resistant to wind erosion than other units. Whereas, this value is about 15% for the most sensitive landforms (alluvial plain with water erosion). On the other hand, the granulometry results of particle below 2000 micron indicate that Agricultural Land Unit contains the most vulnerable particles to wind erosion. This means that agricultural land has a high potential to provide sand resources in the process of wind erosion.

The role of ethnic divisions in post-revolutionary geopolitical crises in Iran, especially on the western borders, has been very influential.Considering the diversity and breadth of space arrangement in the western parts of the country, surveying is the most appropriate way to investigate large-scale ethnic identity.The main purpose of this article is to explain and analyze the role of ethnic divisions in post-revolutionary geopolitical crises in Iran with emphasis on the western borders.The main question of this article is what are the opportunities and threats, as well as strengths and weaknesses, of the role of ethnic divisions in post-revolutionary geopolitical crises in Iran especially on the western borders?In this study, a cross-sectional survey with two purposes of description and explanation is used. In the field of description, the purpose is to present a picture of how the statistical population is based on the variables considered, especially in terms of the dimensions of ethnic identity and its predominant type.At the analysis or explanation scale, the purpose is to find the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable and to attempt to explain the changes, or better, the variance of the dependent variable based on the independent variables.In this study, a questionnaire was used to measure variables. The results of this article show that ethnic divisions apart from the crisis of separatism and independence can create other geopolitical crises including development crisis, geographic isolation crisis and participation crisis.

The southern part of Garmsar, has ecotourism and geotourism potential. This research feasibility study of ecotourism and geotourism potentials and its impact on Increasing the economic potential of indigenous people in the southern Garmsar region is a strategic approach. This research, in terms of how data is collected, and its nature, is descriptive-analytic research, and in terms of purpose, it is also applied. The data collection tools included interviewing and completion of the questionnaire. According to the obtained data, the attraction, facilities and services, and the general status of ecotourism and geotourism in the study area have been investigated. then, SWOT analysis method was used to analyze the information and determine the strategies and strategies of the research. Finally, strategies and strategies related to the research topic were presented. The results showed that the study area with 9 strength points and the final coefficient was 3.57and 9, and the final coefficient was 3.61 against 9 weaknesses, and the final coefficient was 34/1 and 9 points of threat, and the final coefficient was 1.55, Has developed and exploited the ecotourism and geotourism potential of the region, but the weaknesses and threats have prevented the actualization of these capabilities. Therefore, it can be said that the final strategy of ecotourism development and geotourism development in southern Garmsar is an aggressive strategy to strengthen the strengths and use existing opportunities to overcome the weaknesses and threats in the field of tourism development in the region.