manijeh lalepour

Following the developments after the Industrial Revolution, population growth and consequently the physical development of cities has acted very fast and accelerated. So that in recent decades, the uncontrolled growth and expansion of cities has become a kind of problem or issue and the need to pay attention to urban issues and especially its physical issues in the form of a scientific framework, has become important and necessary. Objective of the present study: The purpose of this study is to identify the position of urban smart growth indicators in the physical development of Maragheh city.

The present research has been done in terms of applied purpose and in terms of method, descriptive-analytical method. Indicators of smart urban growth in Maragheh city areas have been evaluated based on three indicators of compaction, environmental and accessibility using Holdern models, Gini coefficient, and network analysis in Arc map software. Below the sewerage network index, areas 5 and 6 have the least network coverage and in the worn texture index, areas 1, 2 and 3 have the highest area of worn texture. In the bus station access index, districts 4 and 7 have the least distribution and in districts 6 and 1 have the most distribution and access, and also in the taxi station access index, district 5 has no taxi station and district 1 and 2 have the most taxi station distribution.

The risk of an earthquake always overshadows human societies and causes irreparable damage to them, so be prepared to deal with this crisis by identifying vulnerabilities and addressing them to reduce the damage. It is affected by earthquakes. In this regard, the present study examined the physical vulnerability of the neighborhoods of Varzeqan city concerning the 14 indicators affecting the vulnerability to earthquakes. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which has been done using spatial layers related to the mentioned indicators. To analyze and overlap the layers, the MAP ALGEBRA (RASTER CALCULATOR) method has been used in the GIS software environment. ANP method was used to weigh the layers. The results showed that a significant percentage of the city of Varzeqan is located in high and very high vulnerability classes. Even more than 70 percent of neighborhoods, such as Boubl Cheshmehsi, are in a highly vulnerable class. Considering the seismic vulnerability zoning of the city and the distribution of vulnerable classes in the city neighborhoods, it can be concluded that the whole area of Varzeqan city is more vulnerable to the occurrence of earthquakes. In neighborhoods with low and very low vulnerability classes, a significant area of the city, barren land uses, open spaces, agriculture, and green spaces occupy a significant percentage of the neighborhood space, and as a result, They have low earthquake resistance.

The Geographical location pattern of industries is the title of spatial planning. Industrial location based on planning to manage systematic space and in format of industrial towns provides the possibility to performance the supportive policies from fragile ecosystems. The purpose of current research is to investigate the distribution pattern of the Alborz province industrial workshops in association with the role of industrial towns. that studying this topic become possible by using library resources and documents related to the topic of the research. The statistical Society of Research is the workshops with over 10 people employees and more in the Alborz province that matching with workshop census statistics in the year 201, is about 2944 item workshop. Current research in terms of goal is practical and methodological, is a type of descriptive and analytical research. Quantitative models such as entropy coefficient and qualitative data analysis were used in the analysis of workshop distribution. According to the research findings, the distance between the entropy coefficient obtained and the number 1 is very high and shows the unbalanced distribution of industrial workshops in Alborz province. A triple pattern was identified in the establishment of the province's industrial workshops.Two-thirds of the province’s workshops formed individually. From 15 industrial town’s province, 12 towns formed spontaneous and then have been approved as industrial towns. The unplanned formation of industrial towns and the dispersal of workshops in the residential and agricultural areas of the province, it has caused many environmental problems for the region.

endogenous development, the goal is not only the development of the city from inner parts, rather the quality of putting different land uses together and integrating them next to each other is a matter for planners. In this regard, the present study has considered the physical development characteristics of Khorram Abad city in terms of quality of physical development of the city by using indicators such as land use compatibility and incompatibility, land use mixture index as well as quantitative indices determining he indigenous development of city such as population density changes, the ratio of area growth to population, the number of licenses issued, and the quality and age of buildings in old texture. The research method is descriptive-analytical through library (documentary) and field studies. The results of this study show that, despite the fact that the city of Khorram Abad has internal development potentials, but like other cities in our country, it has experienced sprawl growth in recent decades. Investigation of various indicators showed that the city did not follow the indigenous development policy in its physical-spatial development. In addition, less attention has been paid to the compatibility and incompatibility of neighboring land uses and to the mixing of different land uses within the urban context. Considering the developmental capacities in the old textures of Khorram Abad city, construction in these textures, by implementing incentives policies and increasing floor area ratio, is the best way to prevent uncontrolled growth of the city, reduce costs and urban development issues

Urban branding is a valuable tool for cities to effectively manage domestic and foreign opportunities and turn them into competitive advantages. In an increasingly globalized world, cities are increasingly competing to attract businessmen, investors and new citizens to their area, many of these areas use branding techniques to distinguish their identity from others. Or this method is used to have a unique offering. Urban brand is the city's stable reputation and nature, showing its special value and has a competitive advantage. Cities and countries need to take advantage of this process to survive in today's competitive world and stability of their competitive advantage. Urban branding is a new topic in the field of urban studies and the history of branding is about two or three decades ago. The present study seeks to identify the potentials and constraints that this city faces in utilizing its urban branding capabilities and to identify priorities for planning and orientation of urban branding. To this end, the research hypotheses are that: Maragheh is in a desirable position in terms of (economic, social, cultural and environmental) urban brand. And the second hypothesis is that there seems to be a significant difference between the components of the urban brand in Maragheh. Evaluating these hypotheses will determine not only the status of each component for urban branding, but also the components that are most strongly correlated with urban branding. Now, given the importance of this issue, one of the most important means of distinguishing and recognizing the city's reputation is to create urban branding. One of its most important goals is to capture factors contributing to economic growth such as purchasing power, investment, product capability and city-wide innovation. The results of the one-sample t-test for the first hypothesis show that the average social component in Maragheh is 2.718, which is smaller than the baseline (3.00), indicating an undesirable status of the components. Is a social brand; Also, the P-value obtained (1.00) is greater than the alpha at the significance level of 0.5 With 0.95 confidence, it can be concluded that the social component of the urban brand in Maragheh is not favorable. One of the main reasons for the poor status of the social component is the low level of cooperation of urban managers with the private sector, low participation of people in the implementation of urban plans, high poverty in some neighborhoods, etc. The calculated average for the economic component is 2.931 which is smaller than the base number (3.00). The P-value (0.998) was also greater than the alpha at the significant level of 0.7. It can be concluded with 0.95 confidence that the economic component of the urban brand in Maragheh is not favorable. One of the main reasons for the low economic component is the low level of domestic and foreign investment in the city, the low quality and quantity of business centers and Concerning cultural components, since the median value 3 is within the confidence interval (2.989–3.161 / 161), with respect to the P value (0.44) that is smaller than the alpha at the level of 0.7. As a result, the successor assumption is accepted. then, that the cultural components of the brand in Maragheh are in good standing. One of the main reasons for the desirability of the cultural component is the city's historical presence, the presence of 300 recorded monuments, and . The average environmental component of the brand is 3.505, which indicates a higher value than the baseline (3.000) and the condition is favorable and Null hypothesis is rejected. The obtained p-value (0.00) is also smaller than the alpha at the level of 0.5, thus the successor assumption is accepted. Therefore, it is concluded that the environmental component of the brand in Maragheh is in good condition. The main reasons for the high environmental footprint are: favorable climate and pollution, being a paleontological indicator of the world's fossil paradise, having many springs, being a city garden. The test results for the second hypothesis show that the p-value obtained is (0.000) which is lower than the alpha level of 0.05 which means that there is a significant difference between the brand components in Maragheh. Next, Tukey's test is used to examine the details of this difference. Which shows that the socio-economic components do not differ significantly. Environmental component and cultural component There is a significant difference between them and other components. he results of linear regression showed that social component has the highest affinity to urban brand and economic component is in the second place of correlation and cultural component is in the third stage and the environmental component is in the lowest position. This research is done based on descriptive-analytic and documentary-library studies, as well as field studies (questionnaire and interview), and the type of this research is applied. In this regard, for each of the studied components, the indicators and descriptors were designed and attended by experts in Delphi Method in the form of multi-stage questionnaires. The provided questionnaires were given to the statistical community by a panel consisting of 15 experts from Maragheh city in different specialties. The obtained data were analyzed by Mini-Tab software. Validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the professors. Cronbach's alpha method was used to reliability evaluation of measure instrument, which indicates the data is reliable (0.93). One sample t-test was used to investigate the first hypothesis of research and to identify the status of the components of urban brand. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to examine the significance of differences between components of urban brand. Then, using linear regression, correlation between components and brand was obtained.

The expansion of digital resources in the twenty-first century caused the emergence of E-cities hence by training and development of E-citizens many expenses, loss of energy and opportunities can be prevented. The aim of the present study is to investigate the situation of E-citizen and the acceptance of IT among people. The Somple size was determined using Cochran test and Simple random sampling among 383 samples in two regions with regard to the population of each region. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to establish the reliability of the test, obtained result (0.74) showed the good reliability of the questionnaire. For the purpose of the study, descriptive-analytical methar was used based on documental and field studies. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. To analyze the data, the SPSS software and (Pearson and multivariate factor analysis) was used. To investigate the indices of the E-citizen, CSPP was used. The results of the study also showed that there is a significant correlation between information knowledge and acceptance of information technology in Region 1and8 Both regions with the significant level of (sig= 0.000). In the hypothesis of the effect of E-citizen indicators in acceptance of technology components, 20 indicators were presented in Region 1 as a combination of 5 significant factors. The percentage contribution of each factor in technology adoption has been found. The percentage of contribution of each factor is also proven in acceptance of technology. In Region 8, 20 E-citizen indicators were presented in 6 factors. The percentage of contribution of each factor in technology adoption among people of Region 8 were determined

In the increasing current development of cities, organizations and institutions, some encountered problems and complexities are the results of the increase of failures in the area of urban management. One of the problems added to the lots of problems of urban management which has become worse, considering the current trend of globalization of the world has been regarded as the crisis, is the issue of informal settlements. This study aims to explain the influencing institutional-administrative reasons in the formation of informal settlements and finally to provide fundamental solutions in order to improve them. The method of research is a scientific-survey one. The data collected from written documents and references has been descriptively organized and analyzed considering the subject and essence of this research. The regional management and programming system in Iran with the total direct and indirect effect (0.622) is ranked 1st, in local management (0.515) is in the rank of 2nd, in the defined terms and conditions in the plans of urban development (0.384) in the rank of 3rd, in the programs and regulations monitoring the constructions in the legal area and privacy of cities (0.309) in the rank of 4th, in the social, economic and bioenvironmental macro policy making (0.261)in the rank of 5th, in the plans and policies of housing of low-income earners (0.179)in the rank of 6th, in the regulations governing the process of separation and segmentation of the land in Iran (0.168)in rank 7th, in the organizations of civil society and privacy section (0.158) in the rank of 8th and in the weakness of urban culture (0.114) is in the rank of 9th, respectively

Urban management as a local institute is responsible for the supervision and controlling over physical changes of the cities. In connection with this, the subject which is managed is the space and the set of the activities that take place in it. Playing this role requires appropriate levels of political-managerial decentralization and sufficient authority for policy making, decision making, planning and performance at local level. According to this view the present research has analyzed the urban management structure in Iran. The components of this research include political-managerial decentralization styles, elements involved in urban management based on the source of power, domain of tasks and finally the spatial domain of urban management. Results of the study showed that concentration in managerial structure of the country has led to a constraint on urban management authority in urban issues. In this relation, investigating the urban management structure in Iran represents the domination of the governmental elements in policy makings, planning and spatial management of cities and the weakness of the inherent position of the municipalities and the city council in the process of urban management. The results of investigation about the official duties of urban management elements and their spatial domain indicated disharmony and fragmentations in urban management structure. These sparsities have been discussed in the field of guidance and control of physical-spatial changes of the cities in administrative, political, territorial and policy areas.