mansoureh mokaberian

Pregnancy can be a special but potentially stressful time for women. The routine life of female athletes who become pregnant may be challenged, and professional athletes may be more likely to experience psychological disorders during this time. The objective of this study was to compare the stress, anxiety, and depression levels in professional and novice pregnant athletes. 106 female volleyball players (42 professional and 64 novices) were selected as the research sample, based on their competitive levels and study participation criteria. Data were collected using a personal information form and the DASS-21 questionnaire developed by Lovibond 1995. The results of the MANOVA test showed that pregnant professional athletes had significantly higher levels of stress and depression compared to pregnant novice athletes (P≤0.05). Although professional athletes had higher levels of anxiety than novice female athletes, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups on this scale (P≤ 0.05). It seems that female athletes at high competitive levels experience increased psychological challenges because of the added responsibilities of motherhood, in addition to their sports commitments. It is recommended to prioritize physical and psychological interventions and strategies to enhance the mental well-being of these individuals.

The current study was conducted with the aim of the effect of love of sport on the loyalty of sport fans with the mediating role of emotional experiences.

The research method was descriptive-correlation and cross-sectional in terms of time. The statistical population included fans of volleyball, basketball, horse riding, and football sports teams of Golestan province, and 285 people were selected by convenience sampling by calculating at least 2 and at most 10 times the number of questions. Data collection tools were standard questionnaires: The Love of Sport by Bang et al. (2008), The Loyalty of Fans by Abolhasani (2015), and Emotional Experiences by Prayag et al. (2013). The face and content validity of the questionnaires were evaluated and confirmed from the opinions of 10 sports management professors and construct validity using model fit indexes. Cronbach's alpha method and composite reliability were also used to calculate reliability. Data analysis by structural equation model in Smart PLS software was done.

The results showed that love of sport has a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of sports fans and emotional experiences. In addition, emotional experiences had a positive and significant effect on the loyalty of sports fans. Also, the results showed that emotional experiences play a mediating role in the relationship between the love of sport and the loyalty of sports fans.

Therefore, based on the research results, it can be said, that by increasing positive emotional experiences and increasing people's love of sport, their loyalty to sports teams can be improved.

The present study investigated the mediating role of sports participation motivation in the relationship between perceived social support and students' quality of life. This research is part of an intra-university research project at the Shahrood University of Technology and has an ethical code, IR.SHAHROODUT.REC.1401.022. In terms of practical purpose, in terms of data collection method, it was descriptive-correlation of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population was all of Urmia city's lower and upper پsecondary school students in the academic year 2022-2023, of which 384 people were selected as a sample. To measure the variables of the research, the questionnaires on the perceived social support of Zimet et al. (1988), the quality of life of the World Health Organization (1996), and the motivation of sports participation by Sacli-Uzunöz (2015) were used. Data analysis was done with the structural equation modeling method and Smart PLS 2 software. The results indicated a positive and significant direct effect of perceived social support factors and the motivation of sports participation on students' quality of life. Also, 26.7% of the total effect of perceived social support on quality of life was indirectly explained by the variable of sports participation motivation, which confirms the mediating role of sports participation motivation in the relationship between perceived social support variables and quality of life.

Improving the quality of life of students has become one of the main educational concerns. Therefore, the present study investigated the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between perceived social support and the quality of life of physical education students.

This research is part of an intra-university research project at the Shahrood University of Technology and has an ethical code number IR.SHAHROODUT.REC.1401.022. In terms of practical purpose, in terms of data collection method, it was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population was all physical education students of Urmia University in the academic year 2022-2023, and 157 people were selected as a sample. To measure the research variables, Zimet et al.'s perceived social support questionnaires (1988), the World Health Organization's quality of life (1996), and Rosenberg's self-esteem (1965) were used. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed. Data analysis was done with the structural equation modeling method and Smart PLS 2 software.

The results showed that perceived social support directly and positively affects the quality of life. Perceived social support directly and positively affects self-esteem. Self-esteem directly and positively affects the quality of life. Also, self-esteem has been able to play a mediating role between perceived social support and quality of life.

Therefore, it is suggested that the families of the students as well as the relevant officials should provide the necessary support to the students in this challenging period so that students have a good quality of life in this critical period of their lives.

Unwanted pregnancy can cause multiple psychological problems in parents and disrupt their emotional bond with the fetus. Therefore, in the present study, the comparison of psychological characteristics and attachment of parents to the fetus in wanted and unwanted pregnancies has been discussed.

The statistical population of the study included all pregnant women who were referred to the women's clinic of the Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital in Semnan, Iran, who were selected purposefully by examining their medical records and according to the inclusion criteria. They were placed in two groups of wanted and unwanted pregnancy (104 couples: 51 wanted, 53 unwanted). To collect data, personal information forms, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21), Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (Cranley), and Paternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (Cranley & Weaver) questionnaires were used. To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used.

There was a significant difference between the fathers of the two groups in the subscales of “anxiety, self-sacrifice, differentiation between self and fetus, and total attachment”. In addition, mothers with wanted pregnancy had significantly less stress, anxiety, and depression. The average scores of the subscales of “attributing specific characteristics to the fetus, self-sacrifice, differentiation between self and fetus, and total attachment” in mothers with wanted pregnancies were significantly higher than those in mothers with unwanted pregnancies (P < 0.005).

According to the findings of the present study, an unwanted pregnancy can endanger the psychological conditions of parents, especially mothers, and reduce the attachment of parents to the fetus, which can cause irreparable damage to the health of the mother and child. For this purpose, appropriate psychological interventions can be used during pregnancy to reduce psychological harm to parents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived social support on students' academic motivation with the mediator role of emotional intelligence.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional in terms of time. The statistical population was all physical education students of Shahrood University of Technology in the academic year 2021-2022. 210 questionnaires were analyzed out of 230 available samples. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the opinion of 10 sports management professors. In order to determine the reliability of the research tool, Cronbach's alpha and Composite reliability were used. Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling method in Smart PLS software.

The results showed that perceived social support has a significant effect on students' emotional intelligence and academic motivation. Emotional intelligence has a positive effect on academic motivation. The mediating role of emotional intelligence was also confirmed in the relationship between perceived social support and academic motivation (P≤0.05).

Effective support from the family and the community can be useful for raising the emotional intelligence and academic motivation of students, and as a result, they can play an effective role in the growth and development of society.

According to the rapid aging of the population and the reduction of physical activity in the elderly, it seems necessary to examine the important factors involved in motivating the elderly to participate in physical activity. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the mediating role of the place attachment in the relationship between physical-environmental factors and the elderly’s motivation for physical activity (MFPA). It was a descriptive-correlational study, of structural equation modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population of the current study included all the elderly participating in Shahrud Health Road, of whom 350 were selected as a sample of the study. Hatami-Nejad et al.’s physical-environmental factors, Deci and Ryan’s sport participation motivation, and Kyle et al.’s place attachment questionnaires were used to measure the variables of physical-environmental factors, MFPA and place attachment, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using SEM in Smart-PLS 3.2.8 software. The results showed a direct significant positive relationship between physical-environmental factors and place attachment, as well as a significant positive relationship between place attachment and MFPA. Besides, there was a significant indirect relationship between physical-environmental factors and MFPA through the mediating role of the place attachment. However, there was no significant relationship between physical-environmental factors and MFPA. According to the findings of the research, it can be said that one of the effective factors in increasing the motivation of the elderly to participate in physical activity is paying attention to the environmental factors and, as a result, creating a sense of attachment to place in them.ReferencesAlimardani, M., Mohammadi, M., & Zibaee Farimani, N. (2018). The Effect of place attachment-walking-on health issue at neighborhood level, case study: Motahary neighborhood in Mashhad city. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 10(21), 193-204. http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58608.html [Persian]Ayashm, M., & Mirgholami, M. (2016). A Conceptual model to evaluate the sense of place using four factors of perceptual, physical, social and functional (the case study of Imam Street in Urmia, Iran). Motaleate Shahri, 5(19), 69-80. https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_33399.html [Persian]Azemati, H. R., Saleh Sedghpoor, B., & Aminifar, Z. (2018). Construction and validation a scale to measure the quality of the school's yard features effective on the children physical activity in the school yard. Technology of Education Journal (TEJ), 12(4), 329-336. https://doi.org/10.22061/jte.2018.3182.1808 [Persian]Beery, T., & Jönsson, K. I. (2017). Outdoor recreation and place attachment: Exploring the potential of outdoor recreation within a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 17, 54-63.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2017.01.002Behrouzfar, F. (2000). Knowing the characteristics of the suitable environment for the elderly. Soffeh, 10(31), 82-89. [Persian]Benam, M., Badami, R., & Meshkati, Z. (2014). Construct, validity, reliability and normalization of participation motivation questionnaire of older adults in physical activity. Sport Psychology Review, 3(7), 31-48. https://spsyj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_100.html [Persian]Bjornsdottir, G., Arnadottir, S. A., & Halldorsdottir, S (2012). Facilitators of and barriers to physical activity in retirement communities: Experiences of older women in urban areas. Physical Therapy, 92(4), 551-562.‏ https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110149 Brown, B., Perkins, D. D., & Brown, G. (2003). Place attachment in a revitalizing neighborhood: Individual and block levels of analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(3), 259-271.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00117-2 Daneshpour, A., & Saffar Sabzevar, F. (2018). An Analysis of the physical factors influencing the place attachment in the old center of Sabzevar. Journal of Research and Urban Planning, 9(33), 125-136. https://jupm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_2897.html [Persian]Davari, A., & Rezazadeh, A. (2013). Structural equation modeling with PLS software. Tehran: Jahad-daneshgahi. [Persian].Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2004 ). Exercise self-regulation questionnaires. Self-determination theory: An approach to human motivation and personality-the self-regulation questionnaires. cited 2020 Nov 9. Faraji, R., Latifi, H., & Manour Sadeghi, M. (2015). Survey of the physical activity motives among Iranian academic community. Research on Educational Sport, 3(7), 99-115.https://res.ssrc.ac.ir/article_419.html [Persian]Ghashghaee, R., Movahed, K., & Mohammadzadeh, H. (2016). Evaluation of sense of place with an emphasis on physical and environmental factors in urban coastal areas (case study: Boushehr Town). Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 4(2), 261-282. https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_59163.html [Persian]Giuli, C., Papa, R., Mocchegiani, E., & Marcellini, F. (2012). Predictors of participation in physical activity for community-dwelling elderly Italians. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(1), 50-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.02.017Hakimian, P. (2016). Investigating the relationship between physical features of urban spaces and obesity. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 8(15), 215-224. http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_34131.html [Persian]Hataminejad, H., Pourahmad, A., Ziari, K., & Habibian, B. (2019). Investigating the effect of physical components on place attachment in order to fulfilling sustainable neighborhood, c study: Ahwaz City. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, 6(2), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.22061/jsaud.2019.989 [Persian]Heath, G. W., Brownson, R. C., Kruger, J., Miles, R., Powell, K. E., & Ramsey, L. T. (2006). The Effectiveness of urban design and land use and transport policies and practices to increase physical activity: a systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3(s1), S55-S76.‏ https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s55 Heidari, K., Heydarinejad, S., Saffari, M., & Khatibi, A. (2020). How does seriousness in leisure effect on place attachment of unprofessional athletes?. Research on Educational Sport, 8(19), 91-114. https://doi.org/10.22089/res.2019.6429.1542 [Persian]Hooman, H. A. (2012). Structural equation modeling with LISREL application (5th ed(.SAMT. [Persian].Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-204.‏ https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266 Kahn, E. B., Ramsey, L. T., Brownson, R. C., Heath, G. W., Howze, E. H., Powell, K. E., Corso, P. (2002). The Effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(4), 73-107.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00434-8Kerr, J., Norman, G. J., Adams, M. A., Ryan, S., Frank, L., Sallis, J. F., Patrick, K. (2010). Do neighborhood environments moderate the effect of physical activity lifestyle interventions in adults?. Health & Place, 16(5), 903-908.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.05.002 Khalili, Z., Sadrollahi, A., Khatir Ahmadi, M., Mossadegh, N., Hosseinian, M., & Masoudi Alavi, N (2015). Relationship of physical activity facilitators and body mass index in Kashan elderly. Elderly Health Journal, 1(2), 84-90.‏ http://ehj.ssu.ac.ir/files/site1/user_files_03f090/morowatisharif-A-10-24-5-59d233e.pdf [Persian]Kholousi, P., Tojari, F., & Esmaeili, S. M. R. (2018). Determining motives and motivation factors among Iranian elders of male and female to participate in physical activities. Journal of Strategic Studies of Sports and Youth, 17(40),27-42. http://faslname.msy.gov.ir/article_254.html [Persian]Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Guilford publications. Kyle, G., Graefe, A., & Manning, R. (2005). Testing the dimensionality of place attachment in recreational settings. Environment and Behavior, 37 (2), 153-177.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/001391650426965Mansour Hosseini, N., & Javan Forouzande, A. (2018). The Role of physical-semantic components of residential public spaces in accommodating the elderly (case study: Ekbatan residential complex). Hoviatshahr, 12(1), 61-74. https://hoviatshahr.srbiau.ac.ir/article_12498.html [Persian]Meisner, B. A., Weir, P. L., & Baker, J. (2013). The Relationship between aging expectations and various modes of physical activity among aging adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(4), 569-576.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.02.007 Mohsenin, Sh., & Esfidani, M. (2013). Structural equations based on partial least squares approach using Smart-PLS software: Educational and practical. Tehran: Mehraban Publication. [Persian]Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., Forstmeier, S., & Nosrati, P. (2022). Attachment styles and happiness in the elderly: the mediating role of reminiscence styles. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 1-11.‏ https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03053-z [Persian]Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M., & Hadian Hamedani, K. (2021). The Relationship between attachment styles with Positive and negative affect in the elderly: The mediating role of reminiscence styles. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 422-407. https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_1994.html [Persian]Nadri, A., Safania, A. M., & Amritash, A. M. (2016). Determinant of the implementation of physical activities in elderly in Tehran. Journal of Gerontology, 1(2), 66-79. http://joge.ir/article-1-108-fa.html [Persian]Nori, V., Mahdavi, A., & Mohammad Niae Qaraee, F. (2022). Investigating factors affecting location by meta-analysis. Journal of Applied researches in Geographical Sciences, 22(65), 193-205. http://jgs.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3489-fa.html [Persian]Owen, N., Humpel, N., Leslie, E., Bauman, A., & Sallis, J. F. (2004). Understanding environmental influences on walking: Review and research agenda. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(1), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.03.006Pakzad, J. (2006). Theoretical foundations and urban design process. Tehran: Shahidi Publication. [Persian]Pourahmad, A., Moradpour, N., & , hataminejad H. (2019). Investigating the impact of physical dimensions-space to encourage walking in Tehran (case study: Neighborhood Amirabad and Daneshgah Tehran). Journal of Applied researches in Geographical Sciences, 3(7), 31-48. http://jgs.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2883-fa.html [Persian]Rahimi, R., Ansari, M., Bemanian, M., & Mahdavinejad, M. (2020). Evaluation of the effect of physical components on place attachment in communal spaces of selected residential complexes in Tehran. Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 17(83), 15-30. http://www.baghsj.com/article_105722.html [Persian]Ramezani, Kh, Gh. (1994). Investigating the motivations of people participating in public sports in Tehran (Master’s thesis). Tarbiatmoalem University. [Persian]Ramezaninezhad, R., Rahmaninia, F., & Taghavi, T. S. (2009). A Study of socioeconomic status and motives of participants in sport for all. Journal of Sport Management, 1(2), 5-19. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_21916.html [Persian]Rasoolzadeh, A., & Seyedalmasi. A. (2020). The Effect of the physical factors of the environment on increasing the sense of belonging to the place in the design of special residential complexes with disabilities. Green Architecture, 1(19), 29-36. [Persian]Ryan, R. L. (2005). Exploring the effects of environmental experience on attachment to urban natural areas. Environment and Behavior, 37(1), 3-42. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916504264147‏ Sadeqi Fereshteh R, Daneshgar Moqadam G, Dejdar O. (2012).Studying the relationship between skeletal scheme of residential complexes and sense of interest to the place among the residents. Journal of Urban and Rural Management, 10 (30):253-264. http://ijurm.imo.org.ir/article-1-193-fa.html [Persian]Sallis, J. F., Cervero, R. B., Ascher, W., Henderson, K. A., Kraft, M. K., & Kerr, J. (2006). An Ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 27, 297-322.‏ doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100 Sarani, H., Aghayi, N., Saffari, M., & Yazdi, H. A. (2018). Factors affecting the participation of Iranian elderly people in sporting activities from the perspective of the experts: A qualitative study. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion, 6(2), 147-158. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-911-fa.html [Persian]Silveira, D., F. Siqueira, A. Teixeira, B. Franchini, E. Bender, C. Pereira, G. Minten, L. Facchini, R. Piccini, T. Bighetti. (2012). Leisure time physical activity in elderly users of primary health units in Brazil. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15, S291.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.708Su, M., Tan, Y.-y., Liu, Q.-m., Ren, Y.-j., Kawachi, I., Li, L.-m., & Lv, J. (2014). Association between perceived urban built environment attributes and leisure-time physical activity among adults in Hangzhou, China. Preventive Medicine, 66, 60-64.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.001 Tenenhaus, M., Amato, S., & Esposito Vinzi, V. (2004). A global goodness-of-fit index for PLS structural equation modelling. In Proceedings of the XLII SIS scientific meeting 1(2),739-742.Tsunoda, K., Tsuji, T., Kitano, N., Mitsuishi, Y., Yoon, J.-Y., Yoon, J., & Okura, T. (2012). Associations of physical activity with neighborhood environments and transportation modes in older Japanese adults. Preventive medicine, 55(2), 113-118.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.05.013Vaez Mousavi, S. M., & Mosayebi, F. (2007). Sports Psychology. Tehran: SAMT. [Persian]Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schroder, G., & Van oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical cunstruct models: Guidline and emprical illustration. MIS Quarterly, 33(1), 177. https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284Wilson, W. R. (2013). Are Rock Climbers Crunchy?: Serious Leisure, Place Attachment and Environmental Concern in the Shawangunks (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University) http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1366130272

This study aimed to analyze the effect of perceived social support and spiritual capital on the psychological resilience of martial athletes.

The statistical society of the current research male athletes of martial sports clubs in Kermanshah city among whom the sample was chosen based on random cluster sample. Considering the percentage error to be 0.5, test power to be 0.80, effect size to be 0.15, 160 samples were taken as the sample size for the present study. To heighten the validity of the research and the possibility of the removal of some of the samples, the sample size was considered as 180 people. The data was gathered based on the perceived social support questionnaire by Zimet et al (1988), spiritual capital questionnaire by Golparvar et al (2014), and short-form of resilience by Conner-Davidson and was analyzed through Pierson’s Correlation test and stepwise regression analysis.

The results of the correlation test indicated that both variables of perceived social support and spiritual capital have a positive and significant relation to psychological resilience, respectively (r=0.16, Pvalue=0.03), (r=0.17, Pvalue=0.02). However, the result of stepwise regression showed that perceived social support has the main effect in helping us predict the resilience of martial athletes (Pvalue≤0.05).

Therefore, according to the results, one can claim that upon the increase in perceived social support, the psychological resilience of the martial athletes also increases.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of inhaling orange essential oil on self-confidence and anxiety, and comparing with relaxation method in female futsal players.

This study was a quasi-experimental one with pre and post-tests. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female futsal teams in regional competitions, the youth category of the East-Azerbaijan province. Using available sampling, 3 teams that can reach that level were selected. Then, were randomly divided into 3 groups of relaxation, Orange Essential Oil, and control. The intervention programs were held in 8 weeks (two sessions per week, and each session was 15 minutes). To assess, the Competitive State Anxiety questionnaire (CSAI-2) was used, and covariance method in SPSS software25 was used for analyzing the data.

Results showed that there are significant differences between experimental and control groups concerning cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety. According to the findings, this amount was more significant in the aromatherapy group. Also, results revealed a significant increase in confidence in aromatherapy and relaxation groups, so that no superiority was seen among the groups. This was while no significant difference was reported in any scale of the control group.

Based on the results, the use of aromatherapy as a simpler and more effective method is recommended to coaches and officials of sports teams.

COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge for improving health during the lockdown. Unfortunately, the concern which is expressed for the welfare and the health of the elderly contradicts the actions undertaken for their health and welfare. The psychological research conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic rarely includes the people over 60 years old. Hence, the purpose of the current study was to compare emotional wellness and psychological health of active and inactive old adults in Shahrood city with an emphasis on physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic. The subject of the present research is an interdisciplinary one.

The current study was a practical descriptive survey. The statistical population of the research was all the elderly aged over 60 years in Shahrood in 2020 (based on the latest census equal to 17173 people). The sample size was estimated based on the Cochran formula following the convenience sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel Software.

The findings indicated that the level of emotional wellness and spiritual well-being of active old adults was more than that of inactive old adults, and inactive old adults had higher levels of unpleasant feelings than active old adults.

Based on the findings, it is essential that the elderly keep doing the recommended amount of exercise and physical activity. Although this could be challenging for them both to have access to sport clubs and parks and to follow health protocols, there are extensive creative activities that could be replaced in order to stay healthy and active at home.

Pregnancy is one of the most important stages in a women's life. Occurance of unintended first pregnancy due to changes in women's life-style following COVID-19 pandemic has led to more stress, anxiety, and uncertainty pregnant women. Therefore, the current research aspires to examine how progressive muscle relaxation intervention and imagery-based relaxation technique can affect the psychological characteristics of women with unintended first pregnancy during COVID-19 pandemic.

This single-blind, parallel groups, pretest-posttest randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 women with first unwanted pregnancy  who attended the urban clinics in Semnan, Iran in 2020, and were assigned to experimental and control groups. Tools for measurement included a demographic questionnaire as well as Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). In the experimental group, women were given 8 weeks of progressive muscle relaxation and imagery-based relaxation intervention; while women in the control group only received the routine care. One day before and one day after the intervention, DASS-21 was completed by the subjects.

The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that after 8 weeks of intervention, the level of anxiety (P=0.0001), depression (P=0.0001) and stress (P=0.0001) decreased in the experimental group in comparison with the control group (P≤0.016).

According to the results, it can be concluded that in order to improve the psychological status of women with unintended pregnancy, especially in the stressful conditions of COVID-19 disease, the relaxation techniques can be used as cost-effective and non-pharmacological approaches to build more emotional stability.

Life satisfaction is one of the predictors of one’s psychological health which has attracted researchers’ attention. The study aimed to investigate the association between social factors and life satisfaction of high school students in Semnan Province, Iran.

The statistical society of the research includes all high school students of Semnan Province, between the ages 12 to 17, in the 2019-2020 academic year. The number of students in this statistical society was 45834 students. The sample size of the statistical society was estimated as 381 students by the Cochran formula. In the present research, one of the limited probability sampling methods, that is multi-stage cluster sampling, was used. The tool used for data collection was a questionnaire. For answering the questions and analysis of the hypothesis, the Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman correlation coefficient, and Regression analysis for answering the research questions and analysis of research hypothesis were used. The software used for data analysis was SPSS V25. The statistical significance was set at 0.05.

The findings of the research shows that there is a significant relationship between all social factors and the level of life satisfaction of high school students in Semnan province (P>value0.05).

Considering the results of the study, it seems that life satisfaction among students is not made by a single cause; so different factors can bring about and improve such variables. Therefore, all capacities have to be used to create life satisfaction in high school students.

As the team leader, a coach is a strong creator, who paves the way for the athletes’ progress and provides a large portion of the required conditions for the victory and success. The present study aimed to investigate the association between interpersonal skills of exercise teachers and the mental health, competitive trait anxiety, and perception of the athlete students’ success in the 30th round of sports competitions of female students across Iran.

The current research was a cross-sectional study. It was conducted from August 11, 2019 to August 16, 2019. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the athlete students participating in the 30th sports competition round of female students from all over Iran (700 people). The age of the participants ranged from 12 to 17 years (14.25±1.72). The questionnaires were distributed in a community of all student-athletes among 300 students via purposeful and accessible method. Finally, out of the distributed questionnaires, 264 questionnaires were collected during the research. The data were collected through a questionnaire. Data analysis was also performed utilizing SPSS and AMOS software. The data obtained through the questionnaires were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test based on the structural equation modeling.

The results indicated a significant positive relationship between mental health of the athlete students and interpersonal skills of exercise teachers (r=0.235, P=0.001), perception of the athlete students’ success and interpersonal skills of the exercise teachers (r=0.280, P=0.001), perception of success and students’ mental health (r=0.146, P=0.005), and perception of the athlete students’ success and their competitive trait anxiety (r=0.193, P=0.002). Furthermore, there was a significant negative relationship between competitive trait anxiety of the athlete students and interpersonal skills (r=-0.322, p <0.001) and their competitive trait anxiety and their mental health (r=-0.296, P=0.001). The model indices also showed a good fit. The P (ჯ2) was equal to 0.313 and the RMSEA was estimated to be lower than 0.1 (0.07). The other model fit indices, such as the TLI, NFI, CFI, IFI, RFI, and CMIN/DF, with estimated values of 0.92, 0.951, 0.94, 0.94, 0.911, and 1.45, respectively, all indicated the goodness of fit and confirmed the research model.

According to the research findings, it could be suggested to provide further essential communication and coaching training for exercise teachers to have more influence and control over athlete students while providing tactical and technical guidance during the competition and training.

The participation of men in prenatal care has always been the focus of international organizations to promote the health of mothers and children. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of fathers' participation in prenatal care on anxiety and maternal-fetal attachment in unwanted first pregnant women during Covid-19 Pandemic.

The population of the present study was all the unwanted first pregnant women who referred to the gynecology clinic of Amiralmo'menin Hospital in Semnan. According to the research criteria, 60 people were purposefully selected and by simple random sampling (cards shuffling) divided into experimental and control groups. The fathers and mothers of the experimental group underwent prenatal care training by midwives during 8 sessions of 20 - 30 minutes, and the women in the control group underwent the same training without the presence of their husbands. One day before and one day after the end of the research, anxiety and maternal-fetal attachment were measured by Spielberger and Cranley questionnaires, respectively.

The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that after the intervention, women in the experimental group had a significant decrease in anxiety and a significant increase in fetal attachment compared to the control group (p≤0.007).

According to the present results, it can be said that the participation of father in prenatal care can be an effective and low-cost way to reduce anxiety and improve maternal-fetal attachment in first-time pregnant women in unwanted pregnancies and Covid-19 Pandemic Increases pregnancy anxiety, is used.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation intervention with imagery-based relaxation technique on the mental health and maternal-fetal attachment in women with a first unwanted pregnancy.

From all the pregnant women referred to the clinics of Semnan city, 60 individuals were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. The mothers of the experimental group received the corresponding intervention, while the control group was only provided with normal care. Before and after the intervention, the general health and maternal-fetal attachment questionnaires were filled by the individuals.

The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that a relaxation intervention period can significantly improve the mental health and maternal-fetal attachment as well.

According to the present results, it can be concluded that the current intervention can be used as a low-cost and nonpharmacological method to improve the psychological issues and arrive at a higher maternal-fetal attachment during the pregnancy.

One of the environmental factors affecting development is attachment, and some factors, such as preterm infancy, can interfere with its development. Yet, one of the most important ways to increase mother-infant relationships is through massage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of body massage on preterm infants by mothers on their attachment.

The present study was a clinical trial with experimental and control groups. For this purpose, among all infants of Amiralmomenin hospital neonatal intensive care  unit of Semnan city, 40 infants and mother’s selected purposefully and divided to experimental and control groups. According to the research protocol, the mothers of the experimental group massaged the preterm infants for 10 days, while the control group received only the usual care. To measure the level of mother-infant attachment, the Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale was used. The questionnaire was completed in three stages: pre-test (before the start of the massage), post-test (one day after the end of the massage) and follow-up (one month after the end of the massage) by the mothers of both groups.

The results of mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni test showed that massage of preterm infants caused significant maternal attachment to infants after post-test and its persistence was maintained after one month (P<0.0001). No significant difference was observed in different stages of the test in the control group (P>0.05).

Taking the results into consideration it can be said that preterm infant massage can be an effective and at the same time low-cost way to accelerate the formation of mother-infant attachment. This issue will reduce the stress on mothers with preterm infants and help them communicate effectively and, consequently, improve optimal development of their babies in the future.

More than half a century, studies reported about strong association between preterm birth and development disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to follow the effect of a period of tactile kinetic simulations on motor development quotient in preterm neonates.

So, among all of Iranian neonates healthy and preterm of Amiralmomenin hospital neonatal unit of Semnan city, 40 neonates selected purposefully and divided into experimental and control groups (20 person each group). Then, mothers of the experimental group conducted tactile kinetic stimulations on neonates to completion of the fetal period (40 weeks gestation) for 20 minutes and three times a day whereas the control group received only usual care. Peabody Development Motor Scale test was used to measure motor development quotient.

The results showed that tactile kinetic stimulations led to significant improvement in motor development quotient of neonates in the experimental group as measured in the end of intervention and after 4 months compared to the control group.

It can be concluded that tactile kinetic stimulation can allow cost and stable way in order to increase motor development of preterm infants.

The aim of this study was to determinate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly. The final version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly was retranslated and developed based on the viewpoints of experts in elderly studies. 100 elderly men and women were voluntarily selected from Hakim Elahi nursing home in Semnan city. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to examine factorial and construct validity and internal consistency respectively. Findings indicated good fit of the factor analysis model over the Persian version of the Brief-BES Test in the elderly. In addition, the results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient demonstrated the acceptable internal consistency of this tool. Proper translation and selecting a heterogeneous sample may have contributed to the good fit of the factor analysis model.

Reflexes are body automatic and involuntary responses to a variety of stimuli such as pressure, sound and touch to use as means for determining the level of neurological and central nervous system disorders diagnosis. So this important, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tactile kinetic stimulations on reflex state of preterm neonates. For this purpose, among all infants of Amiralmomenin hospital neonatal unit of Semnan city during one to two months, 40 infants and mother’s selected purposefully and divided to experimental and control groups. Then, mothers of experimental group conducted tactile kinetic stimulations on infants to completion of fetal period (40 weeks gestation) for 20 minutes and three times a day whereas, control group received only usual care. Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale was used to evaluate reflex state of neonates, before and after the intervention. The results of mixed ANOVA showed that despite the more improvement in reflexes of premature neonates in the experimental group compared to the control group, was not significant (P≥0.05). tactile kinetic stimulation can be solution to improve the reflex state of preterm neonates and likely more time frames is required to reveal the beneficial effects of intervention.

Mindfulness is a cognitive process during which the mindful persons focus their attention to experience feelings and incidents happening in the present moment within or around themselves. The aim of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of Mindfulness Inventory for Sport. For this purpose, 150 athletes with different levels of skills in 7 sport fields, individual and team, were selected by cluster random sampling method and completed the Persian version of this inventory. The method of the research was as follows: firstly, using translation-back translation method, translate accuracy of the Persian version of this inventory was confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used to determine construct validity of this Persian version. Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to determine internal consistency and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to study temporal reliability of items. The results showed that first-order (RMSEA=0.042, CFI=0.97 and TLI=0.96) and second-order (RMSEA=0.042, CFI=0.97 and TLI=0.96) confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach alpha coefficients (ɑ=0.79) and intra-class correlation (0.85) of the Persian version of Mindfulness Inventory for Sport supported 3-factor and 15-item structure of this inventory and confirmed validity and reliability of this inventory.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the children’s active play imagery questionnaire.

For this purpose, 190 athletic children of the average age of 11.5 years were chosen through random sampling and they completed the Persian version of the children’s active play imagery questionnaire (CAPIQ). At first, the data was confirmed with the use of back translation methods and check translation accuracy. Then, a confirmatory factor analysis, based on the structural equations model, was done to determine the constructive validity of the questionnaire. To determine its internal consistency, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) in the test-retest method was calculated to assess the temporal reliability of items.

The confirmatory factor analysis results suggested that the approximation square mean root was 0.07 and the comparative fit index was 0.94. Three factors and 11 items were properly verified in the questionnaire. The results of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the ICC showed that the CAPIQ has appropriate internal and temporal consistency in answers.

Therefore, the Persian version of the CAPIQ can be regarded as a valid and reliable tool to be used by the researchers.

Mothers of preterm neonates face with more stress and anxiety in comparison with mothers of neonates born at term. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 days tactile kinetic stimulations by mothers of preterm neonates on maternal state anxiety.
mothers and their preterm neonates (n=40) were purposefully selected from neonatal unit of Amiralmomenin hospital, Semnan, and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Mothers of experimental group were trained to conduct tactile kinetic stimulations on neonates, three times a day and each time for 20 minutes for 10 days, while the control group neonates received only usual care. Maternal anxiety was measured by Spielberger Inventory. Before and 10 days after intervention, questionnaire was completed by mothers and then the obtained data was compared together.
The results showed that the main effect of time and effect of interaction of time with intervention were significant (P≤0.001) and maternal anxiety of experimental group was significantly reduced at the end of intervention (P=0.029).
It can be concluded that tactile kinetic stimulation is an affordable and beneficial way to reduce anxiety in mothers of preterm neonates

This study attempted to evaluate the effect of engagement with physical activity on happiness of elderly men and women in Tehran city. The study population included all the elderly in 22 regions of Tehran city and 400 subjects were selected by multistage cluster sampling method as the sample of the study. To discriminate active from inactive elderly subjects, Sharkey Physical Activity Questionnaire and to determine the amount of their happiness, Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI) was used. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were confirmed. All participants were more than 60 years old and had no psychological and physical disorders. After the questionnaires had been distributed and then collected and the raw data had been classified, SPSS13 software was used to analyze the data. The results of MANOVA at (P<0.0071) showed that active subjects significantly gained higher scores in all the happiness subscales such as life satisfaction, joy, selfesteem, control, efficiency, calmness and totally happiness than inactive subjects while gender and interaction of gender and activity level did not have any significant effect on happiness. Therefore, it can be stated that one of the factors influencing happiness in the elderly is physical activity.