فهرست مطالب mariam verij kazemi

The purpose of this research is to investigate the possibility of environmental terrorism due to the impact of the consequences of climate change in Iran. Therefore, an attempt is made to answer the question of whether the consequences of climate change in Iran, while creating security challenges, can create the conditions for conflict over resources that are the background. The analytical -descriptive method and the latest data from Iran's research centers are used too for ans the question about The emergence of environmental terrorism,? To answer this question, the impact of climate change on the watersheds of the country as a pole of agricultural production is investigated first. And it is expected that due to the increase in temperature and frequent droughts and as a result the reduction of food production efficiency in the most important watersheds of Iran, along with the increase of conflicts over natural resources, double pressure on scarce resources and biological facilities as an efficient weapon appear. It can serve the extralegal activities of divergent forces from the central government and lead to the emergence of institutions and groups with radical ideologies or strategies.

The purpose of this study is to address the Geo-economics of energy in Russia, which is interested in penetrating and controlling the consumer markets of East Asia (Japan, China and South Korea) in order to expand its hegemony by formulating the energy strategy in 2035. Therefore, an attempt is made to answer the question by the analytical-descriptive method and using the latest statistical data, as follows: Are Russia’s Geo-economic relations in the field of energy can control the discourse and strategy of consuming countries in favor of Russia’s economic hegemony? To answer this question, the first Russia’s 2035 energy strategy and the amount of Gas and Oil production and exports of this country, and finally the amount of consumption and import of oil and gas in East Asian markets and Russia’s and the cooperation of Japan, China and South Korea with Russia in energy field will be discussed. The conclusion indicates although the territorial proximity of the East Asian markets to Russia can greatly strengthen the Geo-economic relations of Russia with these regions in the economic and energy fields, still the measures adopted by the east Asian countries in order to reduce greenhouse gases and the pressure of traditional energy supplier competitors can reduce the Russia’s energy hegemony and affect the future of cooperation between these Regions. Considering the diverse purposes of supplying energy to East Asian markets and the operationalization of the energy strategy of these countries based on the reduction of greenhouse gases as well as the replacement of renewable energies with oil and gas energy, it seems that Russia is facing obstacles in reaching the goals of the 2035 energy strategy. In this way, Russia’s geo-economic relations with East Asian markets will be influenced by the policy of serious competitors supplying energy to East Asian markets and strategic considerations about the use of renewable energy, as well as their Anti -Russian policies, rather than benefiting the development of Russia’s economic hegemony.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Chinese Hydro-hegemony in south and southeast Asia. Therefore, an attempt is made to answer the question of whether china’s Hydro-hegemony can create economic-political insecurity in south and southeast Asia by analytical descriptive method and using scientific research related to water hydro-politics and geopolitics of the studied countries? To answer this question, first the Tibetan plateau region of china as strategic source of water for the major rivers of Asia and finally china’s policies and for the implementation of dam projects and hydropower plants are examined . The conclusion indicates that due to the lack of specific rules and protocols, china can impose increasingly limited economic and trade capabilities on the countries of south and southeast Asia , with their water card policies by controlling water resources as a country upstream of rivers. Also china is able to align them with its policies.

Bab al-Mandab strait is the most important waterway in the world and its place in the strategy of regional powers and actors also trans-regional highlights the geopolitical-Geo economic competitiveness of resource-owning and consuming countries oil and gas energy to dominate its transit channels. Bab al Mandab Strait is an important commercial center. It connects the two unstable and insecure regions of the Arabian Peninsula and the horn of Africa and creates a platform for presence. There are many actors who pursue geo-economic thinking under the influence of energy geopolitics. Accordingly ,research present with analytical-descriptive method while answering the question that the geopolitical competition system prevailing in the Bab al Mandab region and what does Geo economic goals does Al-Mandab ,pursued by regional and supra-regional actors, is being focused on by experts. We conclude that ensuring road safety, freedom of trade, facilitating the free movement of capital for the interests of countries. The holder of oil and gas energy reserves and the countries holding the pipelines are essential, hence the actors with control and energy transit monitoring wants to pursue their Geo economic goals.

The emergence of industrial hubs with oil and gas energy substrates has built economic structures which are in conjunction with energy production, transit and energy consumption centers, lt is referred to as geo-economic .The Greater Near East strategic region is in the spotlight due to the existence of large hydrocarbon reservoirs, that dominate and control it. Territories called bases and operational centers have been considered to advance the political-military and economic-commercial goals of the great powers. Afghanistan is one of the centers of operations due to its special topographical-geopolitical position .it is connected to world powers (Russia and China) and regional powers (Iran, Pakistan and India).This article uses analytical-descriptive method and using scientific and research resources while examining the geo-economic issues of Afghanistan and raises the hypothesis of creating insecurity and continuing instability in Afghanistan in order to ensure the economic-energetic benefits of industrial powers and pressure on actors. The competitor is evaluated on this basis, it is concluded that the systemic crisis resulting from the exploitation of energy resources under the name of geo-economic crisis will face major obstacles to the development of peace and stability processes in Afghanistan and will make the spread of insecurity for its surroundings inevitable.

Assessing the Position of the Pakistani Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Stabilizing the Region’s Security Crisis Pakistani tribal areas is an effective security vacuum for extra-regional industry in the East-West trade route to monitor the performance of china, Russia and Southeast Asia as trade –industrial giants, as well as control over mineral reserves and transit routes. Also energy is known there. In this article, using descriptive –analytical method, while answering the question of how the position of Pakistan Federal Tribal Areas in the spread of security crisis in the region is evaluated, we conclude that federal tribal areas due to legal gaps, lack of central government supervision and the full authority of tribal leaders in legal processes has created a favorable environment for the maintenance, growth, upbringing and training of Islamic radical groups as highly effective arms of the industrial powers implement economic-security plans, which can lead to insecurity and insecurity. They created stability and expanded the security crisis in the region.

The Fergana valley,located on the between Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan and on the other leading to Xinjiang, Chaina, which has witnessed instability and insecurity in recent years as the heart of Islamic extremism in central Asia. In the form of border rensions and ethnic-tribal conflicts, it paints a vague picture of peace in the region. This article uses analytical and descriptive methods to examin the question of whether the accumulation and overflow of threats by Islamic extremist groups in the Fergana region in central asia can be effective in the growth and expansion of ideological thinking of separatist groups in Xinjiang province. And the Xinjiang region concludes that the strengthening of centrifugal forces of extremist groups based in the Fergana region of central Asia, and the overall goal of creating insecurity and tension by extremists in the region. Its periphery is summed up to curb china’s economic and trade strategies.

As a buffer between Central Asia and South Asia, Afghanistan has effective transit advantages for advancing the economic goals of its surrounding countries. Among these countries, China, due to its international economic potential (the world's second largest economic power), seeks to monitor and trade with South Asia, West Asia and Europe through a One Belt- One Road, as well as controlling India because it is in regional rival. Therefore, Afghanistan Wakhan Corridor, considering its territorial proximity and relative security to the peripheral territories of China in its western regions, is considered a desirable solution for the implementation and consolidation of a One Belt- One Road economic strategy. Asking how the Wakhan Corridor plays a role in China's economic considerations, this article uses a descriptive-analytical hypothesis that China, given the security climate in Pakistani Kashmir and the insecurity of Central Asian countries due to the movements of extremist groups. , The Wakhan Corridor option, despite being influenced by geographical factors and elements, especially its rough topography in order to be close to the Greater Middle East (the Center of world energy) and Europe, as well as open water, is included in the long-term planning of its economic strategy.

Throughout the life of political units, the relative stability of border areas has always been a challenging factor in maintaining the existence of countries, and even this issue can pave a way for the collapse of the system of government due to lack of proper planning and management. Because of its location in the critical Center of the Greater Middle East and its proximity to largely unstable countries, Iran has not been spared the destructive effects of cross-border threats to ethnic-religious issues, especially in the Southeastern part of the country. Drug trafficking - man and the phenomenon of terrorism and ethnic-religious extremism are seen. This article uses analytical-descriptive method and scientific sources while examining the border areas of the southeast of the country and its relationship with Pakistan and ethnic-religious issues between them .the question was about the growth of fundamentalist and religious extremist tendencies in Pakistan wether it can addresses the security challenges envisaged by regional and trans regional intervenors in the Southeastern region of Iran or not .This study shows that the crisis in geographical, political and economic spheres and the formation of ethnic-religious tensions, the growth of fundamentalism and Islamic radicalism and the involvement of supra-regional forces in Pakistan are directly related to security issues in the Southeastern region of Iran.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the policies of geopolitical theorists in advancing the policies of world powers over the past hundred years to establish peace and stability in different parts of the world, especially in areas with natural resources. Therefore, in this article, by using descriptive-analytical method and scientific-research sources, the question is how the global geopolitical space creates balance between allies and rivals. Meanwhile, maintaining the stability of their political space will be able to ensure the stability of peace while its existence always introduced by conflict and tension. It hypothesizes that the formation of peace with popular uprisings to reduce or eliminate the socio-economic gap which is due to the impact of the geopolitical concept in the minds of governments and industrial companies. It is in complete conflict, so geopolitics cannot have the tools to achieve peace.

Water is one of the strategic resources of any country and in this century governments often use it as an effective weapon to overcome rivals. Providing sustainable water resources for residents of border areas is one of the main pillars of national security which prevent the evacuation of border lands and migration to inland areas. In eastern Iran, the Helmand River, as an indicator of regional security and prosperity, plays an important role in the convergence of the systemic structure of nation-states, also it serves as a major waterway providing political and economic stability in the region through agricultural and hydro-electric projects. Afghanistan's unilateral exploitation of Helmand is followed by population growth , the need for development and paving the way for political-economic benefits which has posed challenges for Iran. Therefore, this research uses a descriptive-analytical method and research sources to hypothesize the fact that Afghanistan's actions in preventing the entry of Helmand water into Iran is due to the construction of a dam in connection with Western interests in the region, and include the activities of centrifugal forces. It facilitates ethnic demands and increases the influence of cross-border separatist groups in the eastern regions of the country.