marjan ajami

Evidence shows that blood lipid disorders in people are influenced by their unhealthy diet. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the dietary pattern of people with lipid disorders and the status of non-communicable diseases in the studied population.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 patients with lipid disorders. The participants were selected among people with lipids who referred to comprehensive health service centers in Alvand city by multistage sampling method. The data were collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The findings were analyzed by SPSS software.

Three dietary patterns including healthy, unhealthy and average were identified in the research participants. Most people (66.3%) followed a moderate dietary pattern. Also, 85% of people were overweight or obese. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that an unhealthy eating pattern increases the likelihood of developing diseases by 2.267 times compared to a healthy eating pattern. It also showed that with increasing age, the probability of contracting the disease increases by 1.093. Also, there was a significant relationship between food pattern and education level (P<0.05). In this study, there was no significant relationship between age, marital status of people and their food pattern (P>0.05).

The results showed that people who follow an unhealthy food pattern have more non-communicable diseases. Therefore, it seems that modifying the food pattern through nutrition education is appropriate and can be effective in preventing other non-communicable diseases in the future.

Childhood obesity has become a global challenge today. Many studies have shown the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate socio-economic inequalities with nutritional patterns and obesity in children.

This study was conducted using the structural analysis methodology on 80 children from 6 to 13 years old, selected randomly from those referred to the health assessment centers of Sonqor and Kolyai, Iran. The body mass index was calculated using the standard method. Nutritional patterns were measured using the 24-hour food recall questionnaire, and socioeconomic status was assessed using related standard questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 software.

The results showed that 28.75% of the subjects were obese or overweight. The structural analysis showed that the socioeconomic variable directly affected the nutritional pattern and body mass (-0.43) with an impact coefficient of as much as 0.65. The nutritional pattern variable affected BMI with an impact factor (-0.74). The bootstrap test results indicated that the significant effect of socio-economic status on BMI is mediated by nutritional pattern (-0.48). Prediction values show two economic-social and nutritional pattern variables predicted 0.16 and 0.29 BMI changes, respectively.

The findings of this study showed the effect of socioeconomic status on nutritional patterns and body mass index in the research community. Today, The issue of increasing body mass in the world and our country is one of the most important social challenges. Considering the heterogeneous effects of socioeconomic status on nutritional patterns and body mass index, it is necessary to formulate and implement preventive policies according to the conditions of the communities to achieve effective results.

Recent evidence reported that some dietary compounds like quercetin and apigenin as the most well-known flavonoids with anti-inflammatory effects may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 main protease. The hypothesis of the promising effects and possible mechanisms of action of quercetin against COVID-19 were assessed in this article.

Related papers on the inhibitory effects of quercetin against COVID-19 were collected using the following search strategy: “corona or coronavirus or COVID or COVID-19 or viral or virus” AND “nutrient or flavonoid or Quercetin”.

The findings indicated that quercetin can be considered an effective agent against COVID-19 because of its SARS-CoV-2 main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitory effects. In addition, quercetin may attenuate angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors leading to a reduction of SARS-CoV-2 ability to enter host cells. Moreover, the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities of quercetin have been frequently reported.

Quercetin may be an effective agent for managing the complications of COVID-19. Further longitudinal human studies are warranted.

Women’s nutrition status includes significant effects on their children and household health. The purpose of this study was to assess energy and micronutrient intake adequacy in Iranian women.

This study was a part of the Urban HEART Study, which has jointly been developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) Centre for Health Development, Kobe, Japan. In total, anthropometric and dietary intake data were collected from 1125 women in southern Tehran municipality districts. A 24‑h recall questionnaire was completed by the expert nutritionists and the participants’ anthropometric statuses were assessed. Food intakes were calculated in grams per capita per day. Micronutrients and energy requirements were adapted from WHO/Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) tables and Iran National Food Consumption Survey, respectively.

Nearly 71.5% of the women were overweight or obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 ]. Furthermore, 1.2% of the women were underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2 ), while 27.3% had normal weight (BMI = 18.5‑‑24.9 kg/m2 ). The mean bread/cereal and vegetable intakes were significantly higher in obese group, compared to that in normal/under/overweight group (375.6 g/day ± 151.4, P = 0.05; and 331.4 g/day ± 227.5, P = 0.02), respectively]. Women in the lean group significantly consumed higher quantities of cakes/pastries and had the lowest calcium and iron adequacy ratios, compared to other groups (p = 0.001, P = 0.03, and P = 0.05, respectively).

These findings suggest that Iranian women, especially those who reside in the southern areas of Tehran, need to change their dietary habits to maintain their health. Moreover, being under/normal weight does not necessarily mean following healthy diets.

As a parasympathetic alkaloid and the main substance in cigarette smoke, nicotine modulates the immune system, inhibits innate and acquired immunity and is used in treating many autoimmune diseases. It often stimulates the α7 receptor and causes an anti-inflammatory state in the body. This study is designed to evaluate the role of nicotine treatment on immune system. The results showed that nicotine affects many cells in immune system, alters the downstream intracellular mechanisms and changes lymphocytes polarization. This substance alters TLRs and STATs gene expression and thus changes in the innate immune system. All these events inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines which increase angiogenesis and metastasis and exacerbates tumors due to increasing survival and cell growth. Nicotine can aggravate tumors in cancer patients, with many positive effects observed in the treating autoimmune disease, Nicotine treatment function in different conditions depends on factors such as concentration, how it is employed, treatment duration and other conditions such as body conditions affecting the immune system, hence, further studies and review of all conditions are required.

Exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months has an important role in infant and maternal health and prevention of child mortality. And the present study aimed to examine the factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding in children under 6 months and evaluate the achievement of the World Health Organization's goal for 2025 at the national level.

In this national survey, Data from 1845 mothers/caregivers with children under 6 months were examined Information on breastfeeding and infant nutrition during the past 24 hours, demographic information and socio-economic status in 1396 were collected. The survey questionnaire is derived from the DHS questionnaire designed by WHO and the food intake section is based on the standard questionnaire of MICS designed by UNICEF. The role and importance of factors affecting exclusive feeding were determined by logistic regression and chi-square tests.

The rate of exclusive breastfeeding among infants (˂ 6 months) was 45.9%. The percentage of exclusive feeding was higher in girls compared to boys and it decreased with age (P=0.00). Mothers' employment outside the home is one of the effective factors in the discontinuation of exclusive feeding. In this study, the Husband's Occupation, parents' education, and socioeconomic status were not associated with exclusive breastfeeding (P>0.05).

We showed that the age and sex of the children and the occupation of the mothers have a significant effect on exclusive breastfeeding. Also, the national rate of exclusive breastfeeding has decreased compared to the previous studies. Thus, health policies should be aimed at raising the awareness of mothers and protecting employed mothers from breastfeeding.

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is a significant issue affecting a large population around the world. As its natural sources are limited, people must constantly fortify their VD. Encapsulating VD increases its bioavailability and stability during processing and storage; hence it has promising potential to avoid VD deficiency. This study reviews current methods of VD fortification and encapsulation. Two predominant methods of VD fortification, i.e., biofortification and direct fortification, are advantageous over VD supplementation. However, significant VD losses occur during processing, storage, and passing across the stomach which can be minimized through encapsulation methods, i.e., micro and nanoencapsulation. Moreover, the capsule features like size, wall-to-core ratio, wall material, carrier oil composition, and encapsulation technique significantly affect VD bioavailability. To assess the optimum encapsulation procedures and possible risks in food fortification, comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies must be conducted. Depending on the staple food products of a specific region, both VD fortification strategies have great potential in different countries. Besides, the risk of VD overdose due to fortifying a single staple food product is higher than fortifying various staple food products.

As a rising epidemic in developing countries, childhood obesity and overweight need particular attention.

The sample (n = 2432) was randomly selected among children aged 24–59 months living in West Azerbaijan Province whose information was recorded in SIB software. The survey questionnaire is derived from the Demographic and Health Survey and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey questionnaires designed by the WHO 2017 and UNICEF 2017, respectively.

The prevalence of obesity defined as BMIz (body mass index z‑score)> +2 was 1.4% among children. Dietary diversity score (DDS) was high in 59.3% of children, moderate in 36.1%, and low in 4.6%. Socio‑economic status (SES) of children families was high, moderate, and low in 34%, 28.9%, and 37.1% of families, respectively. Physical activity hours were over 3 in 85.9% of children. The girls were more likely to be obese than the boys (OR = 0.43, P = 0.016). Those with high and moderate DDS were less likely to be obese than those with low DDS (OR = 0.250 and OR = 0.180, respectively). The likelihood of obesity among children with high and moderate SES were 2.6 and 1.6 times more compared to children with low SES, respectively.

According to the results, DDS and physical activity levels are related to obesity in children aged 24–59 months. Therefore, establishing proper nutritional behavior and promoting a healthy lifestyle are essential for preventing obesity and non‑communicable diseases in this age group.

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a natural and healthyalternative sweetener to sugar and artificial sweeteners, which has become important for human diets and food manufactures. In this study, the effects of stevia or sucralose as tea sweeteners on glycemic and lipid profile of type 2 diabetic patients were investigated.

A double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 34 type 2 diabetic patients. These patients were assigned into two groups of stevia (n=15) (received 1 cup of 2% stevia extract-sweet tea in three meals) and non-stevia (n=19) (received one tablet of sucralose sweetener) daily for eight weeks. Glycemic response and lipid profile of the participants were assessed. Furthermore, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of the participants were measured as well as their dietary intakes at the baseline and at the end of the study.

Findings showed no significant differences in fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels between the base line and after two hours, in participants. Also, no significant differences in insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and lipid levels were found between the two groups.

Results of the current study showed that the highlighted doses of stevia in sweetened tea could be an alternative to sucralose in diabetic patients with no effects on blood glucose, HbA1C, insulin and lipid levels.

A safe food system provides the conditions for consumers to decide about and choose the food products. This systematic review describes the alternatives in order to achieve a healthy nutrition pattern in a food system that can be used to make changes in current policies.

An electronic literature search was done in Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Springer, ProQuest, Ovid, Magiran, Irandoc, Iranmedex using the following keywords: food and nutrition policy, evidence, food system, sustainability, healthy food, and sustainable food and nutrition system. Articles published between 2000 and 2018 in Persian and English that met the study inclusion criteria were selected.

In order to establish evidence-based policy four factors should be considered, including situation analysis, policy illustrations, analyzing the policy’s framework, and changes in policy. 

The food environments and systems are the basis for food choices of people. Indeed, guiding the food system toward safe and affordable approaches affect consumers’ nutrition patterns. In Iran, changes in food policy should be also socio-culturally appropriate

The childhood obesity epidemic is one of the most serious global health challenges, and many relevant policies have been designed and implemented. Regarding health equity policy-making, it is important to adopt proper interventional strategies, including childhood obesity policies. The purpose of this study is to assess compliance with the WHO Ending Childhood Obesity (ECHO), and the Iran-Ending Childhood Obesity (IRAN-ECHO) program draft in terms of Urban Health Equity Indicators (UHEIs) in Iran.

This is a descriptive study, using a directed quantitative content analysis approach to analyze the ECHO report and IRAN-ECHO program draft, based on Iranian UHEI. The UHEI consist of 52 indicators in 5 domains. The frequency of each code in the ECHO report and IRAN-ECHO draft was calculated and analyzed.

In total, 148 and 84 phrases or words in ECHO and IRAN-ECHO were encoded with UHEI concepts. The results showed that the physical activity indicator was the most frequent among indicators in both ECHO (n = 48, 32.43%) and IRAN-ECHO (n = 41, 48.80%). Indicators 28 (prevalence of underweight in children under 5, n = 14, 9.45%) and 19 (use of primary care services, n = 21, 25%) were the next most frequent in ECHO and IRAN-ECHO, respectively.

In this study, ECHO and IRAN-ECHO had high compliance with some UHEI, especially indicators placed in domain 3 (social and human development). It indicates that social and human development plays an important role in preventing and controlling childhood obesity.

Chronic morphine (CM) treatment increases the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which confers neuroprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Besides its important regulatory role in the proliferation, metabolism, and survival of cells, the mTOR is critically involved in intracellular signaling events during I/R injury. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between the expressions of the mTOR and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and their possible protective effects on hippocampal neurons against I/R injury in morphine-dependent mice. Additive doses of morphine were administered for 5 days to BALB/c mice so as to induce CM preconditioning before I/R injury. Global brain ischemia was induced via the occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries for 30 minutes. CM attenuated iNOS expression, NO production, and malondialdehyde activity in the hippocampal tissue. Pretreatment with rapamycin, the mTOR inhibitor, abolished all the above mentioned effects of CM. These findings suggested that CM acted through the mTOR signaling pathways to regulate iNOS expression and oxidative state in the hippocampal tissue after I/R injury.

The average age of women with breast cancer in Iran is at least 10 years lower in comparison to developed countries and the incidence of the disease in Iranian women is on a rise. According to studies, diets that are diverse in food groups can play a role in protecting against chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Diet diversity score is an indicator used to measure diversity between and within food groups. This study aimed to assess the relationship between diet diversity score and breast cancer risk. This case-control study was carried out from April 2014 to February 2015 at Shohada Hospital in Tajrish, Tehran. Demographic and anthropometric data of 298 participants including 149 breast cancer cases and 149 apparently healthy women were collected. A valid food frequency questionnaire containing 168 food items was completed to assess usual dietary intake through face to face interviews. Energy was calculated using Nutritionist 4 software (First Databank Inc., Hearst Corp., San Bruno, CA, USA) and diet diversity score was calculated using five food group scoring. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were obtained using logistic regression test to evaluate the association between breast cancer risk and diet diversity score tertiles. There was no significant difference in weight, height, body mass index between the two groups, but physical activity level and daily energy intake showed a significant difference (P<0.001). After adjusting for the effect of confounding variables including energy, body mass index, physical activity, menopause status, family history of breast cancer, contraceptive use, number of pregnancy, age of menarche and smoking, the risk for developing breast cancer was 86% lower in those in the highest tertile of diet diversity score compared to those in the first tertile (OR=0.14, 95% CI=0.06-0.31). An inverse and significant association was found between breast cancer risk and diversity scores of fruits and milk groups (P<0.001). Higher diet diversity score is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer.

The growth, learning, and contribution to active life in the communities are better in well‑nourished children, and various factors influence infants’ feeding. In this study, we assessed whether household socioeconomic status (SES) affects infants’ length‑for‑age, weight‑for‑age (indicators of health and nutritional status) and breastfeeding (BF) (a necessity for optimal growth and health) status. In this cross‑sectional study, 150 households with infants of 1–1.5 years old were interviewed on these variables: family size, dwelling ownership, duration of BF, exclusive BF (EBF) for 6 months, parents’ age, parents’ ethnicity, birth order, delivery type, and parents’ education. Weight and length at 4 and 12 months were obtained from centers’ records. To determine SES, we assessed total years of parents’ education and household asset ownership by an index of nine owned assets. The average of 4‑month length in the low SES group was significantly lower than the two others (P < 0.05). In middle socioeconomic group, duration of BF was significantly higher (19.5 ± 7.3 months vs. 18.0 ± 8.0 months in low and 17.5 ± 7.9 months in high SES groups) (P < 0.05). Comparing illiterate mothers, university degree holders and university students were 73% less likely to not having EBF. Moreover, those with middle SES showed to be about 40% less likely to not having EBF. Nutritional status, duration of BF, and EBF might be determined by household SES and maternal education. Therefore, these findings can be used to decide how to focus on appropriate target groups in family education planning to improve children’s development to its most possible

The word policy is a statement by an authoritative body with intent to act in order to maintain or alter a condition in the society. A food policy for example, is any decision, program or project that is endorsed by a government agency, business, or organization, which effects how food is produced, processed, distributed, purchased, protected or disposed. Based on article six of the overall health policy this document relates to, “ensuring food quality and equitable utilization of a healthy food basket, suitable and adequate provision of water and clean air, and public sports facilities that uphold safety standards of health products for national , regional and global standards”. It comprises one of the main health policies in Iran. In the present context, health policy research is undertaken after evaluating and analyzing the current policies in each section of the general health policy document (i.e. food and nutrition safety, prevention of noncommunicable disease, education and research in food safety etc) successful food and nutrition policies in similar countries are reviewed, and indicators for monitoring article six of the overall health policy document was assessed. Moreover, based on upstream documentation, the most appropriate interventions for the next five years are suggested. Stakeholder analysis determined the most important interventions at an international and national level (i.e. research, education ,collaboration, production, food. supply and demand). The most important interventions aimed at promoting food and nutrition safety based upon expert panel views were: A. Incorporation of food and nutrition programs, food safety, preventing noncommunicable disease, sustainable food and nutrition, respecting economic, cultural, and ecological aspects, B. Sovereignty, trusteeship and leadership of the high council of health and food safety, C. Development of food and nutrition observation system and program evaluation for informed policy making. There is a strong need to address nutrition, prevent noncommunicable disease, promote food safety and prevent poverty.

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is an episode of intermittent sub lethal and brief ischemia in one organ, which causes protection against severe ischemia in another remote organ. The main purpose of this study was to assess the relevance of nitric oxide (NO) in renal ischemic preconditioning during brain ischemia-reperfusion in hippocampal tissue.

60 male BALB/C mice weighting 30-35g randomly were divided into six groups. Sham-operated group, IPC group (transient renal ischemia), IR group (global brain ischemia), RIPC (IPC+IR) group, L-NAME + IPC + IR group (L-NAME was injected 30 min before RIPC), L-NAME + sham + IR group. Three days after brain ischemia, the cell density in hippocampal CA1 subregion and the level of nitric oxide (NO) in hippocampus tissue were measured in different groups.

RIPC prevented the reduction in cell density in hippocampal CA1 area following ischemia (p ≤ 0.05). The level of nitric oxide was significantly increased in the hippocampus in comparison with the IR group (p ≤ 0.05). L-NAME reversed the protective effects of RIPC on ischemic hippocampal damage by inhibition of nitric oxide (p ≤ 0.01).

Increased nitric oxide during RIPC can protect the hippocampus against damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion.

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide and the most common cancer among women and notably the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Overweight and obesity are two main risk factors which have been proven the creation of breast cancer after menopause. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between anthropometric and body composition in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal breast cancer risk.
In this case-control study, 88 patients with breast cancer (n = 48 pre-menopausal and post-menopausal 41) and 86 controls (45 premenopausal and 41 postmenopausal) who were matched by age, studied respectively. The cases, women who were admitted to Shohada Hospital recently diagnosed with breast cancer and had not chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The controls of women who were admitted to the same hospital had no history of any type of cancer or hormonal disease. The subjects were studied anthropometric indices and body composition was also measured by tanita Body Composition analyzer. For analysis the findings, chi-square and logistic regression was used.
In the study of case and control groups separately menopausal status, in pre-menopausal population, overweight women (BMI=24/91-29/9kg/m2) had lower odds ratio of developing breast cancer (OR=0/23 CI=0/84-0/06). In postmenopausal population with waist-to-hip ratio (0/80-0/84), WHR was significantly associated with breast cancer risk (OR=0/09 CI=0/60-0/02).
In this study, premenopausal overweight women had lower odds ratio of developing breast cancer. High WHR was associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females in the world. Identifying the nutrients that modify the risk of the disease is one of the key strategies for improving the quality of life and reducing treatment costs. Epidemiological studies support the role of macronutrients and vitamins involved in one carbon metabolism in the etiology of the disease. This study aimed in investigation of the relationship between the intake of macronutrients and vitamins involved in one carbon metabolism with breast cancer risk.
This case-control hospital base study was conducted at Shohada Hospital, Tehran from April to February 2015. Demographic data, physical activity level and nutrients’ intake from diet and supplements were collected through interview from 151 cases and 154 controls. Dietary intake was assessed by a valid and reliable 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Then intake of macronutrients and B vitamins was assessed by Nutritionist 4 software (First Databank Inc., CA, USA). Comparing categorical variables between the two groups was done by Chi-squared test and the relationship between intake of studied nutrients and risk of breast cancer was determined using logistic regression test.
There were no difference in age, menarche age, menopause age, body mass index (BMI), number of live births between two groups. But the difference in physical activity, energy intake, marital status, educational level, occupation, oral contraceptives use was significant (P The results showed that high intake of protein, fiber, vitamins B2, B6, B12 and folate are associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer affecting 1.23million individuals per and is the third most common cancer in males and the second in Females. In addition¡ it is the third most common cause of cancer-related death.In recent years Oxidative stress and Chronic inflammation are believed to be two of the risk factors of colorectal carcinogenesis that have an important role in colorectal cancer(CRC). Biological and epidemiological studies indicated that some factores such as diet an life style can prevent incidence of CRC.Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is one of the functional lipids and is known to have physiological benefits such as the prevention and attenuation of lifestyle-related Colorectal cancer.
PubMed¡ Google scholar¡ ISI webofknowledge and Scopus were searched for studies published between 2000 till 2015. “inflammatory”¡ “anti oxidant”¡ “Rat”¡ “Conjugated linoleic acid” in combination with “Colorectal”¡ “Cancer” were used as search terms. Clinical trials with high quality and review articles were collected.
it is suggested reduction of inflammatory factors level as a key point in controlling cancer is a novel approach to prevent malignancy. For this purpose dietary CLA is suggested as a powerful factor to decrease inflammatory factors and increase anti oxidant factors level.

Colorectal cancer is the third cause of cancer death in the world and also in Iran. Recent studies in Iran show that colorectal cancer incidence has increased dramatically in the three recent decades. The current review was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and serum Visfatin levels on the risk of developing colorectal cancer.
PubMed, Google scholar, ISIwebofknowledge and Scopus were searched for studies published between 2000 till 2015. “NAMPT”, “Visfatin”, “PBEF”, “Rat”, “Conjugated linoleic acid” in combination with “Colorectal”, “Cancer”, “Neoplasm” and “malignant” were used as search terms. Clinical trials with high quality and review articles were collected.
Various studies show that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevents metastasis and progressive cancers especially colorectal cancer by different ways such as inducing apoptosis and aggregating of tumor suppressor proteins. It has been concluded that the serum Visfatin levels increase in different cancers and a positive correlation between serum Visfatin levels and metastasis has been shown.
It is suggested that reduction of serum Visfatin level as a key point in controlling cancer is a novel approach to prevent malignancy. For this purpose dietary CLA is suggested as a powerful factor to decrease serum Visfatin.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer affecting 1.23 million individuals per year in the world. Recently, it is suggested that inflammation and oxidative stress play an importmat role in colorectal carcinogenesis. The aim of this syudy was to examine the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on oxidation markers and antioxidant defenses level in a rat model of colorectal cancer.
Sixteen male Wistar rats, weighing 250-300 g were divided into two groups: control and experimental. Both groups were injected subcutaneously, with 1,2- Dimethyl Hydrazine at a dose of 15 mg/kg of body weight, twice per week for 6 weeks. The control group and experimental groups were gavaged with water (2 ml/kg) and CLA (200 mg/kg), respectively, for the first 4 weeks of study. After 6 weeks, the rats were killed and their blood and colorectal tissues were collected. The serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutation peroxidase (GPx), paraxonase (PON) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and also malondialdehyde (MAD) level in the colorectal tissue were measured.
Findings indicated that MAD and MPO levels significantly decreased in the experimental group in comparison than the control group (P our findings suggest that CLA is a powerful substance which decreases oxidation markers, and increases antioxidant defenses in colorectal cancer

Background and Despite studying the relationship between breast cancer and dietary factors in previous studies, ignoring the cancer phenotype can affect the association between diet and breast cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the association between dietary patterns and HER2 among Iranian women.
In a case-control study, 150 new cases with ductal or lobular in situ or invasive breast cancer and without a previous history of the disease were selected. Also, 150 age-matched controls were included in the study. Data including demographic characteristics, food frequency, and physical activity were recorded using relevant questionnaires. Also, the information regarding HER-2 factor was obtained from patients records. Factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns. The association between these patterns and breast cancer was examined by logistic regression analysis.
Two major dietary patterns were identified. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants who had higher scores for unhealthy dietary patterns (mayonnaise, French fries, soft drinks, pickles, red or processed meat, potatoes, sweets and desserts) and healthy dietary patterns (fruits and fruit juices, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, spices, nuts, fish, egg, legumes and low intake of hydrogenated fats) were more (OR: 4.12, 95%CI: 2.31-7.3) and less (OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.30-0.95) prone to develop breast cancer, respectively. A healthy dietary pattern reduced the risk of HER-2 positive breast cancer (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.04-0.25).
Healthy dietary pattern reduced the overall risk of breast cancer and was inversely associated with HER-2 positive tumors, indicating a poor prognosis of the disease.

Over the recent years, genetically modified food in varieties of corn, soybeans, canola and cotton have been introduced to the global market. This study reviews the health and nutritional value of genetically modified foods in the past two decades.
Results and Contrary to the present biotechnological claims, transgenic products did not prove to be so flawless, and actually failed to maintain social satisfaction. Genetically modified foods could not gain an increase in the yield potential. Planting natural products and genetically modified products in parallel lines will absolutely result in genetic infection from the side of genetically modified foods. One of the major anxieties of the anti- genetically modified foods activism is the claim that genetically modified crops would alter the consumable parts of the plant quality and safety. Genetically modified foods have shown to have inadequate efficiency and potential adverse effects in both fields of health and biodiversity. This review has presented studies of genetically modified foods performances in the past two decades, and concludes that the wide application and the over generalization of genetically modified foods are not fundamentally recommended.

Colorectal cancer is the third causes of cancer death in the world. Recent studies have shown that the serum levels of visfatin are increased during malignancies, suugesting a role for vistatin in pathogenegis of malignancies. It is suggested that conjugated linoleic acid, (CLA) can reduce the serum levels of vistatin. The aim of this syudy was to study the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on serum visfatin level in rat model of colorectal cancer.
Sixteen male Wistar rats, weighing 250-300 g were divided into two groups: control and experimental. Both groups were injected subcutaneously, with 1,2- Dimethyl Hydrazine at a dose of 15 mg/kg of body weight, twice per week for 6 weeks. The control group and experimental groups were gavaged with water (2 ml/kg) and CLA (200 mg/kg), respectively, for the first 4 weeks of study. After 6 weeks, the rats were killed and their blood and colorectal tissues were collected in order to analyze serum visfatin, tumor number and tumor size respectively by ELISA method, tumor numbering and macroscopic analysing.
Visfatin levels decreased dramatically in the experimental group than control group (P=0.001). Tumor number and tumor size increased considerably in the control group than experimental group (P = 0.000). There was a positive correlation between visfatin levels with tumor number (r =0.701, p = 0.001) and also between plasma visfatin with tumor number×tumor size (r=0.771, p=0.000).
This study shows that dietary CLA by reducing serum visfatin can decrease the tumor number and tumor size in rat model of colorectal cancer. Thus, CLA suppresses colon carcinogenesis by a mechanim probably involving reduced serum visfatin

Given the increase in the number of obese patients worldwide, economic costs and financial losses caused by obesity, it seems essential to change eating behavior and thought patterns. Non-invasive treatment of obesity, such as physical activity, diet and medication, as well as invasive surgery, have not been successful in treatment of obesity, and reduced weight in most cases returns and weight maintenance has not been stable.
In order to fulfill the purpose of the study google scholar , Science Direct , PubMed , EMBASE, Cochrane Library databases were searched for the key words weight loss, weight maintenance , obesity, in addition to cognitive behavioral therapy/CBT , lifestyle, behavioral therapy and other related terms and text words to find articles in English between 1970 to 2015.
New treatments for obesity should be multi-dimensional interventions. Cognitive behavioral therapy along with diet and exercise should be used to improve the effectiveness of traditional methods. Cognitive-behavioral therapy of obesity is based on the cause and nature of obesity. This intervention is effective for treating obesity with a focus on sustainable change in lifestyle.
In this review success in an intervention program for the treatment of adult obesity consists of CBT is explained and aimed to evaluate the effect of CBT on obesity treatment since 1970 to 2015.