maryam azmoodeh

thermal comfort is one of the requirements in the cities. However, lots of cities have thermal problems recently which has been caused due to heat islands. Tehran has also faced urban heat island in some urban centers. The main goal of this research is redesigning and introducing a model for the built environment such as roads, façade and roof materials and finding a synthesis of effective strategies to eliminate heat island in Tehran Raah-Ahan neighborhood.

This study has been done in February,2021. The method of this research is experimental based on an urban case study. Data collection has been done by direct and indirect observations and analysis has been done by Envi-met software. First, current situation was analyzed based on some environmental parameters and then each mitigation scenarios, based on the same parameters, has been analyzed.

roads material have a great effect on increasing the temperature and changing them with reflective materials reduces temperature meaningfully. The combination of reflective and green roof is also effective although green roof is a better alternative due to further lowering the temperature and increasing evaporative humidity. The priority of adding green wall to the facades is south, west, north and east direction. In addition, implementing green wall without other strategies has little effect on reducing temperature.

Implementing reflective roof, green roof and green wall together is a proper model for mitigating heat island effect in railway station neighborhood or any similar neighborhoods.

The expansion of urban societies caused significant changes in the living environment of humans. These changes caused many problems, including the increase in thermal tensions and lack of thermal comfort in the cities. Among these changes is the presence of artificial surfaces in urban spaces, which have replaced natural surfaces and include a high percentage of the surface of cities. The difference in the characteristics of the artificial surfaces has made their impact on the thermal comfort conditions of the environment different compared to the natural surfaces. In this research, sidewalks, which include a large part of artificial surfaces in cities, are the subject of study, and the effects of changes in their characteristics on thermal comfort in open spaces are evaluated. Field measurements and numerical simulation methods were used in this study. Field measurements were carried out by a data logger on the campus of Imam Khomeini University of Qazvin. Also, numerical simulations were performed for the hottest day of the year (July 25, 1401) by modeling the site using Envimet software. The results of the data obtained from the simulations were validated with the measured data. Then two characteristics of pavement materials, albedo (reflection coefficient) and material thickness, were investigated in different amounts of simulation and the results obtained from their impact on the thermal comfort of the environment were evaluated by two indices of Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). According to the results, albedo has a greater effect on thermal indices, and reducing its value from 0.8 to 0.2 to a maximum of 3 and an average of 0.4 degrees Celsius will cause a decrease in the thermal comfort index of PET. The thickness of the pavement materials was also evaluated, and the related results indicate the very small and partial effect of changes in this characteristic on the thermal comfort of the environment.

Creating suitable environmental conditions for industrial spaces is very important due to the negative effects of lack of visual comfort on the productivity and performance of workers. The lack of light in such spaces reduces alertness and the level of performance of people. The purpose of this research was to provide suitable solutions to make more use of daylight and create visual comfort for workers in industrial space. In this research, field studies were carried out by measuring the illumination of the space with a lux meter device and then analyzing the illumination using the computer simulation method through the Honey Bee plugin. A case study was selected in the city of Kermanshah, and then by measuring the brightness of the desired points in the space using a lux meter device, the non-uniform distribution of light and the lack of light that caused the visual dissatisfaction of the users in the space were determined. To solve existing visual problems, different types of ceiling skylights were investigated and suitable solutions were presented. Finally, using the annual light indicators, the impact of these parameters was investigated to improve the visual comfort of the study sample environment. The results of the simulation show that due to the great depth of the space, the use of skylights in this space can help to distribute light evenly and improve visual comfort. Among the selected scenarios, the longitudinal skylight performed better than the other scenarios.

The compact development of cities and the reduction of green spaces are the main reasons for the formation of thermal islands, a phenomenon that has become a major problem in cities. In addition, increased temperatures have led to environmental problems, reduced health of citizens, and risen energy consumption, particularly in buildings as it is used to create favorable temperature conditions to gain thermal comfort. One strategy for controlling and reducing this problem is the use of passive systems such as green roofs which can affect the thermal properties of a building due to their moisture content, absorption level, reflection and shading parameters. Furthermore, the presence of different vegetation will have different effects on the temperature changes of the roof surfaces. This paper investigates the performance of green roofs with different vegetation coverage on the roof surface temperatures of buildings. The surveys were conducted in hot and dry climates of Tehran city and simulations were carried out by Envi-Met software. The main environmental variables such as mean radiant temperature, air temperature, air flow and relative humidity were studied and compared as the main variables of the study. Finally, a comparison of the extent and role of the above on reducing the thermal island phenomenon shows that the use of Hedege, Grass and Soja vegetation in creating optimal conditions was very impressive in the order mentioned. The results show that green roof with Hedege vegetation (compact) had the greatest impact on climatic parameters compared to other green roofs.

Tehran is not a suitable place for pedestrians today. Air pollution and rising temperatures are the most important issues that cause this. Considering the existing density in urban spaces, one of the solutions that don't occupy the land area while having plants and enjoying their benefits is vertical and horizontal green surfaces or in other words, green walls and roofs.Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the urban green wall on air pollution and temperature. In this study, the Hedera helix plant of the green wall of Tehran Tabiat Bridge has been selected for further analysis of the subject. What will be investigated in this research is the effect of urban green walls on two factors including temperature and air pollution. Considering that the increase in air pollution can be a significant factor in creating global warming, and the temperature rise also leads to an increase in the number of secondary pollutants, these two parameters directly affect each other. Hence the difference between this research and the previous studies is that both of mentioned factors are questioned here. Furthermore, another difference is that most of the past research had examined urban walls in direct connection with the pollution caused by street traffic; however, in this research, the green wall of Tabiat Bridge, which is located at a height of almost 40 meters with markable distance from streets and pollutants such as cars, has been investigated. Therefore, the hypothesis of this research has been questioned in two phases. This hypothesis can be expressed in the form of this statement that the use of creeping plants including Hedera helix in urban green walls has an effective role in reducing air pollution and adjusting air temperature in hot seasons. This research aims to answer these questions, how much do plants growing in urban green walls reduce pollution and air temperature? According to the types of these plants, how far from the green wall this reduction may happen, and to what extent is it effective?

In two phases, this study measured the extent and effect of the green wall on temperature changes and pollutants in the air. In the first phase, temperature changes were measured by four data loggers simultaneously at distances of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 (points A, B, C, and D respectively) from the green wall and a height of 1.5 meters from the bottom of the bridge. Field harvesting was done in three days of the summer season (July 5 to 8) from 10:00 to 14:00. (The average temperature in these three days is listed each half hour in the graphs.). According to previous research results, the green wall's temperature effects happen regardless of the type of plant. Therefore, this phase of the study was carried out regardless of the type of hedera helix. The second phase was done by sampling the plants on the wall, checking the amount of sulfate and nitrate pollutants in it, and comparing this amount with the values ​​of previous research. The reason for choosing these two pollutants in this research is the predominant volume of these two pollutants caused by the traffic of cars in polluted urban air. In the sample studied in this research, there are two types of Gracilis and Pedata Hedera helix plants, and in addition to the total absorption of the pollutant by the plant, the amount of absorption of these two species has also been compared with each other.

The results of this study indicate the effect of Hedera helix plant on temperature reduction. In hot seasons, it is effective only about 0.5 meters from its wall and it is not effective in further points. At best, the effect of temperature reduction of this wall occurred at point A with a distance of zero from the wall, about 0.8 °C, in comparison to points C and D with temperatures close to the outside air. The results of the second phase show that in the hooded Hedera helix type, the absorption rate of sulfate is 2 times and nitrate absorption is about 1.2 times more than the green type. To determine the amount of air quality, the more pollutants plants have absorbed, the more effective they will be in improving air quality by reducing pollutants. Therefore, in this research, it was shown that Pedata Hedera helix works more effectively than Gracilis Hedera helix to reduce air pollution.

Based on the results of this research, creating green walls using cheap plants, compatible with Tehran's climate and with rapid capital growth in Tehran can be used as an effective solution to absorb pollution caused by urban traffic and vehicle fuel. Furthermore, a comparison of two samples of the bridge and urban sample indicates an 18 times increase in sulfate concentration and 6.8 times in the nitrate concentration in the urban sample compared to Tabiat bridge. As a result of analyzing and comparing the example of the green wall of Tabiat bridge with other urban green walls, it can be concluded that being away from the polluting source as well as creating a covered space in order to control the radiation factor increases the efficiency and effectiveness of these green walls.  In addition to reducing pollutants, the effect of green surfaces in temperature adjustment is a very key factor. Although the effect of these walls in temperature reduction just happens in the close spaces near the wall, taking into account that the use of these green systems can happen on an extended scale the result will be remarkable. Considering the pollution conditions of cities today and proving the effectiveness of green walls in solving this problem, this issue will continue to be very important in creating sustainable cities in future research. Among the proposed topics, we can mention the effect of different implementation methods and the type of climbing plants or implementation system used in the green wall, and their efficiency and effectiveness.

The global approach to health care quality has led to efforts to manage resources and services more effectively, taking into account rising costs, competitive advantages in marketing, and patient safety. One of the main tools of health care quality and its improvement is accreditation. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the challenges and strengths of implementing the educational accreditation process of hospitals from the perspective of the employees of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive cross-sectional study using the census method on 51 employees involved in the implementation of educational accreditation of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences using a two-part questionnaire consisting of general and professional information of the employees involved in the implementation of educational accreditation and 27 The component was carried out to measure the opinions of employees regarding the implementation of the accreditation process in the education sector in Jahrom city. Data analysis was done using spss software version 21 and descriptive statistical tests (mean, percentage and standard deviation).

The results showed that out of 51 employees, 66% were women and the rest were men. The average score of the implementation of the accreditation process in the university was 14.3 ± 0.75, which was almost at the average level. The majority of the staff believed that the accreditation program made the university more dynamic and efficient and had the highest score. The lowest score was given to the item "in the accreditation program, the tasks and tasks are fairly and equitably divided among the university staff".

Modifying the accreditation evaluation method can increase the credibility and trustworthiness of Iranian hospital accreditation results. Considering the mutual influence of strengths and challenges on each other, it is necessary to train and develop teamwork culture, budget allocation and planning and strategy design in the context of its implementation, creating appropriate information systems, clarifying information and changing the overall attitude of the organization. to be laid

Nowadays, using nature and its healing effects, as one of the sustainable architectural solutions, has attracted the attention of urban designers and managers. The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize the characteristics affecting the healing design of sustainable medical spaces, as one of the urban infrastructures, especially in interaction with nature. The mixed methodology of this study  consists of four steps. First, characteristics effective in healing through medical spaces were investigated through library study method and by reviewing past research. ،Then, using Delphi method, and by interviewing and asking experts through Likert method, the final characteristics were identified, prioritized, and inferentially analyzed using the SPSS software. Third, as a case study, the method and application of these characteristics in real samples were analyzed inferentially. Finally, using the results obtained, a practical model for designing a healing center was presented. The results from Delphi method reveal experts' prioritization of 10 healing characteristics in the design of  medical spaces. The Fresults obtained from the Delphi section and the SPSS inferential analysis reveal a high mean for the elimination of stressors (4.8) and the interaction with nature (4.6), and a low mean for horticultural activities (2.4). The findings of the case study and inferential analysis also indicate ahigh mean  for the elimination of stressors(3) and interaction with nature(3) and a low average of spatial design for privacy(1). Finally, by combining and comparing the results of different steps of the research, and by considering the prioritization of characteristics, a  practical model is presented for the healing design of  medical spaces, especially in interaction with nature. This model can be extended to other infrastructures of sustainable urban spaces.

Health information systems include the interaction between people, processes, and technology in order to support operations and management in providing essential information to improve the quality of health care services. Since nurses are one of the main pillars of serving patients in hospitals, they should play an active role in sharing their knowledge and information. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to the effect of Jahrom nurses' attitude on knowledge sharing in the adoption of clinical information technology systems.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on nurses working in educational and therapeutic hospitals in Jahrom city. The data collection tools in this study were two demographic information questionnaires and a knowledge sharing questionnaire on the acceptance of clinical information technology systems. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21 software and using descriptive and inferential statistical tests at a significance level of P<0.05.

129 nurses from Jahrom participated in the study. The majority of participants in the study were female (67.4%) and married (58.9%) and worked in rotating shifts (83.7%). The attitude of the majority of nurses in Jahrom was at the realistic level of 81 people (62.8%) and the attitude of the rest was average. Among the dimensions of Jahrom nurses' attitude towards knowledge sharing in the adoption of clinical information technology systems, the lowest mean is related to the dimension of jeopardizing professional independence and the highest mean is related to the dimension of attitude towards knowledge sharing.

According to the findings of this research, the type of attitude towards knowledge sharing, jeopardizing professional independence and higher education level, directly affects the attitude of nurses towards clinical information technology systems and information sharing systems. Because the use of knowledge sharing systems and new technologies can increase the utilization of nurses in hospitals and treatment environments.

Today's cities are narrowing the field for the presence of citizens in the city due to the many problems they impose on their citizens. In order to provide a suitable environment for the presence of residents in the streets and urban spaces, the urban space must provide minimum conditions of comfort for people. A space where the temperature is comfortable and annoying factors such as air pollution and noise pollution are small. One of the solutions that can play an effective role in this field is the return of nature to the urban space and reestablishing a balanced cycle of climatic parameters. The use of vegetated green surfaces can be considered an important solution in reducing the temperature in hot seasons through shading and the cooling effect of plants. In addition to the mentioned issues, the aesthetic aspect of these walls can also improve people's psychological comfort and help the presence of people in the urban space. The current research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of green surfaces on temperature changes in urban open spaces, and through simulation with Envi-met program, this issue has been investigated more deeply. The results of these studies showed that in hot seasons, the air temperature around the green walls decreases significantly, and in cold seasons, the temperature is slightly higher than the points with a distance from the wall.

The relationship between man and nature and its importance in the urban environment is one of the issues considered by theorists and planners in the field of urban space for a long time. However, human beings as the basis for this relationship have  jeopardizing this vital interaction by making changes in cities for some time now. One of the significanr in human communication and the redidence in cities is his satisfaction by climate conditions. The outdoor thermal comfort is affected by the built environment, land cover, plant evapotranspiration, and other factors present at the site. In this study, among the ways of promoting thermal comfort in urban space, the use of plants is focused on. In this article, the effects of plants on temperature and relative humidity were firstly analyzed in a case study. Then, using Envi-met software, an existing urban block was simulated by placing hypothetical trees and another hypothetical block was simulated as well. According to the results, the air temperature in the places, which were very close to the nearly 50-cm plants, was obtained to be almost 0.5◦C lower than other places. In addition, the relative humidity within the studied limits was higher. Therefore, the effects of these two factors on improving the thermal comfort of urban microclimates, especially in hot seasons, could be well evidenced. The assessment of different types of plants also showed that the temperature adjustment could be achieved regardless of plant type.

Environmental issues and the cities losing their natural context have motivated the urban designers to seek for reclamation of urban critical elements, such as green spaces and natural landscapes, and apply new technologies to achieve this goal. Vertical green surfaces are one of the technologies which have become attractive during the recent years. This technology, like any new system, has some advantages and challenges. One of the important challenges for these surfaces is their financial efficiency. In this study, Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is used to evaluate the mentioned challenge. Considering the financial gain of these surfaces along with the cost of their installation and maintenance, a better perception of their financial efficiency would be obtained. The costs of implementation and maintenance were calculated based on the data from relevant companies in Tehran and the financial gain was estimated by reduction of energy consumption in a simulated building with green wall. Findings of this study show that costs of implementing and maintaining green surfaces is much more than what is gained due to reduction of  cooling/heating loads in a building. Due to high costs of green walls installation and maintenance, they do not seem to be affordable by considering the reduction of energy consumption costs. Besides, other mentioned issues including oxygen production, carbon tax reduction, increase of building real estate value, energy reduction in the power plants, and reduction of costs of air pollution which can reduce the associated costs are related to the application of plants but not solely green walls. Hence, by applying various forms of vegetation in green spaces, the above-mentioned benefits can be achieved at very low costs.

The speedy process of urbanization is destroying urban green spaces and causing a lot of problems including urban heat island. To restore back the nature into the urban landscape and to set up a balanced cycle among the climate factors, green surfaces can be the key element to this transformation. For this purpose, vegetation can be very helpful through its cooling effect, evapotranspiration and shading.
The main method used in this research is field study, in which, by a data logger, air temperature and relative humidity were recorded in certain points with definite distances from two green walls.
Findings: According to the measurements, green surfaces reduce the temperature of their surrounding area by 0.63 to 1.0 ˚C during warm seasons. Furthermore, during cold seasons, temperature of the areas where are covered with vegetation is higher by 2.43 to 1.76 ˚C.
The obtained results indicate that during warm seasons, temperature of green-wall surrounding area is cooler up to 1.0 ˚C and during cold seasons it is warmer up to 3.0 ˚C. Therefore, building vertical green structures creates an appropriate environment by reducing the temperature during warm seasons and increasing the temperature during cold seasons, and makes a proper microclimate at their surrounding area.

Aims: Nowadays, air pollution has become a major problem in the populated areas such as Tehran and other large cities in Iran. In such areas, the spatial and temporal variations of air pollution are important. In this study, spatial distribution of air pollution over Tehran is considered in cold a season during acute air pollution periods while indicating the factors involved.

The air pollution data of 16 stations located throuought Tehran for the years 2011-2013 have been used to find contour maps of gaseous and particle mater pollutants using interpolation techniques of which Kriging was more appropriate.

Results of the investigations of spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutants during the acute air pollution periods which often occur in cold months over the city, showed that in December 2012 that the concentration of gasous substances increased northwards, while that of particle matter increased towards the southwest. The north-south gradients of CO are highest during the day especially in the midday, while they are reduced substantially during the night. This appears to be due to the atmospheric local circulation, mainly due to the northern mountains inducing katabatic and anabatic near surface winds during the nights and days respectively. The atmospheric boundary layer thickness (increasing southwards) seems also important in the spatial distribution. As expected, the mean vales of CO at nights are higher than those during the day because high stability conditions prevail during the nights particularly in this mountain surrounded city.

The trends of concentration of particle matters in cold month show that it first increases in the southwest and west of the city and then by local wind circulation spreads towards the other parts of the city. This is probably due to the vicinity of the southern parts of the city to the more dry lands as well as the sources of the building construction industries. Larger air pollution anomalies are also found to occur for the particle matters during acute air pollution periods in cold season.