maryam aznab

E-learning, as one of the distance learning methods, has been rapidly expanded in most educational systems. Teaching contemporary structures and learning them effectively and practically to architecture students is one of the most important subjects of architectural education programs. Virtual reality is a new tool that makes it possible to imagine abstract concepts by using the computer and its capabilities, which have a positive effect on learning and knowledge transfer; accordingly, the student is actively involved in the learning process. The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of electronic education of contemporary structures on the improvement of the learning quality of architecture students.

This research is exploratory and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature, survey method data analysis method. To reach the results, two types of specialized and general questionnaires were prepared. The statistical population of the specialized questionnaire was 33 professors and experts in the field of architecture and multimedia education and the general questionnaire; Two groups of students who had completed the course on contemporary structures in the form of face-to-face training and electronic training in a specific period, were selected in the number of 50 people. Validity was measured based on content validity and confirmed by professors through the Delphi method and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method at 0.756. Data analysis was done through factor analysis and regression and Friedman tests with Spss and Lisrel software.

The confirmatory factor analysis test of the 4 components of the effect of e-learning and teaching on improving the quality of students' learning was identified and confirmed with a factor loading of over 0.4. The adjusted coefficient of determination was determined, the indicators predict 53% of the variance of learning quality improvement. Based on the regression test; The component of using digital technology has the highest effect on improving the quality of learning (beta=0.788). The results of the correlation coefficient test show that among the types of interaction, "learner-learner" has the most importance. The prioritization of the components of the effect of electronic education and learning on improving the quality of learning and students' progress according to Friedman's ranking test the use of digital technology (8.96), self-immersive (8.82), virtual reality (8.7), interaction (8.06).

According to the results, the indicators of simulation, motivation, the active role of the learner, synchronicity, content-content, student-content, skill, content transfer, creativity, knowledge construction, student-student, thinking-decision, achieving content, student-teacher; According to priority and correlation, Pearson's test has a positive effect on the improvement of the quality of students' learning. As a result, the electronic education of the course of contemporary structures using the virtual reality method improves the quality of students' learning compared to the face-to-face method in the field of architecture.

Living spaces in each region are shaped by the cultural, environmental, social, historical, and political influences of that region. The city of Paveh, located in the north of Kermanshah province, is home to valuable historical houses, primarily built in a stepped arrangement that conforms to the topography and slope of the land. This research aimed to understand the physical and spatial elements in the traditional houses of Paveh. By examining these elements, the study identified the factors influencing the form and physical and spatial characteristics of these traditional houses. The research employed a descriptive-analytical method, incorporating the study of existing conditions, interviews, document reviews, observation, and mapping. The target population was selected purposefully using a snowball sampling method. The results indicate that the interior spaces of Paveh's traditional houses serve multiple purposes, including hallways, kitchens, storage rooms, rooms, and staircases, arranged on one or two floors. The factors influencing the design of these houses include cultural, social, religious, and economic characteristics. Notable features include the use of natural materials, spatial hierarchy, appropriate separation of spaces, construction of houses atop or adjacent to each other, and attention to climatic considerations such as proper orientation, "Chinese chairs," and appropriately sized openings. These elements are the most important factors in shaping the physical form and spatial organization of houses in Paveh.

Undoubtedly, privacy with the tool of spatial hierarchy has been one of the main criteria for designing and building Islamic cities. Islam's emphasis on privacy has caused this characteristic to affect all social and cultural aspects of which architecture is one of its manifestations. The architecture of buildings is designed to respond to the cultural and environmental needs of people. Since the model of the contemporary houses of Kermanshah is to some extent proof of the disregard for the principle of privacy in Iranian architecture and culture, providing a model for maintaining privacy in modern houses based on the typology of housing seems to be one of the necessities. This research aims to know the spatial hierarchy in creating privacy in the historical typology of houses. By investigating the spatial hierarchy in creating privacy, the evolution of these spaces in the houses of three eras was investigated. The research method is descriptive-analytical, with an emphasis on logical reasoning. The research findings show that in the historical houses (traditional and transition period) of Kermanshah, the hierarchy in entering the house has been proportional to the needs of the residents, and this proportionality is less in the priority of attention of today's designers. Therefore, by creating a hierarchy in the entrance space, in addition to creating privacy, it is possible to achieve a proper definition of private and semi-private spaces in contemporary (modern) houses and to prevent disruption in the use and identity of other spaces.