فهرست مطالب maryam eskafi

Human beings are a social species. Marriage is an important step in human life because many of the main human needs are met after marriage. The purpose of this research was to study the tendency of single mothers to remarry, and the variables and barriers involved. The conceptual framework for this study involves a mix of social concept theories, Maslow’s necessity hierarchy, Eisen’s reasoning theory, and Lewin’s Psychological Field Theory on barriers.

The current study used a qualitative technique (fundamental theory) for coding, editing, categorizing, and analyzing information. To the best of our knowledge, a fundamental theory analytical technique has been used to classify and evaluate information. For this purpose, eleven single mothers (all with kids) were surveyed in Gonabad city. Despite their inclination to build a connection between structure and interaction and by mixing information with theory, the scientists attempted to design the procedure for mothers’ celibacy.

The data analysis included coding of three main core levels, eleven first-category items, and 27-second category items. The main focus was feminism, social isolation, inappropriate cultural structure, social suicide, and the display of spiritual and material life.

The results showed that single mothers not only tend to remarry but also seriously need to be married. However, the inner and outer variables stop them from remarrying. Therefore, they are looking for a replacement that leads to their social isolation. Facilitative strategies to pave the way for their remarriage can therefore assist them considerably.

The Iranian society should appreciate health and well-being, food security, and social security in 2026. It is strongly related to the tasks of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), concerning its extent. Therefore, this research aimed to identify fundamental factors in the active involvement of NGOs and the Mashhad municipality, in sociocultural programs. 

This research used a qualitative approach. Also, the statistical population included the NGOs that have at least once cooperated with the municipality. The study sample recruited using a purposeful sampling technique. The collected data were generated through the design of triangulation. Subsequently, 159 concepts, 40 subcategories, and 18 items were obtained. 

The results indicated that the maximum mutual participation is the only interaction type that could fully satisfy both the municipality and NGOs.

A misleading, slogan-based, result-oriented participation exists between these organizations, because the principles of involvement are not observed.

The present study was conducted to investigate the social status of addicts in Birjand City, Iran. This research was carried out by using the survey method. The research population included all adolescents and young people who were addicted to narcotics since the beginning or have turned to synthetic drugs before the age of 30. The samples were selected using the available sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to study the social status of adolescents and youths of drug addicts. This questionnaire examines the family status as well as the individual characteristics of the samples. The results showed that most drug addicts belong to the social-ecological community of northern Birjand. Also, there is a significant relationship between the age of the person with the duration of addiction and the age of the onset of addiction, between education and the age of the onset of addiction, between the age of addiction and the frequency of use per day, and between the addicts in the family and the addiction to synthetic drugs.

This research aimed at studying the process of substance dependence treatment in Narcotics Anonymous (NA) association. 

This qualitative study applied a narrative research technique. The study population consisted of all individuals referring to the Torbat Heydarieh NA association in 2016. The study samples were selected by purposive sampling method. Three group interviews were conducted with 10 NA participants who have treated their substance dependence and always joined the association sessions. Each interview lasted about 4 to 6 hours.

The most critical effects of attending NA sessions may be cognitive and faith-value changes, as follow: raising the awareness of self-illness, its symptoms and how to cope with it, promoting self-awareness and characteristics, and identifying the root causes leading to the condition in each person. 

The treatment is oriented towards making the inner police and consciousness in substance dependents. According to David Matza’s theory, a deviant person first neutralizes this internal assessing as well as supervising force; then, he/she commits deviance. Completing 12 personal steps is an inward process that shapes the mechanism of recovery in substance dependents.

The fertility rate in Iran has recently changed significantly, to the point where Iran today faces a single-child phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of demographic variables in the tendency for one child phenomenon of married women. In this study 200 married women participated whit a random sample selection from health centers. The inclusion criteria were to select married women who had one child and had at least 10 years of married life. The data collection instruments were a questionnaire to examine demographic variables (age, education, women's employment, etc.) in the tendency towards a phenomenon of one child. The results showed that more than 70% of participants did not consider one child to be ideal and only 32% tended to have one child. MANOVA test results showed that the tendency to have one child had a significance to education. Other results showed that only child planning and women's employment were correlated and forced to have one child. The overall conclusion is therefore that, while most women tend not to have one child, society's current conditions are such that women are forced to work, making them plan for the number of their children.

The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the book "Capitalism, Family and Personal Life." The author's question is how capitalism and feminism differentiate between two public and private spheres in the family. The researcher has come up with a part of the criticism by matching the translated text with the original text and looking at the sources of the subject. Then, by examining the text of the interpreter, he criticized the other part. But in general, the critical thinking method has been used to evaluate the book. The researcher's evaluation showed that, despite the complexity and complexity of the original text, the interpreter has provided a thorough and psychological translation of the book; nevertheless, given the fact that it was translated and published in Iran, it would have been better for the translator, at least as few footnotes as differences The West mentions with the Iranian community and Eastern societies with the West at different times. Despite the historical importance of the present book, given the content problems, methodological problems, facial problems and its very incomplete translation from the original text in Persian, it does not seem to suggest that a suitable source, as a textbook, be offered to students. If this book is supposed to be introduced at university, it needs major reforms.

This study was done to investigate female heads of household’s decision-making process for remarriage and its barriers. Since an important part of these women’s life was not researchable through questionnaires and details of their life would be omitted, it's felt the need to do qualitative work; therefore, it's a qualitative study by narrative analysis strategy in which we used both thematic analysis and structural analysis by using semi-structured interviews with 9 women in Gonabad. The results of this study showed these persons strongly felt the lack of husband due to the variety of needs, but barriers to remarriage have a deterrent role in the final decision to remarriage and this structural pressure is to the extent that put women in conflict for making final decision and this conflict will increase over time. In the final, 9 of them had feeling the need, tending to remarry, social perceptions, expectations originated from emotions, expectations originated from position, subjective norms and evaluating and expecting benefits.

Purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of quadruplet aspects of minor order, because of double aspects of conflict between couples, on divorce. Theoretical framework of the research includes mixed theory of Chalaby’ s minor order (taken from Parsonez’ s theory) and Zimel’ s social opposition theory, in which family is considered as a social system and it consists of four minor systems: empathy, consultation, partnership and joint concordance, and based on social conflict theory, in a small group like family, conflict may happen between couples and contexts may be provided for divorce. Methodology of this research contains a survey of cross-sectional, extensive, descriptive-explanatory and practical studies in middle sociology level, because it has studied divorce proceedings in families. The statistical population involves all couples, dwelled in Mashhad city, that one of them (wife or husband) has been martyr’ s offspring in 2006 (according to the Islamic Revolution Martyrs Foundation). Data analyzing was done by LISREL software. The results show that minor order affects conflict variable (quantitative or qualitative conflict) (-0.71), and conflict variable affects divorce proceedings (0.89) as well. The final result is that minor order in family affects divorce proceedings through conflict, and conflict plays the role of mediator.

As one of social thinkers, Sa’di’s thoughts examination is of great significance. The purpose of this research is to investigate that how reporting political insecurity to the King has been discussed in Sadi's Golestan. The researchers have used structural understanding of context. Based on Parsons’ social system theory, this article has analyzed the text. The results showed that the type of Sa’di expression in terms of compose eulogies, elegance, narrative structure, using similes and metaphors, using different situations and characters in the story and a variety of interactions with each other, and using Khorasani style language has been also very effective in accepting criticism. In fact, Sa’di has used all of these arts in order to be able to take criticism toward kings and easily remind to them about community insecurity for different groups of peasants and soldiers and the fall of the king. By using a stage narrow and intellectual process, Sa’di reaches his aims.

The aim of this study is to identify underlying factors in active participation of NGOs. Based on this aim¡ researchers have studied the status of participation between NGOs and municipality in the field of cultural and social programs. Studies show that there are a lot of obstacles to participation between municipality and such organizations¡ the study of which is very important. The present study is a qualitative research. The population of study is the NGOs which have cooperated with municipality at least once. The results of this study indicate numerous cases that affect participation in a way. The researchers have designed two models from obtained categories. One of the models is based on social problems analysis in Budon theory¡ and the second one is based on foundational theory which consists of 6 variables (background condition¡ causal condition¡ intermediate condition¡ phenomenon¡ contrasting procedures and consequences). The final result is that providing the type of interaction between municipality and NGOs is of maximum mutual participation¡ the both parties will have full satisfaction. But as results show¡ unfortunately the type of participation between these two organizations at the present time is kind of motto participation which is very strong in appearance and language¡ but in action participation principles are not observed because of multiple reasons which are mentioned in this research.

The goal of the present study is prioritization of the role and function of academic education in Gonabad¡ based on a combination of cause- consequence Analysis and Parsons’ AGIL. It is a survey research¡ and for data collection¡ a questionnaire was designed by using Osgood’s Scale. The respondents were asked to rate higher education functions based on the stimulus “university graduate.” The questionnaire was completed by 471 young participants from the city of Gonabad¡ Iran. The results show that the higher education functions were rated as “average” and that all the respondents gave priority to social (better social status)¡ cultural (knowledge¡ creativity and open mindedness) and economic (future work opportunities¡ adequate income and social efficiency) functions.

Typology of emotional divorce in the city of Mashhad is the aim of this study. It was done through survey method and cluster sampling. Three semi-structured questionnaires were distributed among 30 couples that had been selected via purposive sampling. Based on the above-mentioned technique, the scores were categorized in five-dimensional categories of emotional divorce, namely I-we balance, shared activities, proximity, independency-dependency, and faithfulness. The results show that 35% of the sample members were out of balance and were at the two endpoints of the continuum, and other members of the sample fell into the two categories of "more connected" and "more integrated". The women scores were higher in all five-dimensional categories of emotional divorce.

This study aims to evaluate and prioritize higher education functions from the point of view of young people. To this end, these functions were investigated from the economic, political, social and cultural perspectives, based on Parson's social theory. Survey was the method adopted to conduct the study and a questionnaire was designed using Osgood’s Scale. The respondents were asked to rate higher education functions based on the stimulus “university graduate”. The questionnaire was completed by 471 young participants from the city of Gonabad, Iran. According to the results, the higher education functions were rated “average” and all respondents gave priority to social (better social status), cultural (knowledge, creativity and open mindedness) and economic (future work opportunities, adequate income and social efficiency) functions. Young people who participated in the study believed that variables such as gender, age, education level (pre-university student, university student, graduate), marital status, employment and the interest to pursue higher education have an influence on higher education functions. Approximately, the above mentioned factors explain a total of 13% of the changes of the dependent variable in ordinal regression.

The theory of Habermas is all-embracing and multi-dimensional. In fact this theory is a supplementary version to the theories of contemporary classical scholars. He has included the ideas of many sociologists into his theory. Also, the trace of many theoreticians, philosophers, and psychologists are detected in Habermas’ thoughts. A study of Habermas’s books and articles and the works which have written about this famous great sociologist shows that the main concepts of his theories are based on the views of some classical scholars, such as Max Weber, Emil Durrheim, Carle Marks, Frankfurt school and critical School. This paper deals with the way Habermas makes use of Weber and Marks’s theories and finally it sheds light on his integrative theory.

Emotional divorce represents a step towards legal divorce and this phenomenon is increasing, on which no exact have been released statistics. Therefore, this question is worth considering. It is very important to concentrate on the role of social interactions in the changes of emotional divorce, a role which research works have ignored. This paper investigates the role of spouse's social network in emotional divorce by using a new quantative and software method for analyzing the network among married people living in Mashhad. The result shows that the more important and main effective factor in the changes of emotional divorce is the cordiality of each spouse with his/her social networks member, and this contributes to the decrease in the cordiality with his/her spouse.

The study presents findings from a comparative case study carried out to assess critical thinking levels and ability in some 350 Iranian university students from a range of majors. To this end, Watson–Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal was applied to measure their critical thinking ability. The analyses of results revealed that the participants enjoyed an average level of critical thinking ability underpinning Iranian university students‟ rather average appreciation of the world and the subsequent decisions they make and of their ignorance of the intellectual traits of mind to be developed to their advantage. Furthermore, males turned out to outperform females as far as this ability was involved. Meanwhile, the undergraduates as well as EFL learners manifested a significant supremacy over Associate‟s degree and non-EFL students especially of empirical sciences as far as critical thinking tests were concerned. Moreover, as to the most frequent reason cited regarding why the students refrained from partaking in class discussions, regarded as the central method of helping students master critical thinking and communication skills (Wolcott, 2000), “fear of speaking in public” was rated the highest. The results of the study can have good pedagogical implications for all including EFL teachers, teacher trainers, syllabus designers as well as materials and curriculum developers.

Model life tables are a key methodological tool for the study of mortality, especially in countries where statistics are incomplete. The tables published by the United Nations in 1982 paved the way for considerable progress in this field. Now that more complete and reliable data are available, the use and interpretation of these tables can be critically assessed. Zhongwei Zhao shows here that mortality in many developing countries is reflected more accurately by the Coale-Demeny tables (expected to represent mortality in the developed countries) than by those of the United Nations and that, conversely, certain United Nations tables closely match the mortality patterns observed in developed countries, for certain periods at least. The author recommends prudence and flexibility in the use of these model life tables during periods of mortality transition, since the application of a single model throughout the observation period may be hazardous when the age structure of mortality is changing. The clarity of the author’ demonstration helps to lift the confusion which sometimes still persists in this area.

The aim of the present research was to study the degree of awareness of the young people of Mashhad of their citizenship rights and responsibilities and factors affecting them. The method used was clustral sampling and the sample size was four hundred persons. Results indicated that the degree of awareness is over eighty percent. The men were more aware than women. The number of family members and the economic status of the family were statistically significant. The most important factor affecting awareness was the degree of participation in elections. Attitude of youth toward participation in elections as citizenship duties, age, degree of political awareness, the political atmosphere and the socioeconomic status of the family are the other factors affecting the degree of awareness. Overall, these factors explain ninety nine percent of the shifts of the dependent variable. The degree of voluntary participation in societies was the only variable that had no significant relationship with the dependent variable. That was probably because in the sample under study, more than 70% of the subjects did not participate in any society voluntarily.