maryam peyravi

Sliding valves are among the hydraulic structures that have many applications in irrigation and drainage and dam networks. Their most important application is to increase the water level in order to drain the upstream canals and increase the height of the dam weir in order to store more water and also to measure the flow discharge. Many researches have been done to determine the flow coefficient (Cd) of these valves, all of which have been for valves perpendicular to the channel axis. In this research, the data of the hydraulic model of the side sliding gate of the sharp edge of the hydraulic laboratory of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Rourke University of India have been used, which includes 121 laboratory data related to the free flow regime with three valve width to flume width ratios of 0.60, 0.83 , 1.00 and the flow discharge is 25 to 120 liters per second and 80 laboratory data are related to the submerged flow regime with a ratio of valve width to flume width of 1 meter and flow range of 25 to 85 liters per second. Laboratory data include flow rates Q, water depth before valve y1, flow depth at the bottom yt and opening of valve a. Using the analytical method and dimensionless number a / y1, the critical depth value under the sliding valve ycs For free flow regime and immersion coefficient  For submerged flow regime, the amount of flow discharge was calculated directly. The results of validation of the extracted relationships show that the use of the critical depth parameter in determining the amount of flow discharge has a high accuracy.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of hope therapy and spiritual therapy on quality of life, blood sugar, and blood pressure in middle-aged women with type 2 diabetes.

The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest-follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all middle-aged women with type 2 diabetes referred to the Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute in Tehran city in 2020 which 45 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned in two experimental groups and one control group (15 people in each group). The research instruments included the Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory by Burroughs et al., (2004) and a blood test to measure fasting blood pressure and blood sugar. After 8 sessions of 90 minutes, once a week of hope therapy and spiritual therapy for the experimental groups, the data of the present study were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that spiritual therapy and hope therapy had an increasing effect on the quality of life (P=0.038).

One of the practical implications of the present study is the provision of psychological therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes. It is suggested that therapies such as hope and spirituality along with drug therapies be performed on patients with type 2 diabetes.

A highly prevalent problem in patients with type 2 diabetes is depression; it can directly affect patients’ biologically derived substances, e.g., fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. Depressive symptoms significantly impact self–care and wellbeing. Multiple demographic, socioeconomic, and social support factors can facilitate self–care activities in diabetic patients; however, a health psychologist’s role in promoting self–care is vital. Psychological interventions, such as Hope Therapy (HT) and Spiritual Therapy (ST) might be effective in managing biological variables, depression, and quality of life in patients with diabetes. Thus, this study aimed to compare the effects of HT and ST on depression, self–care, and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes.

This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest–follow–up and a control group design. The statistical population included all middle–aged women with type 2 diabetes referring to Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute in Tehran City, Iran, in 2020. In total, 45 eligible volunteers were selected by the convenience sampling method. They completed Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1961) before and after the interventions. Individuals with a depression score of >11 were randomly assigned into 3 research groups (n=15/group). The inclusion criteria of the study included having a minimum literacy to complete the questionnaires, providing an informed consent form, willingness to participate in the study, obtaining a minimum depression score of 11, and being in the 45–60 years age range. The exclusion criteria of the study included receiving psychological therapies during the study, severe physical illnesses due to diabetes, such as kidney failure, vision, etc., consuming psychiatric drugs during the study, increasing the dose of related drugs due to diabetes, and the patient's unwillingness to continue treatment. The experimental groups received HT according to Snyder’s treatment protocol (2002) in 8 weekly sessions and ST according to Richards et al.’s treatment protocol (2007) in 8 weekly sessions; however, the controls received no intervention. The necessary data were collected using the BDI, the Self–Care Questionnaire ‎(Tobert et al., 2000), ‎and the HbA1c blood test. Pretest and posttest steps were performed in all research groups. A month after the posttest, all measures were repeated (follow–up). Descriptive statistics, such as mean and SD were used to describe the obtained data. The collected data were analyzed using repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni posthoc test in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.

The present study data indicated that HT and ST reduced depression (p<0.001) and HbA1c (p=0.024), and enhanced self–care (p<0.001). The mean score of depression (p<0.001), HbA1c (p<0.001), and self–care (p<0.001) significantly reduced over time. The significant time*groups interaction effect was observed for depression (p<0.001), HbA1c (p<0.001), and self–care (p<0.001) in the experimental groups, compared to the controls. Bonferroni posthoc test data revealed a significant difference between the intervention groups and the controls concerning depression (p<0.001 & p<0.001, respectively), HbA1c (p=0.046 & p=0.034, respectively), and self–care (p<0.001 & p<0.001, respectively); however, there was a significant difference between HT and ST in depression (p=0.038). There was a significant difference between pretest and posttest phases and the follow–up phase respecting depression (p<0.001), HbA1c (p<0.001), and self–care (p<0.001); however, there was no significant difference between posttest and follow–up phases for depression (p=1.000), HbA1c (p=0.974), and self–care (p=0.143), highlighting the positive and persisting (until follow–up) effects of HT and ST.

Based on the current research findings, HT and ST reduced depression and HbA1c, and increased self–care among the explored middle–aged women with type 2 diabetes; however, there was a significant difference between the effects of HT and ST concerning depression where ST was more effective than HT.

The Kangan Formation (Lower Triassic) is one of the most important petroleum reservoirs in SW Iran and Persian Gulf that belong to the Dehram Group. Facies analysis from core and cuttings of this formation in theKish Field led to the recognition of 14 facies, indicating deposition in tidal flat, lagoon and oolithic barrier facies belts. Facies types and their facies belts reveal deposition in the inner part of a homoclinal ramp platform. Vertical variations of microfacies and well log analysis especially Gamma Ray log demonstrate that the Kangan Formation consists of three third order depositional sequences. Each sequences consisting of transgressive systems tract (lagoonal and tidal flat facies) and highstand systems tracts (barrier/ shoal facies) which are bounded by a type 2 unconformity.