فهرست مطالب maryam shirbaigy

E-learning considered as advanced educational method in today's world. Because attitude toward an educational method can be influenced by the learning styles and epistemological beliefs of individuals, so that purpose of this study is investigate relationship between epistemological beliefs and learning styles with students' attitude toward e-learning. The method of this study is correlational. Sample include of 328 students from PayameNoor University in 2016-1017. The research instrument included demographic characteristics questionnaire, standard Mishra attitude questionnaire, Kolbe's learning styles questionnaire and Schumer epistemological beliefs questionnaire. Analyzing is based on descriptive statistics and t-test and Chi-square test in SPSS software. Based on analysis, there is no correlation between learning styles and epistemological beliefs within attitude of e-learning. In general, the results of this study indicate that students' attitude toward e-learning is positive, regardless of their epistemological beliefs and their learning styles, which indicates a high degree of flexibility in this type of education.

Comprehensive Sexual Education (CSE) is one of the global programs designed by UNESCO. Therefore, due to the lack of research in this field, purpose of this study is to provide a model of sexual education in Iran based on CSE.Data collection include of many resource: documents of the country's education system, Studying available scientific resources, and reviewing international research related documents such as the CSE. Results show that CSE is a comprehensive program that is consistent with many of the current religious beliefs, values, and norms of current Iranian society, although some differences are also evident.Also the final model of sexual education in Iran is stetted in sections of goals (cognitive, attitude and skill), principles, content (human development, communication, personal skills, sexual behavior, sexual health, culture and society) and educational methods (direct and indirect).

In the age of globalization, all aspect of education, especially sex education, will undergo changes. There are many threats in the case of inappropriate use of the concepts related to sex education. Therefore, the goal of this study was to explore the main elements of sex education in the age of globalization with an emphasis on Islam to present a data-based model.

In this qualitative study, Grounded Theory method was used. Data were collected by studying the upstream documents and semi-structured interviews. The statistical population included 25 researchers in the field of education, who were selected using targeted snowball sampling method. The collected data were analyzed using Corbin and Strauss’ constant comparison method. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and the authors reported no conflicts of interest.

The findings of study in the framework of a conceptual model indicate that casual conditions (the need for sexual education), phenomenon (opportunities and threats of sex education in the age of globalization), contextual conditions (time, place and method of sex education), intervening conditions (social-cultural structures including incorrect beliefs, parents' attitudes, family structure), strategies (principles and Indicators of sex education from the viewpoint of Islam) and consequences (development of all interconnected aspects of education at individual and national levels) reflect the pattern of sexual education in the age of globalization.

Based on the presented model, the necessity of sex education, the socio-cultural structures dominant in the Iranian community, affect the phenomenon (opportunities and threats of sex education in globalization). Therefore, the plans presented in strategies should be based on the principles and indicators of sex education from the perspective of Islam to promote all interconnected aspects of education at individual and national levels.

According to the United Nations Office, by 2030, older persons are expected to outnumber children aged <10years  (1.41 billion vs.1.35 billion); by 2050, predictions indicate that there will be more persons aged ≥60 years than adolescents and youth at ages 10–24 years (2.1billion vs. 2.0 billion). Furthermore, estimates indicate that in 2050, an elderly would be in every 4–member family in Iran. Elderhood is a sensitive period, and the older people have acquired daily increasing attention that should not be ignored. In this case, every decision–making and scheduling concerning this issue requires detailed, subjective, and scientific–based recognition. Thus, it is essential to evaluate and compare the effect of the elderly’s participation in social, sports, and recreational groups. Thus, the present study aimed to compare spiritual health, self–efficacy, and hope in three groups of elderly (physically–active, mentally–active, and inactive (in Kermanshah City, Iran. 

This was a descriptive–analytical study. The statistical population consisted of older adults present at the neighborhood center, elderly community, parks and public places, markets, mosques, and recreational areas in Kermanshah City, Iran. By the convenience sampling method, 346 participants aged >60 years were selected. The study subjects included 208 males (60.1%) (mean±SD age: 68.02±4.01 y) and 108 females (39.9%) (mean±SD age: 60.41±3.02 y), who were divided into three groups. The physically–active group included 104 elderly that participated in regular sports activities for 3 sessions per week in the last quarter of 2018. The mentally–active group included 118 elderly that participated in mental activities (crossword puzzle, Sudoku, chess, etc.) for 3 sessions per week in the last quarter of 2018. The inactive group comprised of 124 elderly who had no activity. The data gathering tool consisted of a 3–part questionnaire, as follows: 1– the Spiritual Well–Being Survey (SWBS), that includes 20 items and measures two dimensions of spiritual well–being. The Religious Well–Being (RWB) subscale provides a self–assessment of one’s relationship with God. Moreover, the Existential Well–Being (EWB) subscale suggests a self–assessment measure of one’s sense of life purpose and life satisfaction. Each item is answered on a 6–point Likert–type scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (6). 2– Schneider’s Hope Questionnaire (HQ) that includes 12items and measures the hope of life. Four items measure the pathways of thinking, 4 items measure agency thinking, and 4 items are fillers. Participants respond to each item using a 4–point scale ranging from definitely false to true. 3– The Self Efficacy Scale (SES) is a Likert format 17–item scale. The response format is a 5–point scale (1 =strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree). The sum of item scores reflects general self–efficacy. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and analytical tests [Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Tukeychr('39')s HSD] in SPSS.

The mean scores of spiritual health in the inactive, mentally–active, and physically–active groups were 74.05, 70.11, and 70.08. One–way ANOVA results revealed no significant difference between the three study groups in terms of spiritual health (p =0.081, F=2.54). Besides, the mean score of self–efficacy in the inactive, mentally–active, and physically–active groups was 42.6, 50.7, and 50.3. One–way ANOVA results also suggested significant differences between the study groups in terms of self–efficacy (p<0.001, F=62.4). Moreover, the mean score of life expectancy in the inactive, mentally–active, and physically–active groups was 16.7, 18.7, and 21.3. One–way ANOVA data indicated significant differences between the three groups in terms of life expectancy (p<0.001, F=429.8). Tukeychr('39')s posthoc test was used to examine the location of pair–wise differences. Furthermore, the status of self–efficacy and life expectancy in mentally– and physically–active elderly groups was better than those of the inactive group.

The present research results indicated that the participation of the elderly in physical and mental activities enhanced their emotional and social function. Besides, it provided a sense of empathy, cooperation, usefulness, and importance. Group recreational activities are an effective means of public communication that reinforce social behavior and encourages individuals to interact with each other; accordingly, it reduces isolation in the elderly. Consequently, it improves their social function. Therefore, with planning and contextualizing participation in elderly people in the form of social, sports, and recreational groups, self–efficacy and hope also increased.

In the age of Communication, all aspect of education, especially sexual education, will be changed. Threats will be revealed, by inappropriate use of concepts related to sexual education. Therefore, the goal of this research was to explore the main elements of student sexual education in the age of Communication to design a model based on grounded theory.

This study has a qualitative approach and grounded theory has been used as a research method. For gathering data, high level documents have been studied and interviewed 25 experts who were aware of the subject. The participants were selected through purposeful sampling method and the data were analyzed simultaneously by continuously comparisons based on Corbin and Strauss method.

The findings of study formed the basis of a conceptual model including the following components: Casual Condition (necessity: Awareness, directing, lack of appropriate program), phenomenon(opportunities and threats of sexual education in  Communication), context conditions(Time, place and method of sexual education), intervening conditions(social-cultural structures including incorrect beliefs, parents' attitudes, family structure), strategies(Principles and Indicators of Sexual Education in the Viewpoint of Islam)and consequences(development all aspects of intercultural education at individual, national levels).

Basis of a conceptual model, necessity, education and social-cultural structures effected phenomenon (opportunities and threats of sexual education in Communication) in Iranian society. And strategies include of Principles and Indicators of Damage and Health of Sexual Education in the Viewpoint of Islam had to lead to development all aspects of intercultural education at individual, national levels.

Elderly is a sensitive period and quality of life in elderly is of great importance that should not be ignored. The purpose of this study was to compare three groups of active, passive and ecotourist on public health and happiness on elderly of Ilam. By multi-stage sampling method, 514 participants over 60 years old and cognitively intact(152 active, 229 passive and 133 ecotourist) were selected to participate in the study. The data-gathering tool consisted of a 2-part questionnaire: short form of public health(GHQ28) and Oxford Happiness(OHI) used to measure public health and happiness. Analyzing was based on ANVAs, and tucky H.S.D tests. Findings showed that there was significant difference between three groups in public health, and significant difference only between ecotourist and others in happiness. Regarding the results, the status of public health and happiness in ecotourist elderly was better than active and non active ones. Discussion and The result of this study showed that doing exercise and recreational activities including hiking, walking, mountaineering with friends or family members is one of the best activities for elderly people resulting in the improvement and reinforcement of public health and happiness.