maryam sobhani

 There are rights whose purpose is to provide protection for people when they are under interrogation, the principle of innocence, the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, the prohibition of forcing people to confess or testify against themselves, the right to remain silent. , the right of access to the translator is one of those rights that will be discussed in this chapter with regard to international law. Several rights whose purpose is to guarantee the safety of the accused during the interrogation, including the presumption of innocence and the right to an interpreter, the preparation of interrogation minutes, the prohibition of any torture or cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, the prohibition of forcing people to confess or testify against themselves, the right Silence and the right to access a lawyer.

 The research with an inferential method based on the analysis of events and police procedures in countries seeks to answer these questions: The main challenges raised at this stage are what rights does the accused have at this stage? Has his right to defense and silence been recognized at this stage? Are the judicial officers obliged to announce the right of silence to the accused? Asking such questions and answering them, as soon as the accused enters the cycle of criminal justice, because the progress of human rights and its connection with the understanding of human dignity and high value in society, respect and protection of his (accused) basic rights and freedoms ) and efforts to create and support peace and security in the society, strengthen and promote high human values ​​and achieve justice, become important.

 From the results and findings of the present research, it can be concluded that the police in most countries do not have a satisfactory record of compliance with international human rights standards in the police investigation process according to the available evidence. Therefore, this article aims to, firstly, the global standards of human rights in the process of police performance in the field of crime prevention and police investigation, according to international human rights documents and standards, with an emphasis on the international judicial practice of judicial authorities, especially the European Court of Human Rights, which in this regard It has valuable and path-breaking achievements, and secondly, the effects and consequences of violating these principles and standards will be examined according to the regime of international responsibility of governments as well as preventive mechanisms.

General weakness and fatigue are among the most common complaints in neurological, psychological, and medical diseases. which can have various causes, some of which are life-threatening. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the final diagnosis, diagnostic measures, and disease course in elderly patients with general weakness.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from October 2015 to October 2016 in the emergency department of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. All elderly patients over 60 years of age who referred to the emergency department of Imam Reza Hospital with general weakness and did not have a specific diagnosis were included in the study. Demographic information, underlying diseases, medications, and the diagnostic and therapeutic measures taken for them from the moment of arrival until the time of discharge or death were recorded in the checklist prepared for this purpose. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 11.5 and descriptive (number, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential (Mann-Whitney, chi-square, t-test) statistical tests.

The average age of the participants in the study was 79.84 ± 8.6 years. The mean hemoglobin and white blood cell count (WBC) of the patients in the emergency room were higher than in the ward. Also, the platelets and international normalized ratio (INR) of people in the emergency department were higher. The median of onset of weakness in people was 7 (4-10) days. The duration of hospitalization of patients in the emergency room was 34.68 ± 21.7 hours and the duration of hospitalization in the ward was 6.06 ± 2.9 days. Also, the duration of hospitalization in ICU was 10.29 ± 5.2 days. Urinary tract infection (UTI) and electrolyte disorders were the most common diagnoses.

Based on the results of the present study, the highest mortality rate belonged to the ICU, ward, and emergency room, respectively. In addition, the highest discharge rates were observed in the emergency room, ward and ICU, respectively. Therefore, it seems that in the mentioned departments, it is very important to pay more attention to the patients in order to prevent further complications and the imposition of additional costs on the patients and the treatment system.

 The present study was conducted with the aim of designing a model of internalizing and externalizing behavior of adolescents based on the early maladaptive schemas with the mediating role of coping responses.

 The research method was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the current study was all the male and female students of the second secondary level in the 3rd district of Tehran in the year 1400. The number of sample people was 400 students who were selected by cluster method (4 schools). The research tools included the list of child behavioral disorders (Achenbach, 1991), the questionnaire of early maladaptive schemas (Yang, 2003) and the questionnaire of coping strategies (Lazarus and Folkman, 1988). The collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling method.

  The results of data analysis showed that the model has a good fit. Also, early maladaptive schemas have a direct effect on internalizing behavior, the relationship between primary maladaptive schemas and internalizing behavior is directly equal (t = 4.98 and β = 0.43). Early maladaptive schemas have a direct effect on externalizing behavior, the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and externalizing behavior is directly equal (t = 1.99 and β = 0.13). In connection with the existence of an indirect effect of early maladaptive schemas on the internalizing behavior of adolescents through coping strategies, it has been confirmed with 95% confidence (p<0.05).

 the results showed that the hypothesis proposed in connection with the existence of an indirect effect of early maladaptive schemas on the externalizing behavior of adolescents through coping strategies was confirmed with 95% confidence (p<0.05).

 Upper urinary tract dilation, the most common urological manifestation of the Wolfram syndrome (WS), is mainly non-obstructive and secondary to other components of the disease such as diabetes insipidus. Misdiagnosis of the type of the hydroureter in Wolfram patients and encountering them as obstructive uropathies has led to ineffectual surgeries such as ureter re-implantation. Based on previous studies drainage related ultrasonography (DRUS) is a beneficial means of distinction between obstructive and non-obstructive hydroureters.

 To avoid unnecessary interventions in patients with WS by detecting hydroureters’ types using DRUS.

 Seven patients (14 ureters) with a mean ± SD age of 24.43 ± 4.25 months who were diagnosed with WS were included in this retrospective study. The definite diagnosis of the non-obstructive type of hydroureter was assessed by appropriate imaging modalities. The maximum diameter of these 14 ureters, before (D1) and after (D2) 3 hours of catheterization were observed by ultrasonography. Values were recorded as D ratio ( [(|D1 - D2|)/D1] × 100) and the cutoff point of 22% for D ratio was set to discriminate the subtypes of the hydroureter.

 Measurement of maximum diameter of ureter prior to catheterization indicated a mean ± SD diameter of 20.64 ± 2.73 mm; decreasing to 11.07 ± 2.64 mm after 3 hours of catheterization which indicates a significant decrease. Mean D ratio of 14 hydroureters was 45.95 ± 13.01% which indicated significantly higher percentage than 22%, revealing that hydroureters’ type in WS is non-obstructive.

 DRUS is a useful method for the assessment of the hydroureter’s type in WS and it could prevent performing unnecessary surgeries in WS patients.

There has been a tendency towards beauty in the nature of human beings. Today, requests for beauty processes are increasing. According to the U.S. society of plastic surgeons, total annual beauty processes include 14.6 million beautiful processes (1.6 million cosmic aggressive surgeries and 13 million minor invasive surgeries), as well as 5.6 million repairs in 2012. It seems that asking for aesthetic practices in Iran has a high rate. However, there is no exact statistics. In recent years, the demand for a variety of cosmetic surgeries has been increasing in our country. Some researchers have shown that psychological factors have a great influence on the demand for cosmetic surgeries, and researchers need to study the psychological problems of cosmetic surgery applicants in this area; therefore, the aim of this research is to predict the effect of cosmetic surgery based on perfectionism and social anxiety was female students.

In this study, correlation and predictive research was used to predict the likelihood of performing cosmetic surgery based on the perfectionism and social anxiety of female students. The statistical population of this study was all female students of Islamic Azad University of Science and Research Branch of Tehran (Tehran, capital city of Iran), who were studying in 2018. The population of this society was selected using the Morgan table and accessible to 250 people. The criteria for entering the research were the student being a girlfriend, having the satisfaction and interest in participating in research and being single, and criteria for leaving the research were also married and having mental disorders. In the selection of samples, it was tried to study the proportion of educational levels according to the number of students in each section. Thus, 53% of undergraduate students, 37% of graduate students and 10% of them were PhD. The method of this study was to collect attitude questionnaires on cosmetic surgery, perfectionism and social anxiety. Data was analyzed by SPSS software version 20, and Pearson correlation test and stepwise regression.

In this study, 250 female students with an average age of 25.23±3.52. Correlation coefficient between normal perfectionism and cosmetic surgery was not statistically significant (p<0.001). The correlation between negative perfectionism and intention to perform cosmetic surgery was 0.432, which was a significant correlation (p<0.001). Correlation coefficient between social anxiety and intention to perform cosmetic surgery was 0.371. Correlation coefficient was significant (p<0.001). In fact, the result of the analysis indicated that as much as the score for negative perfectionism and social anxiety would increase, the likelihood of the intention to perform aesthetic surgery would be greater. Regression results showed that negative perfectionism (p<0.001, r=0.43) and social anxiety (p<0.001, r=0.37), for predicting the intention to perform cosmetic surgery in female students. In addition, results indicate that 4.21% of variable variation. The intention of performing aesthetic surgery in female students was explained by negative perfectionism and 17.9% by their social anxiety.

The results of this study showed that negative social perfectionism and social anxiety were able to predict the intention of doing cosmetic surgery in female students. In addition, the results indicate that significant amount of changes in cosmetic surgery in female students by perfectionism Negative and social anxiety. Finally, it can be said that those who had a high social anxiety and negative perfectionism are prone to cosmetic surgery, and those with a high probability of aesthetic surgery. Therefore, negative social perfectionism and social anxiety can predict the intention to perform cosmetic surgery. This finding can help clinician’s advice.

Translocations are the most common structural abnormality in the human genome. Carriers of balanced chromosome rearrangements exhibit increased risk of abortion or a chromosomally-unbalanced child. The present study was carried out in 2017 at the Iranian Blood Transfusion Research Center. This study reported a rare chromosomal disorder with 4p duplication and 10q distal deletion syndrome which is associated with various complications at birth. Defects included the following characteristics: dysmorphic facial characteristic, hand or foot anomalies, growth retardation, developmental delay, strabismus, heart defects and renal anomalies. Cytogenetic analysis and array CGH were performed and, for the first time, we reported a patient with trisomy 4p16.3p12 and monosomy 10q26.3. The patient was found to have: arr 4p16.3p12 (37,152–45,490,207) x3, 10q26.3 (134,872,562–135,434,149) x1 genomic imbalances.

One of the most important predator-prey interactions is functional response that its type and parameters are affected by different factors including host plant characteristics. In this research, the influence of leaf surface on functional response and prey consumption rate of 3rd instar larvae of the Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776) (Diptera: Syrphidae) to third instar nymphs of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were studied on sweet pepper and cucumber leaves. The results demonstrated that leaf surface of host plants; different prey densities and their interaction had significant effects on the number prey killed by a predator. Logistic regression indicated type Ш functional response on both host plant leaves. The values of b constant were 0.00231 and 0.00351h-1 while handling time (Th) estimates was 0.14 h and 0.095 h on cucumber and sweet pepper leaves respectively. Moreover, plant leaves and different prey densities had significant effect on the prey consumption rate and voracity of predator. The maximum voracity value reached 180.73 ± 7.71 and 282.25 ± 11.71 nymphs on cucumber and sweet pepper leaves respectively. These results stress on the importance of physical traits of host plant surface on the performance and searching efficiency of natural enemies that should be considered for optimizing their application in aphid biological control.

Ladybird Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has been reported from many parts of Iran, has an important factor on equilibrium and natural regulation of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hem.: Aphididae) population in alfalfa. Determining the population seasonal change of H. variegata and its parasitism rate by the most important parasitoid species was the aim of this study. The samplings were done from April to October, 2010 at research filed of Bu-Ali Sina University, Dastjerd (Hamedan Province) (ca. 4.5 ha of alfalfa var. Hamedani) where was intensively infested by Acyrthosiphon pisumHarris. Every week, H. variegata adults were collected by sweep netting and totally 400 samples were brought back to the laboratory. Population peakof H. variegata coincided with second and approximately third alfalfa cutting.The sex ratio of H. variegata (male: female) was calculated 1: 1.12. The most important parasitoid species of this predator was Dinocampus coccinellaeSchrank (Hym.: Braconidae) that its mean parasitism rate was %30.15 from September to November 2010. Therefore, considering nearly the permanent presence of this predator in alfalfa fields and necessity of conserving and supporting native ladybirds, this study showed the importance of H. variegata population change and some influencing factors.