فهرست مطالب masood bagheri sadr

The processes that take place in the collection network have different phases, which are generally complex systems. These processes may occur in various phases, including the fluid phase, the biofilm phase, the wastewater sediment phase, the air in the network, and finally the wall of the sewer wall. These processes have a significant impact on the urban space, for instance, the odorous compounds may be dispersed in the urban atmosphere. Wastewater treatment plants and local wastewater treatment systems are also affected by physical, chemical, and biological reactions in the networks. In addition to receiving discharged materials to the network, these facilities also receive products from network processes such as sludge and treated water. There are several examples that indicate the importance of these processes, for example the effect of sulfide under anaerobic conditions is well known. Sulfide is a serious hazard to humans, a foul-smelling and toxic compound, and may also cause corrosion problems in the network. In addition, anaerobic conditions may result in the production of easily degradable substrates which impair phosphorus removal and de-nitrification in the treatment plant and increase the need for treatment plant facilities. If the collection network is under aerobic conditions, these easily degradable organic materials are removed to produce particles that are easily degradable. Therefore, with proper and efficient design, the conditions governing wastewater during transfer in the collection network may be improved and this potential of collection networks may be used in the removal of wastewater organic matter.

Mineral lubricants derived from crude oil are relatively inexpensive products used in very expensive engines and industrial machinery and have a direct impact on the efficiency and life of these devices, so it must be ensured to ensure the correct operation of machinery. The quality of oils used is quite good, but unfortunately it has been seen that this important issue is not paid enough attention even by technical experts and in our country much less than it should be valued the quality of oil and how to control it. Petroleum products are the most complex in terms of the relationship between physical and chemical properties and practical efficiency. We know that the type and ratio of different compounds that exist in crude oil in different parts of the world, a country or a region, is very variable. Even in an oil well, especially at different depths, there are different types and percentages of chemicals in crude oil. Petroleum lubricating oils therefore contain a wide variety of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, especially as the components of lubricating oils are generally composed of very large molecules (C15 to C30).

Natural gas is often associated with oil and pushes oil out of the soil into extraction wells. As the oil-gas mixture rises in the wells, gas is released and carries the mixture to the top of the well. In oils which are not saturated with gas and are only under water pressure, the amount of dissolved gas is less and in supersaturated oils, the amount of gas is higher. There are also streams which contain only natural gas and no oil. The term synthetic gas refers to the gas mixtures which contain Co and H2 in different proportions. H2 and Co are two important substances in the chemical industry and have many uses. Co is used in the production of paints, plastics, foams, insecticides, herbicides, acids, etc., including the use of hydrogen, ammonia production, hydrogenation, and hydrocracking. Synthesis gas is a very valuable raw material for the production of various chemical substances. Using this gas and various processes, it is possible to produce many different chemical substances which depending on the production method, different ratios of hydrogen to Co are obtained. Likewise in industrial use, different ratios are required depending on the process in which the gas is used. Synthetic gas feeds can be hydrocarbons, coal, oil, natural gas, and then vegetable and animal products.

Basically, the design of the gas extraction supplementary string is specific to wells in which the pressure column of the fluid produced is close to or higher than the reservoir pressure. If the reservoir pressure cannot overcome the column of fluid produced or this pressure difference leads to production with low flow, the brain tube must be used. In this way, by pumping gas through this string and lightening the column and producing from the circular space, they solve the problem. In this way, after pumping, the gas comes out of the side of the suction valve and lightens the fluid column. It should be noted, however, that reducing the diameter of the production cavity created by driving such filaments increases the velocity of the fluid and gives the fluid less opportunity to lose its soluble gas. It is obvious that the use of several lateral positions of the overflow valve in the field of overflow with gas has made it possible to inject gas from several points. In the continuous flow of ascent with base gas and the general rule, the energy resulting from the expansion of gas is from a high pressure to a low pressure that can be used to develop and increase the flow of fluid in the well. The use of this energy is generally continuous, which is in the form of continuous injection of gas into the fluid inside the well.