masoud jamshidi

Many studies have been conducted on the synthesis, properties, and application of core-shell polymeric nanostructures. In this review, organic-organic and organic-inorganic core-shell structures, along with their synthesis techniques, have been investigated. The processes of making these structures include multi-stage seeded polymerization (including emulsion, miniemulsion, Microemulsion, Pickering emulsion, etc.), co-precipitation, and sol-gel. Among them, the emulsion polymerization strategies are the most paramount. Core-shell polymers are hybrid composite particles that have at least two different components. There are also parameters such as the kind and quantity of initiators, glass transition temperature (Tg</sub>), and crosslinks Density (CLD), which affect the morphology of particles. Soft or stiff core or shell, glass transition temperature, type of inorganic nanoparticles, and nanoparticle modifier can lead to different efficiencies for this type of core-shell polymer structure.

We evaluated the Persian version of the pediatric constipation score-parent report (PCS) validity and reliability.

Functional constipation in children results in physical and psychological problems. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize a questionnaire to assess the health-related quality of life in children with chronic constipation.

First, our team translated the English version of the questionnaire into the Persian language. Second, the psychometric properties of the Persian version were collected in 149 children with functional constipation referred to a pediatrics hospital by an expert team. We assessed content validity (CV) through the CV index (CVI) and CV ratio (CVR). The construct validity was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis, and reproducibility was tested based on test-retest reliability using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal consistency was calculatedusing Cronbach's α. we also evaluated the ceiling or floor.

Results showed acceptable CVI in relevancy, clarity, and simplicity, acceptable CVR for all items, moderate internalconsistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.548), and almost perfect reproducibility (ICC=0.93). No ceiling or floor effect was seen.

The Persian version of PCS showed good validity and reliability in children with functional constipation in Iran. Therefore, we can use it in clinical and research domains in Persian-speaking countries.

Surgery in premature neonates following Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is an awful event. There are many concerns regarding the future of these neonates. Releasing inflammatory substances following perforation can have a significant impact on the premature brain. Based on the ASQ questionnaire, we aimed at finding out whether there is any neurodevelopmental delay following NEC surgery. 

We compared developmental aspects of neonates who underwent NEC surgery with control using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ II). 

We compared 29 children that had surgical NEC in their neonatal period with their premature peers. They were homogeneous in age, sex, head circumference, weight, and Apgar count at birth in the neonatal period; they had no significant difference in the incidence of sepsis and ventilation-requiring days and cerebral incidence hemorrhage. At the study time, there was a significant difference in growth parameters, weight (p<0.001), and height (p=0.014). Also, there was no significant difference in head circumference and developmental parameters such as communication, motor, and problem-solving domains.

This study indicates that if these patients do not develop severe neurological complications in the neonatal period, their abilities are close to their premature peers in arrival to community and school. However, we still recommend close monitoring of these cases due to the possibility of impaired central nervous-gastrointestinal coordination.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with decreases in neurons in several important areas for memory and learning in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. AD is a progressive brain disorder that causes gradual loss of memory, impaired learning ability, and connection problems with other people. Researchers have found that people with diabetes are 1.5 times more likely to develop AD. And suggests that Alzheimer's disease may indicate a specific type of diabetes in brain. Although this issue needs more research. Astrocytes are one of the most abundant types of glial cells that change and become hypertrophy in response to any damage to the central nervous system (CNS). An important feature of the glial reaction is the increased synthesis of GFAP protein, which is a protein that mediates cytoskeletal fibers and is the main determinant of the reactivation of astrocytes and cell damage. This phenomenon is known as the astrogliosis reaction and is one of the most common injuries in type 3 diabetes and AD. White matter changes in the hippocampus are one of the best biomarkers for recognizing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1-type 3 diabetes group (DM III), 2-healthy control group (Control), 3-type 3 diabetes and involuntary training (DM III + HIIT), 4-type 3 diabetes and voluntary activities in an enriched environment group (DM III + RE), and 5-the sham group (Sham). The activity method of the rats in the involuntary training group was performed as high intensity interval training and in accordance with the test of maximum training capacity by Wang et al. The rats of the voluntary training group were placed in the enriched environment for five days a week for two hours a day and simultaneously with the activity of the involuntary training group. GFAP was measured by DAB immunohistochemical method. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory of animals. Shapero-Wilk test was used to measure the normal distribution of data. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test with a significance level of 5% was used to analyze the data. Statistical calculations were performed by GraphPad Prism software version 8, SPSS version 21, and Microsoft Excel software version 2010.

The present study results showed that the type-3 diabetes control group had the highest amount of GFAP expression. This difference with all the research groups was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). The voluntary exercise group in the enriched environment and the involuntary exercise group had significantly lower GFAP than the type-3 diabetes control group. The voluntary exercise group had a lower GFAP expression percentage (23.67%) than the involuntary training group (26.01%). However, the difference between these two training groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The Morris water maze test showed that the healthy control and sham groups spent more significant time in the target area and this difference was statistically significant only with the type-3 diabetes group (P ≤ 0.05). Both exercise groups spent more time in the target area than the type-3 diabetic group, but this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The voluntary exercise group spent more time in the target area and this group performed better in remembering information and spatial memory than the involuntary exercise group. Still, this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Voluntary group activities in an enriched environment may have greater effects in reducing GFAP in the hippocampus white tissue of the diabetic type 3 rats. However, involuntary high-intensity interval training was also able to reduce the astrogliosis reaction compared to the diabetic type 3 control group. The voluntary exercise group in the enriched environment performed better in the Morris water maze test than the involuntary exercise group so the time spent in the target area quadrant by them was higher than the involuntary high-intensity exercise group.

Experiencing pain and fear caused by venipuncture in children and its management is challenging. Massage is a safe way to manage pain; however, no evidence was found about its effects on pain and fear of venipuncture in children. This study aimed to determine the effects of massage on pain and fear levels during venipuncture among children aged between 3 to 6 years old. This pre-experimental factorial research was performed on 140 children admitted to the surgery ward. The participants were randomized into four groups; the children in group 1 received EMLA cream, the children in group 2 received massage, those in group 3 received both EMLA cream and massage, while those in group 4 (control group) received no method. The pain and fear levels were assessed independently from the perspective of children, mothers, and a nurse. The Wong-Baker Pain Scale and the Children's Fear Scale were applied for evaluating the levels of pain and fear in children, respectively. The data were analyzed by running the chi-square test and ANOVA at the significance level of P < 0.05. This study is presented in line with the CONSORT checklist. The groups were found to have a significant difference regarding the pain and fear scores in venipuncture (P<0.05). The lowest level of pain and fear perception was reported in the EMLA cream group. The group with massage and the EMLA cream and the massage group showed significantly higher scores compared to the EMLA cream group (P<0.05). Massage does not beneficially affect children’s pain and fear during venipuncture; consequently, employing this intervention requires more extensive studies.

This case report describes a 30-month-old child with primary pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma with a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). In the current literature, primary pulmonary neoplasms have been reported for similar cases. The tumor was located in the anterior-basal segment of the left lower lobe with a thin-walled cystic appearance and lobulated margins. A histology examination showed rhabdomyosarcoma origin with an embryonal subtype. Postoperative systemic chemotherapy was carried out. After a 6-month follow-up, the patient had no residual or recurrent disease.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the presence of hernia sac and defect size on the prognosis of CDH in our pediatric hospital.

In this prospective study all the infants with the diagnosis of CDH that were admitted in the Tabriz Pediatric Hospital since 2016- 2019 were enrolled. Laparatomy was performed when the patients were stabilized. Presence or absence of hernia sac was evaluated and the largest diameter on diaphragmatic defect was measured before the repair. Postoperative outcome including instability, duration of mechanical ventilation, mortality rate or hospital discharge were obtained and analyzed.

Fifteen cases were diagnosed during the first 24 hours of life and Sixteen cases experienced hypoxia in the first hour after birth. Left sided CDH was detected in 26 patients (86.66%), 3 patients (10%) had right sided defect and in one case diaphragmatic defect was bilateral. Hernia sac was present in the 8 cases. Mortality rate was 30% (9 cases) in postoperative period. Mean diameter of defect size in survived group was lower than nonsurvived group (4.12±0.61cm vs. 4.61±0.48; P=0.09). Postoperative death, occurred in 9 of patients without hernia sac but none of cases with hernia sac expired (P= 0.035).

In our study the presence of hernia sac was related to lower postoperative mortality rate. Defect size in survived group was also lower. We suggested presence of hernia sac and lower diameter of defect size acting as good prognostic factors in outcome of patients with CDH.

Identification and promotion of diagnostic methods has been a continuous effort to reduce disease and its complications and reduce costs associated with treatment. Despite all these efforts and improving our knowledge of diseases and diagnostic tools, pediatric appendicitis remains part of the diagnostic challenge in the surgical field. The aim of this is to compare the two diagnostic criteria of appendicitis (Childrenchr('39')s Appendicitis Score [PAS] Versus Pediatric Appendicitis Score [CAS]) and evaluation of the diagnostic features of them.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on all children admitted to the hospitalchr('39')s emergency center with a possible diagnosis of appendicitis (270 patients) during 2018 and 2019 at Tabriz Pediatric Hospital. Based on the clinical examinations and para-clinical findings some of the patients were underwent the surgical intervention (220 cases) and some discharged and followed up for a period of 2 and 4 weeks later (50 cases). The data were analyzed through SPSS ver. 16 software.

The results of the present study indicated that if CAS was associated with ultrasound, the specificity of these criteria would improve and could be more acceptable compared with the PAS. In addition, it was revealed that WBC≥11000, as well as PMN≥65% and guarding were very specific for diagnosis and complication of acute appendicitis. There was a significant relationship between US findings and pathology reports (P<0.05).

In conclusion, the CAS criteria were more sensitive and the PAS was more specific in diagnosing pediatric acute appendicitis.

Trichobezoar is an unusual form of bezoar found in the digestive tract, mostly in the stomach. The patient is often a female in her adolescence who pulls out and swallows her hair. This habit could stem from anxiety and the trichotillomania disorder. These hairs accumulate in the stomach and cause gastrointestinal symptoms. Our patient is a 14-year-old girl who came to us complaining of abdominal pain. Upon further evaluation by ultrasonography and endoscopy, trichobezoar was diagnosed. Laparotomy and gastrotomy were performed,and a large bezoar was removed. Although the occurrence of trichobezoar is rare, surgeons should always consider the situation in patients with vague gastrointestinal symptoms and psychological problems, especially in young female individuals.

Umbilical granuloma is the most common umbilical disorders among the infants. To date, various therapeutic methods have been proposed to treat umbilical granuloma. This study aimed to compare the clinical results of salt therapy with surgery in the treatment of umbilical granuloma in infants.
In a clinical trial study, 50 infants with umbilical granuloma referred to the Children Educational-Medical Hospital of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected and randomly allocated into two groups. In the first group, 25 patients were treated with sterile salt, and in the second group; 25 patients underwent surgery using electrocauterization. Patients followed up for three months, and the cure rate, relapse rate, and side effects of each method were evaluated.
Results showed that cure rate in the salt therapy group was 96.0%. This was 100% in the surgery group, though. There was no statistically significant difference between two study group in the cure rate (p=1.000). No relapse or side effects of umbilical granuloma were seen in both study groups.
Based on the findings of the present study, salt therapy is a safe and effective method in the treatment of umbilical granuloma which can be an alternative to surgical methods in this regard.

This research studied mechanical properties of silica-based nanocomposite as a strong restorative material through flexural test method.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of weight fraction, silanization and filler size on the flexural properties of silica-based dental nanocomposite.
The prepared composites were made of light-cured copolymer based on Bisphenol A glycolmethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and Triethylene glycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA) at proportion of 50:50 which reinforced by silica filler. The effect of silanization and weight fraction of the filler was studied with samples containing 10 wt% (n (10)), 20 wt% (n (20)) and 30 wt% (n (30)) nanosilica filler. Samples silanized with (γ-MPS) were also tested. Flexural properties were evaluated with Three-Point Bending test. Flexural strength of the nano SiO2 based composites were also compared to micro silica glass composites. Flexural data were analyzed with one-way analysis of the variance.
The sample with 10 wt% (n (10)) had equal strength as the sample with 30 wt% (n (30)) nanosilica filler. Modulus of the sample n (30) was higher than the other samples, but its toughness was significantly lower. Silanization had not expected positive effect on the flexural properties.
Adding low amount of nanosilica improved mechanical properties of the resin composite. Silanization of the particles enhanced workability of the paste, but mechanical properties decreased significantly. Reduction in the size of the filler to nano scale caused better flexural strength in comparison to micro glass silica composites.

Anorectal malformations (ARM) occur in approximately 1 in 5000 live births and affects males and females almost equally. Operative correction of pediatric ARM is of potential clinical interest; however, long-term outcome of patients in respect to probable complications requires precise follow up and surveillance. The aim of the present study was to assess the outcomes of children undergoing surgical correction of ARMs.
In a prospective follow-up study, we wanted to assess occurrences of incontinence, constipation, soiling, abdominal distension, diarrhea, stenosis, dilated sphincter and failure to thrive (FTT) in ARM patients. In addition, management of these conditions has been discussed. Reoperations have also been reviewed. The primary outcome of the study was determination of occurrence of incontinence at follow-up visits. Secondary outcomes were occurrence of constipation, anal stenosis, soiling, abdominal distension, dilated sphincter, diarrhea and FTT at follow-up visits. In addition, the decision of research team on patients at follow-up visits was considered as secondary outcomes.
Two hundred ninety patients were studied. Of the study patients, 174 children (60.4%) were boys and 114 children (39.6%) were girls. Mean age of boys was 4.8 ± 2.0 years of age and mean age of girls was 5.0 ± 2.0 years of age. The mean follow-up period of patients was 39.5 ± 29.1 months. During the study follow-up period, 63 patients (21.7%) had complications. The most common complication was constipation. It was present in 21 patients (33.3%). Soiling, incontinence, dilated sphincter, FTT, stenosis, abdominal distension and diarrhea were present in 21 (33.3%), 11 (17.5%), 9 (14.3%), 6 (9.5%), 6 (9.5%), 5 (7.9%), 3 (4.8%) and 2 (3.3%) patients respectively.
We found that the commonest complications following ARM surgery are constipation, soiling, incontinence, dilated sphincter, FTT, stenosis, distension and diarrhea. The overall complication rate was 21.7%. 7.2 % and 3.1% of study population experienced constipation and incontinency respectively. 3.1% of study population required reoperation. We revealed that outcome of surgical correction of ARMs is considerably good and complication rates are acceptable. Continence rate was acceptable.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks resistance training and ginger consumption on Glycosylated hemoglobin index in type 2 diabetic.
For this purpose in a semi-experimental design with double-blind, 44 type 2 diabetic patients (Fasting glucose ≥126mg.dl 40-60) (with average height 169.92±7.20 cm, weight 82.41±6.34 Kg, age 53.49±7.01 years and BMI 28.57±2.07 m2), randomly divided into four groups: ginger rhizome, resistance training plus placebo consumption, resistance training plus ginger rhizome and placebo. The subjects in Group GI and GI received 1 gram of ginger capsule a day (zintoma) for eight weeks. Subjects of resistance training groups also carried out a progressive resistance protocol with 65 to 80 percent of 1RM for 8 weeks (Three times a week). Before and 48 hours after eight weeks of training, assessment of height, weight, body fat and BMI were taken. Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hba1c) Biosystems using ion-exchange chromatography using Dss Ingland was measured.
Glycosylated hemoglobin index and body fat after eight weeks of resistance training and Ginger supplementation in training groups had a significant difference, but the change was not observed in groups of ginger and placebo (p≥0.05).
Finally on the basis of obtained results, the long-term consumption of ginger and resistance training can be an effective factor for favorable changes Glucose index type II diabetic patients in a long-term process.

Photocatalytic paints are polymer compounds containing the nanocatalyst that are used to break down dangerous air pollutants to low-risk compounds. In this research, photocatalytic pseudo-paint based on water-based acrylic binder with TiO2 pigment and TiO2 nanoparticles was made. In order to improvement of mechanical properties was used from water glass with different amounts in the formulation. Different amounts of TiO2 were used in this organic-inorganic binder composition and was determined the optimized formulation. Dispersion of TiO2 particles in aqueous suspensions and water glass was investigated. Tensile properties of prepared film from organic-inorganic pseudo-paint were compared with organic pseudo-paint and influence of water glass on tensile properties of pseudo-paint was investigated. The results of investigation showed that up to 10% water glass don’t cause problem in film formation, whereas beyond this, in the film formation cause problem. The results showed that utilization of 5% water glass obtain the best tensile properties.

BACKGROUNDTissue engineering is used for the treatment of many diseases, and the ideal cell source for cartilage tissue engineering is chondrocytes. The main limitation of chondrocyte is the low number of cells in cartilage tissue engineering. This study investigated a suitable cell source with high proliferation rate to obtain a large number of chondrocytes.
METHODSAdult cartilage tissue samples were obtained from adult patients undergoing surgical procedure, and infant cartilage tissue samples were obtained from polydactyly surgical waste. After isolation and expansion of chondrocytes, the proliferation rate was evaluated by calculating population doubling time (PDT) and MTT assay for both types of cells. Cartilage film was prepared with sheets of over confluent chondrocytes. The cartilage tissue film from infant and adult chondrocytes were evaluated histologically and by immunefluorescent staining collagen type 2.
RESULTSPDT and MTT assays revealed that the growth rate of the infant chondrocytes was significantly higher than adult chondrocytes. Histological findings showed that sheets were thicker in the cartilage film of infant chondrocytes and they had more extracellular matrix between the sheets of cells than the cartilage film of adult chondrocytes. The findings of the immunofluorescent staining of cartilage film indicated that collagen type II film of polyductily was more positive than adult chondrocytes.
CONCLUSIONThe recent study presented a new cell source to overcome the limitation of low number of chondrocytes for cell therapy of cartilage defects in adults and also sheets of cells able to overcome the problems of scaffolds.

The aim of this study was to investigate the flexural behavior of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) reinforced by cellulose pulp (CP) and cellulose microfibers (CMF). The reinforcements were obtained from chemical-mechanical treatments of Kraft paper and used in ECC mix design. Results showed that cement reinforced by CP exhibited a strain-hardening behavior in the three-point bending test, while CMF led to a brittle behavior in cement composites. Moreover, different hybrid combinations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and CMF achieved quite a high strength while maintaining a high level of flexural toughness. A combination of 0.5 vol% CMF and 1.5 vol% PVA resulted in a significant increase in flexural toughness and a slight improvement in flexural strength. The properties of this hybrid composite were comparable with one containing 2 vol% of PVA fiber.

Colored self-compacting mortar (C-SCM) is a novel technology used in architectural construction, decoration and concrete rehabilitation. Obtaining an optimum mix design for C-SCM requires sufficient mechanical properties along with emergence of the desired colors. Therefore, it is important to define proper pigment content in the mixture. In addition, if pigment can act as a coloring filler, it will appropriately apply to SCM matrix. In this research, the effect of combinative (mixture of organic and inorganic) pigment on mechanical and colorimetric properties of SCM at pigment contents of 2, 5 and 10% were investigated. Furthermore, replacing pigment with siliceous filler was performed to study the filling ability of the pigment. Results indicated that the combinative pigment could efficiently function as coloring filler and contents of less than 5% led to superior colors and mechanical properties.

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is among common GI disorders in young infants, with an incidence of 1-2:1000 live births in the world. In this study, we wanted to investigate the correlation between duration of symptoms before surgery and eradication of symptoms after pyloromyotomy in HPS.
One hundred and twenty five (102 boys and 23 girls) patients with suspected infantile HPS were treated surgically by Ramstedt pyloromyotomy between 2004 and 2014 at pediatric surgery ward of Tabriz Children’s Hospital, Iran. The demographic features, clinical findings, diagnostic work-up and postoperative specifications of the patients were studied retrospectively.
We studied 125 patients with HPS. Male to female ratio was 4:1. The patients were 16 to 90 days of old and the mean age was 39±1.42 days. The range of pyloric canal length was 7.60 to 29.00 mm and the mean length was 19.54±3.42 mm. Pyloric muscle diameter was 2.70 to 9.00 mm and the mean diameter was 4.86±1.14 mm. Seventy two percent of patients had episodes of vomiting after operation. Mean time of persistence of vomiting after pyloromyotomy was 15.73±0.15 hours. Mean discharge time was 55.22±0.08 hours. Radiologic findings did not show any significant correlation with persistence of vomiting or discharge time.
The present study revealed that duration of vomiting before surgery and continuing symptoms could not predict postoperative symptom eradication after pyloromyotomy in HPS.

Statement of Problem: Mechanical strength and durability of dental composites are the main topics studied in this field of science today. This study examined fumed silica-based composite as a strong and durable restorative material through flexural and cycling test methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of silanization, ageing, cycling and hybridizing on mechanical properties of fumed silica-based resin composite. Composites were made of light-cured copolymer based on Bisphenol A glycolmethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and Triethylene glycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA) at proportion of 50:50 which reinforced by fumed silica filler. For each composite sample, 5 specimen bars were made using Teflon mould (2 x 2 x 25 mm3). The samples with 12 wt% fumed silica (FS) were considered as a base line group. The samples were exposed to cyclic cold water (FS-CCW) and hot water (FS-CHW). The effect of silanization and adding more filler was studied together with samples containing 12 wt% (FS-S (12), 16 wt% (FS-S (16) and 20 wt% (FS-S (20) fumed silica filler. The filler was silanized with (γ-MPS). The degree of conversion was assessed with Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy. Flexural properties were evaluated with the Three-Point Bending test. Flexural data were analyzed with Excel software. Hardness was measured with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The degree of conversion of the resin reached 74% within 24 hrs. Salinization allowed more filler to be wetted by resin. Addition of silanized particles from sample FS-S (12) to sample FS-S (20) improved the mechanical strength. Hybridizing fumed silica with nano-silica (FS-N) had no significant effect on the strength, but nano-hardness improved greatly. Ageing and cycling had adverse effects on the strength of the sample FS. The flexural strength of FS-CHW was 72% less than FS sample. Sample FS-N with low diluent and filler percentage complied with the requirements of flexural strength was established by ISO 4049/2009 and may be cost benefit to be used as a dental composite for clinical application.

When we perform surgery in utero, lungs have an appropriate time to decrease magnitude of hypoplasia, with surgery in uterus. Six time-dated single-fetus ewes were selected to induce diaphragmatic hernia. Fetal lambs were divided proportionally into 2 groups, namely group 1, diaphragmatic hernia and tracheal ligation (TL group), and group 2, diaphragmatic hernia only (NL group). Morphologic assessments (weight, volume, bronchiolar branching) and histological tests (lung maturation phase) were performed. Lung weight in relation to lamb weight in the tracheal ligation group differed significantly from the control group (P