فهرست مطالب masoud kasiri

Folk medicine in the Safavid period was influenced by several epistemological, cultural and social contexts. On the one hand, the long-lasting established historical, intellectual and cultural traits established the status of the Iranian society of the Safavid era as a pre-modern society. On the other hand, the occurrence of some political, social and cultural changes in this period influenced the cultural situation, the system of beliefs, worldviews, norms and actions of the social classes in the context of everyday life. These two major components directly and indirectly affected the state of folk medicine in this period. It is hypothesized that the folk medicine of the Safavid period is affected by some factors, such as the mythic nature of the society, reliance on pre-modern cosmology, the predominance of foreign sciences and approaches based on astrology, the spread of superstition and also the structural state of science. Using an analytical approach, the author tries to explain which of the epistemological, cultural and social factors highly affected the folk medicine in the Safavid era?

There is extensive research in the field of women's medicine in the works of Muslim scholars and scholars, which is the result of their extensive experience in this field. During the third to ninth centuries, the timeframe of the study in question, Muslim monks devoted detailed sections of their medical books to the subject of obstetrics and gynecology and sometimes wrote independent treatises on this subject. Accordingly, the present study aims at exploring the effects of Muslim physicians during the third to ninth centuries on their progress in the field of women's menstrual diseases.

: In this review and library study, the views and opinions of some Muslim doctors and practitioners during the third and ninth centuries AH using their books and medical records on the causes and methods of treatment of women's menstrual diseases from a diagnostic point of view And therapeutic, were evaluated. To analyze and compare information available with other researchers, Women's Uterine Diseases, Menstrual Diseases, Gynecological Diseases, Islamic Medicine, Muslim Doctrine, Databases, Magiran, Irandoc, IranMedex, UpToDate, Google Scholar Search and Scientific Documentation Summarized.

This study shows that Muslim physicians have presented diverse and applicable theories and views on the symptoms and treatment of women's menstrual diseases  And recounts the surgical and medication procedures performed depending on the type of menstrual period women have And so, by introducing the important achievements of ancient Islamic medicine, some of the great history of this knowledge will be introduced to Muslim practitioners who are hereditary in order to provide grounds for restoring scientific and epistemic self-belief.

Innovation and creativity of Muslim physicians' treatment methods to cure women's uterine diseases in the period under discussion, and especially the causes and treatment of women's menstrual diseases, show that Muslim physicians, by thoroughly explaining and examining women's diseases, are appropriate and useful ways to remedy this. Diseases have been reported, and have been prescribed by arbitration, nutrition and suppository methods.

In this research, the views and initiatives of Muslim physicians during the 3rd-9th centuries of Hurghada have been investigated on surgical methods and treatment of uterine diseases in women. In order to overview the history of surgical role in the development of medical knowledge Muslims will be aware of some of the common uterine diseases of women and infertility and ways to treat them from the Islamic perspective.

The method of this research was based on library study and review of old medical manuscripts and books, To conduct a descriptive review study of the views and opinions of Islamic physicians and surgical methods of uterine diseases of women from their perspective. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trust in reporting and publishing were respected.

This study shows that Muslim doctors, in addition to prescribing medicines for the treatment of uterine diseases of women and other diseases, also use surgical and surgical techniques such as: Czutting, fissuring, veining, cupping and burning to cure diseases. The womb was used by women.

The innovation and creativity of Muslim doctors for the treatment of women's uterine diseases in the course of the discussion, and in particular the role of surgery in their treatment, shows that Muslim doctors, with a detailed description of the diseases of women, provide appropriate and useful therapies for the treatment of these diseases and used surgical procedures as needed to minimize the outcome for the patient.

During the early centuries of Islam, owing to the familiarity of Muslim scholars and practitioners with other civilizations and, in particular, their familiarity with different branches of science and medicine practiced by other nations, including Greek, Roman, Syrian, Indian and Iranian, as well as the translation of medical texts, medical science flourished among Muslims. Along with the growth of medical knowledge and its role in the development of Islamic society, Islamic physicians paid special attention to the specialization of this knowledge, including the field of obstetrics and gynecology science, leading to its significant development.From the third through the ninth century, the time period focused on in this study, Muslim doctors devoted most parts of their medical books to the field of obstetrics and gynecology, and some wrote treatises on this field. Issues such as the cause(s) of infertility in men and women and their treatment, the reasons for prohibiting pregnancy, methods of unwanted pregnancy prevention, abortion and abortion prevention methods, pregnancy diagnosis and methods of contraception are found profusely in their books. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the medical books written by Muslim physicians in the field of contraception and pregnancy prevention methods to find out whether physicians during the Islamic era pay attention to methods of contraception and pregnancy prevention. In addition, it is to see what encouraged them to practice this, what approaches they took and how successful they were. To address these issues, the researchers have focused on the following hypotheses: What methods have Muslim physicians adopted for the purpose of contraceptive methods and pregnancy prohibition: 1) preventive measures for men; 2) preventive measures for women, 3) pregnancy prohibition for both men and women.It is hoped that findings of this research, while addressing the above hypotheses, will demonstrate some of the achievements of Muslim doctors, such as prescribing medications for permanent infertility, oral contraceptive pills, or medications affecting infertility for certain time and diets recommended before intercourse for decreasing fertility.Having reviewed original manuscripts, including old medical textbooks, the method adopted in this research is that of descriptive-analytical based on library study.

Trachoma and its complications, including blindness, is one of the problems that has always threated human society. This disease was known among Iranian physicians since past time in Iran and there had been signs of disease description and its treatment methods in ancient books.
At the beginning of twentieth century, by discovering the cause of the disease, comprehensive actions were taken by Iranian government to eradicate this disease. These actions included public treatment in community as well as health education in schools. Also clinics and ophthalmologists have begun to treat the disease with new methods.
The results of this study based on the study of documents, remaining evidence and the statistics of patients in different regions indicate that although Iranian government managed to control the disease and its complications, but it never succeeded in eradicating Trachoma.

Surface alloying by TIG process, is one of the techniques to improve the surface properties of the steels. This method can be conducted without changing the substrate properties. Alloying is carried out by adding certain alloying elements before or during surface melting. In this study, Surface alloying is done using nickel and Tungsten Carbide reinforcement particles, and by gas Tungsten arc welding process on steel St52. Surface melting was conducted with applied current of 130 mA and the effect of increasing the percentage of WC powder on surface hardening of the samples were evaluated. The range of increasing hardness the coatings made between 225 to 680 Vickers was measured and the amount hardness of the uncoated sample is about 180 Vickers. Infrastructure assessment of worn surfaces was performed by scanning electron microscopy SEM. Typical abrasion resistance was evaluated by means of reciprocating wear machine. The results of wear surfaces showed that by increasing the amount of WC reinforcement particles, the matrix strength against changing the form is increased, and eventually causes to improve the wear resistance of the samples. The wear test results showed that with increasing percentages of Tungsten Carbide reinforcement particles up to 80%, the amount of weight loss were significantly reduced, and the wear rate of the samples decreases up to 100 ⁄ .

Friction-stir welding process is a novel method of solid state welding, which produces heat due to friction between the pin, the shoulder and the workpiece. This heat causes a paste area. Shoulder pressure and pin spin cause edges integration and lead to welding. In this study, firstly, the feasibility of welding of steel sheet (EN10130) with a thickness of 1.5mm has been tested by 58 experiments. After making perfect welds, the ranges of 500-1000 RPM and 30-160 mm/min were selected as the suitable upper and lower levels, respectively, for rotational speed and linear speed. To achieve a maximum tensile strength, 29 tests were designed by using the Box-Benken method considering specified levels of the parameters. Then, the response surface methodology was used for optimization of the parameters. Results showed that the optimal outputs and experimental data were in good agreement, which indicate the adequacy of the design of experiments and optimization predict results. Micro-hardness tests, metallography and normal tensile test were carried out on three series of plates produced with the most appropriate tensile strength and elongation. Results showed that heat-affected zone weaked the sheet of advancing side compared to other welding zones.

Obstetrics and Gynecology as one of the most important branches of modern medicine¡ enjoys a thousand-year history of the views of scientists and physicians of various civilizations of India¡ Greece¡ Iran and other nations. This field of study from ancient times¡ has been considered as one of the oldest professions in the world¡ dating back to the length of human life. Obstetrics and Gynecology¡ as an academic discipline¡ not only is related to the birth or pregnancy¡ but has also been playing an important role in the treatment of women. According to historical resources¡ Islamic medicine is indebted to Greece and Rome¡ and many works of Islamic medicine root in Greek schools. It should be borne in mind that Greek medicine owes its turn to Mesopotamia¡ Egypt¡ Persia and India¡ respectively. In the Islamic period¡ based on Islamic law¡ specific instructions for the survival of human life¡ the importance of marriage and family formation and physical health of men and women are taken to a formal program. Many works in the field of midwifery and gynecology at the beginning of the Islamic period have been developed which are determined by examining the physicians of Islamic civilization¡ also known as the majority of uterine diseases. Dystocia¡ infertility and other diseases were treated among women such physicians theoretically¡ have written treatises on midwifery and gynecology¡ or at least chapters of their books were dedicated to issues. The present study is aimed at surveying Muslim Physician’s views on the etiology and treatment plans for Uterus diseases. The dominant presupposition serves the fact that Muslim physicians were knowledgeable about such problems¡ and provided convenient clinical remedies to cure them. The analytic-descriptive nature of this study has taken advantage of library documents to describe various treatment plans and explain their diversities in managing Uterus-related issues. The study proceeds to conclude that most Muslim physicians agreed with each other on surgical and medicinal techniques to manage Uterus-related diseases; they did not believe in superstition or magic though.

Joining of titanium alloys to other materials especially steels has attracted much attention in recent years due to the exceptional properties of titanium such as excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties and its increasing application in various industries. According to the Fe-Ti binary phase diagram, these two elements do not have complete solubility. This leads to difficulties during fusion welding of these two alloy. One of the best methods for joining dissimilar alloys is brazing. In this research, the metallurgical and mechanical properties of brazing lap joints of steel to commercially pure titanium using a commercial filler metal (BAg-8) made under different time and temperature conditions were investigated. The study of the microstructure interface shows the formation of a chemical layer close to the titanium side of the joint, while no chemical compounds were created on the steel side. A coarse structure is formed at the interface between the steel and silver solder alloy. The observed coarse grain structure is related to the grain growth along with recrystallization in the steel substrate at high temperatures. Analysis of the joints was carried out by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and hardness measurements. The results show that with increasing temperature, as well as brazing time, the average shear strength decreases due to the increased thickness of the intermediate layer.

Free convection flow in an enclosure filled with a congealing melt leads to the product with a nonuniform structure involving large grains. The convective flows are decreased by applying an appropriate magnetic field, obtaining uniform and small grain structures. In this work, using the finite volume method, we investigated the application of a magnetic field to the convective heat transfer and temperature fields in steady and laminar flows of melted gallium in an annulus between two horizontal cylinders. The inner and outer walls of the annulus are hot and cold, respectively. Moreover, the effect of the magnetic field on the flow and temperature distribution has been investigated. The influence of the variation of other parameters including the Rayleigh number and the angle of the magnetic field on the flow and temperature field also have been studied. It has been revealed that on changing the field angle to the horizon, the Nusselt number (Nu) is increased, which is of importance in a specific range of Hartmann numbers. Also with increasing the Rayleigh number, the change in Nu with the magnetic field intensity does not occur.

This study attempts to investigate the micro structure and wear behavior done on the surface of carbon steel. In doing so, specimens of carbon steel were filled through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) applying pulse and continuous currents by filler metal. The cross-section samples were examined by light microscopy and electron microscopy. The hardness test, the hardness of the samples was determined. Pin on disc wear test to evaluate the wear resistance of plain carbon steel specimens coated and welded something done. The wear surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Therefore, a sample with pulse configuration the lowest wear rate is the highest surface hardness. In order to optimize the welding conditions and the impact of each of the factors used to determine the degree of difficulty in pulsed mode, the Taguchi experimental design technique and the use of S / N ratio have been used. Finally, the overall results of the analysis revealed that the variable factors, peak flow and low flow, respectively, are considered the most influential factors on the response.

Many people and even some doctors, in the past, believed that only God decides about human birth. They believed that human knowledge is far from determining this. When Islamic civilization began to spread, medical knowledge made great progress too. Muslim doctors began to express their opinions about fertility and infertility. This study, which is basically a library research, is an attempt to scrutinize Muslim doctors’ ideas about fertility and infertility. This paper has investigated Muslims’ views about infertility and its treatment.. The findings of the study have shown that Muslims did not believe in witchcraft and superstitious ways and methods of treating infertility.

In this research by carbothermal reduction process and VLS mechanism, silicon carbide whiskers were produced. Pitch and silica by product of a manufacturer (as an inexpensive material) and ferrosilicon (as catalyst) were used as starting materials. Primary mixtures were synthesized at 1300°C and 1400°C in tube furnace under the argon atmosphere. The products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD patterns indicated the presence of SiC in the reaction products. The SEM analysis showed that SiC whiskers have been obtained. The SiC crystallite sizes were less than 50 nm. In the next step, primary mixtures were milled in a planetary ball mill at 5hr milling time. The activated powders were synthesized at 1400°C. The XRD patterns showed that by milling the starting materials, the peaks width was increased while their intensity decrease and it showed a reduction of about 5-10 nm in crystallite size, which shows more nucleation or faster growth of SiC whiskers.

Microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar bonding of INCONEL 625 and 316L austenitic stainless steel using AWS BNi-2 has been evaluated. The bonding process was done at 1020◦C for 30،60 and 120 minutes، respectively with Argon protection followed by homogenization at the temperature of 1080◦C for 4 hour. Chemical analysis from the joint clearance microstructure and mechanical data indicated that the higher the bonding time from 30 to 120 minutes، the lower fraction of precipitates at the joint centerline. Given this، the ultimate shear tensile strength raised from 265 MPa to 360 MPa. Post-bonding homogenization led to more uniform microstructure along with mechanical properties. Moreover، the ultimate shear tensile strength increased to 520 MPa، too.

In the present study, the Weldability and microstructure of dissimilar welds of AISI 347austenitic stainless steel to ASTM A335 low alloy steel was investigated. For this purpose, gas tungsten arc welding process and two filler metals including ERNICr-3 and ER309L were used. After welding, the microstructure of the different zones of each joint, including weld metals, heat affected zone (HAZ) 1, inter face and unmixed zones (UMZ) 2 were evaluated by using optical microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 3 equipped to energy disperse spectrometry (EDS) 4 was used to investigate the precipitates, in order to predict the micro structure of the weld metal and transmission zone in dissimilar joints. In ERNiCr-3 weld metal, the solidification was observed as the completely austenitic and equiaxed dendrite5 which contains the precipitates of carbide complex, and also Niobium segregation was happened in the inter dendrite zones. 309L weld metal was observed as the primary ferrite with austenitic matrix and also microstructure was seen as skeletal ferrite morphology. The epitaxial growth was observed in interface between 347austenitic stainless steel and two filler metals and a narrow zone was observed in interface between A335low alloy steel and filler metals, and also the coarse grains occurred in HAZ zone of both weld metals. Finally, it can be denoted that for the joints between the AISI 347 austenitic stainless steel and A335low alloy steel, by the ERNICr-3 filler material provides the optimum qualities.

In this study, the microstructure of dissimilar welding of super duplex stainless steel UNS 32750 to austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L was investigated. For this purpose, gas tungsten arc welding process (DCEN) and two filler metals including ER25104L and ER309LMo were used. The microstructure of the different zone in each joint, including weld metals, heat affected zone, interface were evaluated using optical microscopy was investigated. The investigations showed that austenitic and ferritic structure such as dendrite, weld metal 25104L, with secondary Austenite, 309LMo weld metal was observed as the primary ferrite with austenitic matrix. In addition microstructure was seen as skeleton ferrite morphology. The interface of 304L austenitic stainless steel by two filler metals with epitaxial growth and interface of super duplex UNS 32750 Was seen high ferrite content.

By the end of the nineteenth century some countries that had trade relations with Iran established a quarantine stations at the southern ports. This was due to the spreading of cholera and pestilence especially in those regions as well as to a significant number of casualties. Later quarantines were adapted as a tool of colonial influence in order to pressurize the Iranian government.In fact the quarantine was placed in critical frontiers caused a lot of problem for both the governments and people scattering quarrels in frontier quarantines and excessive letters between Iran and England. In this review we aimed at surveying documents and papers remained from the past. Also in this review more attention has been paid to some issues which involve reasons of setting up quarantine stations in Iran and the resulted problems for government, frontiersman and pilgrims.

By the end of nineteenth century some countries that had had trade relations with Iran established a quarantine organization in the southern ports. This was due to the spreading of cholera and pestilence; especially in those regions as well as to a significant number of casualties. Later, this organization was adapted as a tool of colonial influence in order to pressurize the Iranian government.On the one hand, the fact that the quarantines were placed in critical frontiers caused a lot of problems for both the governments and people scattering quarrels in frontier quarantines and excessive letters between Iran and Ottoman. However, on the other, religious beliefs and desires to visit holy and sacred places in Iraq caused people to not to admit to these quarantines. As a result sometimes contumacy of its accomplishment caused great loss off population, like that of the 1891 events that brought about many casualties. Of course in addition to people’s religious beliefs and low cultural educations, there were other difficulties like that of officials and governmental misuse of people during the quarantine. This article aims to examine the major effects of quarantines both within the Iranian borders and its outside relations.

The author of the present article has tried to explain about the primary origin of medicine and the features of Galenic medicine at first and then has dealt with the medical principles of Zoroaster’s religion and its relation with good and evil forces and four elements. Discussing about the Achaemenian Kings’ religion, the auther of this article pointed out to their relation with them and Zoroastrian magicians. Also, it was explained how they conflicted with each other which reduces their influence and possibly made them to migrate around and as a result, transformed the base of Iranian traditional medicine and caused its transmission to neighbouring countries. In the last part of this writing a brief study of the status of Greek traditional medicine was presented. The author tried to explain how people of old Greece were deprived of principles of the medicine which was based on the four forces and tastes and and indicated that these principles which had been borrowed from elsewhere, were brought up in Galenic medicine.

In the present work, the effects of alloying elements such as Mn and Mg on the potential and current capacity of Al-Zn- In anodes have been investigated. In order to prepare the samples, appropriate amounts of Mn (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3 wt.%) and Mg (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 wt.%) was used. The alloying process was performed at 750 oC. Electrochemical polarization and NACE standard methods were used to evaluate the anodic behavior, potential and current capacity of the anodes. It was found that addition of the 0.15 wt.% Mn and 2 wt.% Mg to the base alloy cause increasing efficiency up to 83 %. Under these conditions, corrosion and consumption of anode is homogeneous.