masoumeh fakhri

Global warming has led to changes in climate variability and different characteristic of consequence extreme events. Recently, the study of compound extremes, defined as the co-occurrence of multiple events with extreme impacts, has attracted much attention because of their detrimental impacts on society and ecosystems. In countries like Iran with arid and semi-arid climate patterns, the inter-annual climate variability causes severe influences on agriculture through compound dry and hot extremes. Such impacts are expected to increase due to climatic changes. Decreasing water availability as a consequence will impose a direct impact on agriculture and could endanger the socio-economic development and social sustainability in these regions. Assessment of the vulnerability to climate change and its resulted-in agricultural drought is fundamental for effective adaptation strategies in the future. This paper is presenting a spatial GIS-based assessment method for agricultural drought vulnerability in current and future climatic conditions in Isfahan province, Iran by constructing agricultural drought vulnerability maps. This assessment was conducted by evaluation of changes in the severity, duration, and frequency of compound dry and hot extremes. The results expressed the spatio-temporal variability of the empirical probability of drought occurrence, and indicated the relation between the vulnerability of agricultural drought and the characteristics of drought occurrence. The results of vulnerability assessment can be used to prioritize the counties for implementation of long-term drought management plans and effective countermeasures, as well as to contribute to sustainable agricultural development.

water and agriculture sector, has faced significant impacts from climate change. Various international treaties have been introduced involving multiple countries to urge them to fulfill their obligations by defining common international responsibilities. In this research, using the research method, based on the qualitative research method, the laws of the water and agriculture sectors of 14 selected countries are analyzed and the results are shown. developed countries have generally enacted laws earlier than developing ones, with a higher quantity of legislation passed. The peak of legislative activity was observed between 2009 and 2014, but since 2016, the trend has declined as most countries have established basic regulatory frameworks. South Korea, Germany, the UK, and Japan have shown greater advancement in the field of climate regulation compared to other countries. To ensure food and economic security, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable development in the face of climate change, it is recommended to enact comprehensive legislation covering mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk management. Additionally, existing laws should be revised and updated to address today's conditions and climate challenges effectively. The need to amend the existing laws to adapt to the new challenges of climate change is imperative.