masoumeh kalateh seifari

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the distribution of sports use in Sari with a creative city approach along improve citizen’s enjoyment of sports spaces in Sari. Due to the present research and analyzed components, the research type is applied and the method of doing it, is descriptive-analytical according to the nature of work and concerning the same method, was accomplished the distribution of sport use in Sari city from the viewpoint of creative city approach. The method of collecting library and documentary information and conducting interviews and field observations and the research-made questionnaire were also used. This questionnaire was randomly distributed among 400 users of sports places and equipment in Sari neighborhoods in 31 items of 6 dimensions. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and smart PLS (3) statistical softwares. The findings showed, the relationship between the distribution of Sari sports use with dimensions (social, sports, cultural, physical, communicational and entrepreneurship) and also every dimension’ relationship with its criteria is positive and significant and the criterion of goodness of fit model is (GOF = 0.611(. As a result, the overall research model fit is well and the model structure fits well with data. Therefore, in order to achieve high utilization of Sari city spaces with creative city approach, it is recommended that city managers use citizen’s opinions and suggestions to provide plans in sports and using the art and attention to ancient sports cultures and the revival to create creativity in Sari city.

investigating the impact of the technology environment on marketing development in the Iran Pro Wrestling League. The research community included 16 people from officials, wrestlers, wrestling team managers, coaches and sponsors. The sampling method was purposeful and accessible. The data collection tools were semi-structured interviews and review of research literature. A set of codes and concepts were collected through open coding and important categories were obtained. In the axial coding stage, relationships were established between the categories obtained in the open coding stage and these categories were determined in 6 titles and in the form of a paradigmatic pattern. In the next stage, 85 concepts were obtained through open coding, which created 56 subcategories by categorizing these codes. In the axial coding stage, 16 main categories were classified. The results showed that in causal conditions, costs paid by fans using technology, website security and comparing the cost and benefit of technology in sports marketing; in the axial category of technology in sports marketing; in contextual conditions, desirability of income from wrestling through technology, desirability of income through marketing and profit from technology; in interfering conditions unfamiliarity of organizers and managers with the digital space caused them to have less inclination towards technology. In strategies, creating a virtual space, creativity and entrepreneurship in marketing development, organizing online predictions, using modern technology in the sports hall and internet advertising and in consequences positively behaving fans play a role. Based on the findings, wrestling officials need to use various technologies in the field of wrestling marketing.

The purpose of this paper was to identify and level the relationship between the empowerment of export performance and the world-class approach with emphasis on export development programs for sports products through the use of interpretive-structural modeling. The present study is a cross-sectional, developmental-applied study. The approach Glazer and in-depth interviews with 15 experts (economists, managers, sports marketing, industrial management, familiar upscale global manufacturers of products for sport) in the application environment NVIVO10 main factors model has 100 open, 18 election code and 5 code reviews to identify Then, using the interpretive-structural modeling process in the MATLAB2014 software environment, the level and internal relations between the extraction factors were determined and finally, by MICC analysis based on the conductivity and dependence. The results showed that of the 13 levels are at the highest level (Level 1), enabling strategic sports industry and sports industry world-class as the impact of most operating at the lowest level (level 13), program associated with legal compliance areas Different social, economic, and environmental factors were considered as the most influential factors in the development of exports of sports products. . As a result of any plans and actions by managers and sports revenues, in order to advance the empowerment of the export performance of sport products in support of the boom in the production of Iranian sports goods, it is necessary to pay attention to the key role of these factors.

The main purpose of this study was determining the model of the factors influencing the sustainable development of traditional sports tourism. The research was applied-developed type that design as Sequential-Exploratory form. Population size were 45subject in qualitative phase (Delphi method) and in quantitative phase, consist of 500 of managers and experts of corresponding organization in sport tourism industry. The research instrument, was a 50 item research-made questionnaire that regulated based on qualitative (theoretical saturation) and quantitative phases. After confirmation of contextual and visual validity of the questioner, the internal reliability was confirmed in experimental study by Cronbach's alphah method (α=0.81). To data analysis, Lisrel software and exploratory factor analysis used. Based confirmatory factor analysis, the results indicated significant effect of all items of 8 scales on domestic eco-sport tourism development (β>0.4, p≤0.05). Domestic sport – environmental attractions scale (β=0.78), infrastructure (β= 0.77) and Policy and management of environmental (β= 0.72) had the highest load factor. Therefor base of results, researcher suggest that coordination should be built among tourism organizations in the governmental sectors, active local institutions in tourist areas should be founded and strategic union of domestic sports tourism among the Golestan provinces should be founded to introduce this high-potential geographical area as the premium brand in sports tourism and the focal point in domestic sports ecotourism nationally and internationally.

In Iran, women do not have the right to attend a football sports stadium. On the other hand, social media has a significant role in new findings and the formation of developments and information.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a model of the role of social media on the presence of women spectators in football stadiums. This research is exploratory in terms of purpose and strategic in terms of exploration, which was carried out qualitatively based on the data theory of the foundation. The research population was research documents and professors and elites in the field of sports management and media activists who were purposefully selected and snowballed. The results showed that in the first level of the model, there are 14 categories of components of driving factors and in the second part, 19 categories of components of processes are related to processes and also in the third part, there are 8 categories of primary and secondary outcomes. Managers and Authorities can help the marketing and economic development of the Iran football by providing a female spectator presence in football stadiums.

 

The regions in which sport and athletic activities is a part of their culture can surely take various economic, social and cultural advantage of domestic and international tourists. The purpose of this research is developments’ model of traditional sports ecotourism in Khazar beach district.

Sample size consist of sport tourists, sport experts of sport committees and tourism-cultural heritage managers of Northern provinces (n=263). To collect data, research regulated sport ecotourism questionnaire and shonk (2006) sport satisfaction and future intention questionnaire based upon the Likert’s 5-item scale used. To data analysis, SPSS and AMOS test to designing of structural equation model was used.

Results of structural equation model showed that, natural attractions of sea and beach sport activities (β=0.83) and natural sport attraction of Jungle and environment (β=0.78) had most effect on tourist’s satisfaction. Also beach football and beach volleyball, jacking and climbing, traditional wrestling, ski and snowboard, motor racing rally were more important effective elements of natural sport ecotourism’s sub-scales. The findings of research show that based on sports experts, cultural- heritage managers and tourist’s perspective, there were high potential in Northern Province to sport-ecotourism development.

 

Based on present study, with proper combination of local-rural and traditional sport festivals with unique geographical conditions in northern beach district, provide a powerful potential and logical field to sport tourism development.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Navad program on marketing mix in Iranian primary football league.This research is Exploratory and has a quality nature. In this study was used the Grounded Theory and Glazier approach. Documentary research population carried out in the field of research, coaches players and referees of Iranian primary football league as well as university professors. sampling was done purposive and people were under semi-structured interviews. then the data from 14 interviews were analyzed with using the Grounded Theory. In the axial coding phase the codes from interviews were became into 129 distinct codes after the clearance. By reviewing and comparing these codes, it was found that all of the codes can be divided into 60 concepts and 5 main category: in the way that the nature of football has 17 concepts, the League's capabilities has 19 concepts, the National Media Capacities has 10 concepts, the category of Navad program has 3 concepts and the category of powerful executive of program has 8 concepts. In addition to 3 concepts were identified as concepts in the category of popularity and acceptance of Navad program. Furthermore 5 categories were identified in consequences section. Finally The results show the promotion of marketing of Iranian football. The suggested model of research showed that a successful football history program will lead to the increase of primary league audience and will have material and spiritual benefits and will be an important step towards professional of Iranian football clubs.

The purpose of the present study was to identify and level the relationship between the empowerment of export performance with a global class approach with an emphasis on the export strategy of sport products by employing an interpretive-structural modeling approach.

The present study is a cross-sectional, developmental-applied study. Based on Glyzeria's approach and deep interview with 15 people (economists, sports marketing managers, industrial management, familiar with the global class, sports products manufacturers), NVIVO10 software provides the main factors of the model in the form of 97 open source, 12 selective codes and 5 theoretical identification codes Then, using the interpretive-structural modeling process in the MATLAB2014 software environment, the level and internal relations between the extraction factors were determined and finally, by MICMAC analysis based on the conductivity and dependence.

The results showed that the model factors are at 5 levels and strategies (concentration, development and competitive power of Porter) are at the lower levels of the model and have the most impact on other factors and cause the emergence or exacerbation of export strategies of sports products, factors of production and Service in the world class (quality, innovation, flexibility, time reduction, price reduction) (after-sales service and after-sales service) and the world-class sports industry and empowering the export performance of sports products. MICMAC analysis shows that export strategies (development strategy, focus, Porter's competitive force) with high permeability and low affinity (innovation, quality, flexibility, time reduction, price reductions, world-class service, sales and services) After sales) with high penetration and high dependence, driving and stimulating (world-class sports industry).

According to the export strategies introduced of any plans and actions by sport reward managers, in order to enhance the export performance of sports products in support of Iranian sports and products, it is necessary to pay attention to the key role of these factors.

Advertisement as an instrument can play a very important role in the marketing strategies and policies of sports organizations such as customer relationships, modification and change of customers' mentality towards the brand. The aim of this study was to provide a paradigmatic pattern of advertising factors affecting the behavioral intentions of football fans. This is a qualitative research. Among the various types of research strategies for qualitative research, grounded theory has been selected. The use of the foundation grounded theory was also focused on the Strauss and Corbin approach. Based on grounded theory approach, the data were analyzed after encoding. The results showed that emotional advertising, stimulated advertisement, content of advertisement, advertising costs and advertising influence as causal conditions, governing principles, informant advertising and the source of advertising as intermediary conditions, the principles governing on advertising, informant advertising and the source of advertising as the dominant platform; Electronic advertising and environmental advertising as intervening conditions; advertising personality, mouth-to-mouth advertising, advertising style, entertainment, attraction, accreditation, creative advertisement as the behavioral strategies and intents of fans, the development of the club, the strengthening of the club's brand and the creation of the Competitive environment as outcomes, they act. The proposed model is represented by the representation of all complexities, has a general direction in explaining the phenomenal phenomenon and develops the behavioral intentions of the fans by their loyalty, re-attendance, and positive recommendation advertising in familiar groups and friends.

The aim of this study was to provide a model of marketing tricks to promote the sale of Iranian sport manufacturers which was conducted in three steps. In the first step, effective factors were identified with Delphi method. In the second step, the interpretive structural model (ISM) defined a model. In the third step, partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to validate the model. The statistical population consisted of all customers of Tehran sporting goods stores. The sample size was determined by structural equation method and 214 questionnaires were collected. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the sport marketing professors and the construct validity and convergent validity were verified. Reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. The findings mapped a model at four levels and the significance of its relationships was confirmed. As a result, it can be stated that use of imitation name and appearance is a trick that makes imitation identity, and provides a desired image and perception of the quality of imitation products for customers and can promote sale for Iranian sport manufacturers.

The aim of the present study was to design a customer confusion model over selecting follower sport equipment. This study was descriptive, applied and based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all visitors of the 15th International Sport and Sport Equipment Exhibition in Tehran. The size of the sample was determined by structural equation sampling and 98 questionnaires were collected from available samples. The research questionnaire was developed by Delphi technique with the employment of the viewpoints of 6 sport marketing professors of Iran, and its face and content validities were confirmed by several sport marketing professors. Construct validity was reported higher than 0.5 for all factors by convergent validity and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability and the coefficients of both tests for all factors were greater than 0.7. The hypotheses testing and fitting model were performed by SMARTPLS software. The findings showed a significant effect of imitation of name and appearance on imitating the identity and image of leading brands, and the effect of imitation of the appearance, identity and image of the leading brand on customer confusion was reported as significant. The effect of imitation of the name on customer confusion was not reported as significant. Also, customer confusion, identity imitation and leading brand image had a significant effect on the selection of the follower brand. Hence, it can be said that follower brands mimic leading brands with the aim of creating confusion among customers in order to push them into selecting follower brands instead of leading brands. This marketing trick can replace national products with foreign goods.

Nowadays, football has become a social phenomenon that has attracted a large number of fans. The purpose of this study was to present a paradigmatic model for the presence of female spectators in Iranian football stadiums. The study was done by qualitative research method using a data-based theory approach. Theoretical saturation was achieved by snowball sampling. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with university professors and football professionals. Validity and reliability of the data were determined by two methods of review by the researchers and review of non-participating experts in the study. The results of data analysis in three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding led to 12 main concepts that were included in the final model: individual and legal factors as causal factors, Infrastructure and planning factors as contextual conditions, political factors as intervening factors and controlled presence was suggested a proper way to normalize the presence of women in football stadiums. Given the model presented, increased behavioral and ethical security in stadiums, development of football industry marketing, cultural growth of spectators, and increased quality of football matches in Iran can be viewed as positive outcomes of women’s presence in football stadiums.

This research aimed to investigate the role of implementation of positive management on developing the succession processes in sport organizations of Isfahan province, with regards the effect of expert staff’s job self-efficiency and organizational trustas the mediating variables. This research was survey (correlation) and the total population included all of the 366 expert staff employed at the sport organizations of Isfahan province, which are selected by using the total population sampling method. Four standard instruments were employed in this research for measuring the positive management, job self-efficiency, organizational trust and succession. The data was analyzed by employing the AMOS Graphics software. The results of assumed model of the study indicated that implementation of positive management in sport organizations of Isfahan province directly, with regression weight of 0.44, affect on developing the succession process in those organizations. Also, implementation of that managing method indirectly, with regards the mediating effect of expert staff’s job self-efficiency and their organizational trust, with regression weights of 0.71 and 0.65 respectively, affect on developing the succession process in those organizations. Hence, emphasizing on implementation of positive management method in sport organization of Isfahan province could affect on developing the succession process in those organizations. Furthermore, with regards the extra effects of implementation of positive management on developing the succession process, with regards the mediating role of expert staff’s job self-efficiency and their organizational trust, it is recommended to the related responsible to attempt toward developing the staff’s psychological characteristics, in addition of implementing of this new management method at the organization.

The study is to design a model for the effects of social and psychological functions of sport social media on attachment of Tehran Esteghlal team fans. The methodology was correlation that was done as a field survey. The statistical population was all fans of Tehran Esteghlal team that were a member at least on the club's official page in Instagram or official channels Esteghlal Tehran in the telegram. 389 corrected questionnaires of Esteghlal Club fans who participated in Derbey’s play at Azadi Stadium in Tehran as samples were collected. From library studies and recent researches in field of social media in sport, the research instrument was designed that was confirmed face and content validities by seven professors in sport management and media. The reliability of the research instrument in the pilot study was accounted (α=0/76). The result of the Cronbach's alpha test for social and psychological functions (α =0/86) and for attachment of fans (α = 0/88) indicated a desirable reliability of the research instrument. The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) also confirmed the study instrument. The results showed that psychological and social function of sports social media has a direct and positive effect on attachment of fans (P<0٫05). Based on the results, the marketing managers of sports clubs is suggested that by social and psychological functions, social media can be used to attract new fans and promote loyalty of current fans and the club and their fans have benefits from supporting each other’s.

Football fans could play a significant role in the development of economic and non-economic capacities of sports clubs. According to this strategic indicator into promoting of economic resources sport clubs can be useful.The main purpose of this study was to explain and present the model of economic factors affecting the behavioral responses of football fans through the use of the data foundation theory approach. The participants of this study were 20 key owners and key informants selected through targeted sampling and snowball sampling.Collections of basic concepts were collected during the open coding process and the categories were extracted from their contents. Then, in the axial coding step, the link between these categories was determined by the terms of the causal conditions, the axial phenomenon, the strategic category, the environmental conditions, the category of intermediaries, and the consequent category in the form of the paradigm.In the selective coding step, components of the paradigm of coding, description and theory were created. Through open coding, 89 concepts were obtained that categorized these concepts into 27 sub-categories and were classified into 13 main categories during the axial coding step.Sport managers should be familiar with the behavior, needs and views of the fans as one of the most important sport economic supporter and their programs should be adjusted according to the attitudes of the fans and with by effective planning, to manage behavioral responses of fans.

The purpose of the research was to explain the relationship between the identity and loyalty of the fans on the brand evangelism of the Esteghlal football Club of Tehran.

This research was Correlational and functional based on structural equation modeling that was done as a field survey.  The statistical population of the study consisted of all the fan of Esteghlal Club of Tehran, who came to the Azadi Stadium in the third week of the Premier League 2016-2017. The sample size was determined by structural equation sampling method and 252 correct questionnaires were used. The modified identity questionnaire of Mell & Ashforth (1992), the loyalty questionnaire of Mahoney et al. (2000), the intention to buy of Bacra and Carnage (2011), the positive brand advertising of Power and Associates (2008) and the negative brand advertising of Matzler et al (2007) were used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was survey and reliability was counted by Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Data was analyzed by SMARTPLS software.

Findings showed that identity has a significant effect on loyalty and indicates a significant effect of loyalty on the factors contributing to brand evangelism. Also Identity had a significant effect on some of the factors contributing to brand evangelism.

Clubs managers need to associate the identity of the fans with the club, so as to increase the loyalty of the fans, will make them bargaining in the brand communities.

The purpose of this study was to present a model of football development in Iran with an emphasis on the preconditions of the presence of female spectators. This research is developmental as purpose aspect, exploratory research as a strategy aspect that was implemented as a qualitative method. The population of this research study was faculty members and elites in sport management that were selected as purposeful and snowball and were subjected to semi-structured interviews. Based on Grounded Theory Method, analysis and coding of the data were performed in three stages, and five of the participants confirmed the validity of the coding by verifying the findings of the research. The results showed the model is composed of three parts. At the first level of the model, ten categories affect the preconditions of the presence of female spectators in Iranian football stadiums. In the second part of the model, the preconditions for the presentation are effective on likely presence of the maximum of spectators and fans and at the third level, the maximum presence is effective on the development of football in Iran. The research findings will help sports managers and officials to provide the preconditions for the presence of female spectators in football stadiums to accelerate and facilitate international football development in Iran.

The aim of this study was to design a model of the effect of advertisement on brand development in Persepolis club with an emphasis on the mediating role of brand personality. The current study was descriptive and correlation in terms of data collection and application in terms of aims which was conducted as a field study. The statistical population included the whole spectators of one of Persepolis football games who bought the tickets and attended the stadium. 350 spectators were selected by convenience sampling method. The required data were collected with a questionnaire. To designing the items of the questionnaire, studies on advertisement, brand personality and brand development were reviewed. After some consulting meetings were held, the items were checked by research group and the experts’ viewpoints were collected, the questionnaire was designed. Content and construct validity were used to measure the validity of the items. Content validity was determined and approved by a group of academic experts. Construct validity was conducted using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis so that KMO was more than 0.80. Also, the reliability of items was approved by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results showed that advertisement had the impact factor (0.51) on brand development and (0.55) on brand personality. Also, the impact factor of brand personality on brand development was (0.59). Finally, given the findings resulted from this model, managers and marketers of sport clubs are recommended to discover those factors influencing brand personality and to pay attention to advertising techniques for brand development.

The aim of this study is presenting a model on the effects of qualitative elements of one sport website on the appetite of users. The method was correlational and this study was done as a field survey. The study population were all users of this sport website. Due to the restrictions on access, the research instrument was distributed among Premier League spectators that they were users of this sport website. The questionnaires were distributed at 3 stadiums, Yadegar Imam in Tabriz, Naghsh Jahan in Isfahan and Azadi in Tehran. These three cities are from the greatest number of spectators in football primer league. By using literature review of recent researches about web sites field, especially sport web sites, the survey questionnaire was designed that were confirmed face and content validity by 9 of the instructors. The reliability of the study was done by a pilot study. The results showed that the quality elements of this sport website have direct and positive impact on the electronic appetite of users that systematic aspect was the most important quality elements of this sport website. Finally, according to the results of this model, was suggested to the managers to gain detailed information about understanding sport fans behaviors in online business and by identifying and providing online user needs perfectly, try to attract more audiences and maintain their current audience to benefit from the widespread presence Sport Online users.

The aim of this study was to design a model of the effect of marketing mix and brand image on the pleasure and communication commitment of the fans of the two popular teams of Tehran. The present study was descriptive in terms of collecting data and applied in terms of aims, which was carried out in the form of a field study. The statistical population included all the spectators of one of the games played by two popular Tehran teams (Esteghlal and Persepolis) who had been purchased tickets and attended the stadium. 350 subjects were randomly selected based on the items of the questionnaires (35 items). The basic research model was designed by the review of the related literature; a questionnaire was developed based on this basic model and the validity was confirmed by a group of academic experts and factor analysis technique. Its internal consistency was also calculated using Cronbach's alpha method. To answer the research items, statistical tests such as Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling were used. The results of the path analysis showed that the marketing mix and the brand image had the impact factors of 0.58 and 0.51 on the pleasure of the fans and the impact factors of 0.62 and 0.48 on the communication commitment of the fans. The model also had a good fit and showed that the adjusted relationships of the variables were reasonable. (AGFI=0.91, GFI=0.93, CFI=0.94, NNFI=0.92, NFI=0.95). Regarding the results of this model, managers and marketers of sport teams and clubs are suggested to provide their services in a way that is distinct from other brands and to create such feeling in the fans that the received services exceeded their expectations.

One of the most important elements of life are physical activity and sport: these are the basis of health during life. In order for society to benefit from the advantages of physical activity and sport, it is necessary to know the factors influencing this phenomenon.

The purpose of this paper is to design a sport development model in the free trade-industrial zones of Iran.

The research was qualitative, and was done using the grounded theory approach and based on the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998). The geographic area of the research included seven free trade trade-industrial zones of Iran; the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Participants in the research were the sport authorities of Iran’s free zone, sport officers, officers of the Ministry of Sport and Youth of free zones, staff members of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, and sports professors; interviews involved 22 informed persons.

The results of data coding showed that causal factors (individual, interpersonal, and structural) centrally affect sport development. Cultural, social, economic, political, technological, legal, and environmental factors were also selected as context and interventional factors. Development of management; development of space, equipment, and great sports events; cultural and social development; scientific and legal development; and development of financial resources were designated as strategies for the development of sport, which will also lead to economic, cultural, social, environmental, and political consequences.

Given the positive outcomes for the development of sport, it can be useful as an effective tool in achieving the major goals of Iran’s free trade-industrial zones.

The purpose of this study was to provide a model of the effect of organizational interaction quality and social acceptance on the loyalty of sport volunteers in the physical educational institutions of higher education universities of the country. This study is descriptive-causal based on the modeling of structural equations that was field-based. The statistical population of this study was volunteer sports students who had worked with their university's physical education department for at least two semesters. According to the head quarter of Physical Education of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, this number was estimated at 10,000. In terms of access, volunteers from 18 selected universities participated in the study. According to Morgan's table, 384 healthy questionnaires were collected by available sampling. Based on the study of theoretical literature and recent research, the research instrument was designed in the form of a questionnaire. For face and content validity, a designed questionnaire was confirmed by nine sports management specialists. Structural validity was performed by exploratory factor analysis using SPSS version 21 software. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for volunteers' loyalty variables, organizational interaction quality and social acceptance were 0.83, 0.82 and 0.71, respectively. The results of the implementation of the model in the software of Amos showed that the effect coefficient of two variables, the quality of organizational interactions and social acceptance on volunteers' loyalty were 0.64 and 0.69 respectively. Understanding, recognizing, educating, supporting volunteers and setting up organizational networks can give them encouragement and loyalty to the sport of the universities.

This work aimed to present a model for the effect of mental toughness on individual entrepreneurship with an emphasis on the role of mediator of self-efficacy in sport teachers in Golestan Province. This work was survey-correlated, and was based upon the structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the sport teachers in the Golestan Province with a population of 650 people. The accessible sampling method was used to select the sample. Based on the structural equation modeling, 480 individuals were considered as the sample. The instruments included three standard and adjusted questionnaires for measuring the mental toughness (Afsaneh pourak & Vaez mosavi, 2014), individual entrepreneurship (Kordnaeij, 2007), and self-efficacy (Asghari et al., 2006). The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 9 academic members of sport management. Also the convergent validity (mean extraction variance) was used for measuring the questionnaire construct validity. The reliability of the questionnaires was also measured by the Cronbach's alpha and the combined reliability tests. Testing the research questions and measuring the model fitting were confirmed by a structural equation modeling based on partial least squares. The results obtained indicate that mental toughness significantly improve self-efficacy (β = 0.332) and individual entrepreneurship (β = 0.284). Also self-efficacy improves the individual entrepreneurship (β = 0.573). Exercise in the education system requires entrepreneurship human resources that, despite some organizational, financial, and material constraints, can attract sponsors’ financially and spiritual support sources of funding for the identification and development of school sport talent. In this research work, it was shown that entrepreneurial human resources required intrinsic psychological and selfefficacy factors in order to control the situations ahead in facing challenges, and turn them into opportunities.

The purpose of this study was designing a model for the role of clubs’ evangelists in Iranian football premier league. This research was descriptive, correlational based on structural equation modeling that was done as a field survey method. Due to the limited access to all fans of football premier league in the country, the researchers chose two elected clubs, Esteghlal and Persepolis. These clubs are two of the most popular clubs in Iranian football premier league. The statistical population consisted of the fans of Esteghlal and Persepolis clubs in the 16th Persian Gulf Premier League. Based on the number of statistical population was unknown, according to the Morgan table, 384 individuals were considered for sample size and in the Derby game, 192 correct questionnaires were collected equally from the fans of each team. The research method was available random. The base of the research instrument was Dwyer et al. questionnaire (2015) that has been modified to be used in the culture and community of the country. For face and content validity, the translation of the questionnaire were confirmed by some sports marketing experts and sports management professors and the final edition was corrected by fixing the difficulties and ambiguities. The reliability of the study was done by a pilot study. The results of running the model in Amos software were shown the fans as Esteghlal and Persepolis evangelists played four roles of Advocator, Advertiser, Antagonize and Assimilator. Today, sports team marketing executives, through the formation and strengthening of fan club communities, thrive through promotion and marketing, so that their teams could benefit from the financial and intellectual capital through maximized supporter participation

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of applying cybernetic management model on the development of self-management behaviors and its role in developing psychological empowerment in staff of Sport and Youth departments of Isfahan province. 206 staff members of the mentioned departments were selected by stratified random sampling method to participate in this study. Three standard questionnaires were employed: CM (Birnbaum, 1988), Self-Management Behaviors (Manz, 2009) and Psychological Empowerment (Spreitzer, 1995). The SPSS and AMOS Graphics were employed to analyze the data. The results indicated a significant difference between current and desire conditions in employing the CM model (M=2.58), in staff’s self-management behaviors (M=2.67) and their psychological empowerment (M=2.73) in Sport and Youth departments of Isfahan province (P≤0.05). Furthermore, the model had a good fit which indicated that applying CM model directly affected the development of staff’s self-management behaviors (0.37) and their psychological empowerment (0.33). Furthermore, it affected the development of staff’s psychological empowerment indirectly and through affecting the development of self-management behaviors in Sport and Youth departments of Isfahan province (0.20).