mehdi alian

Nowadays, the interactions and interdependencies between infrastructures on a regional scale, along with the many benefits of providing the services needed by a society, make the issue of security and protection even more difficult. Therefore, understanding the interactions of infrastructure networks and the complex relationships between infrastructure systems in order to prevent cascade failures and widespread regional crises is increasingly felt. In this regard, with using DANP model, the present study has been carried out to measure the infrastructural interactions in Yazd province as one of the important provinces in strategic depth of Iran. The results of this study show that the infrastructure of the province's energy sector, due to its nature and function in the community, has both greater interactions and greater risk, so that with hard, semi-hard and soft threats, it has the first degree, while the provincial communications network infrastructure has the highest degree of risk against the hard and semi-hard threats, with the degree of risk being the second with the soft threats. In support centers infrastructures, they are also at risk of hard, semi-hard and soft threats.

Metropolitan areas are considered as powerful economic, political, and social centers around the globe that have a plurality of actors, and this has led to disparities which result in many problems in management of these regions. Tehran metropolitan area as the largest metropolitan area of Iran suffers from the same problems. Therefore, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical method for modelling and analyzing the relationship between actors in Tehran metropolitan area at a strategic level using game theory. The results show that the desirability, sustainability and balance that is being discussed in ​​Tehran metropolitan area requires involvement and establishment of senior government institutions and decision makers in the form of structural reforms and revising the laws and regulations of the divisions as the first step in recognizing the concept of metropolitan area.

The game theory an interdependent decision-making theory in which, decision-makers have conflicting preferences and the outcome of their decisions cannot be determined by one party or actor alone. The roots of this theory is derive from the decision theory (Samsura, Van der Krabben, & Van Deemen, 2010: 565). However, there is a clear distinction i.e. the decision theory usually analyses decision-making processes from the one player’s point of view, while the game theory emphasizes its analysis through the interaction among many players. Since the game theory focuses on situations in which interactions and interdependency play a role, it can be seen as an extension of the decision theory (Samsura et al., 2010: 564). In other words, the game theory, or the so-called ‘‘interactive decision theory’’, is derived from the decision theory (Tan, Liu, Zhou, Jiao, & Tang, 2015: 17). The term ‘game theory’ stems from the resemblance of collective decision-making situations to well-known parlor games like chess, poker, and monopoly (Aumann, 1989). Because of its focus on conflicting preferences, the game theory is often defined as a theory of conflict. Aumann has even referred it as ‘Interaction Decision Theory’, since this accurately describes the content and focus of the theory (Samsura et al., 2010: 656). The game theory is a powerful tool in understanding the relationships that are made and broken in the course of competition and cooperation. It has been widely used in the fields of natural and social sciences, especially in economics after the 1920s, with the groundbreaking work of Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944), which is considered as ‘‘the classic work upon which the modern-day game theory is based’’(Von Neumann & Morgenstern, 2007: 14). The increased interest in the game theory among social scientists is partly due to the fact that it can solve social problems through finding out optimal solutions in a conflict situation (Tan et al., 2015: 17). Since then, the game theory has been profoundly influencing other fields in natural sciences, such as biology, physics, and computer science, as well as social sciences, including anthropology, psychology, sociology, politics, and philosophy. The increased attention to this theory especially in social sciences is based on the idea that it can provide solid micro-foundations for the study of collective decision-making processes and structures and social change (Samsura et al., 2010: 565). Urban planning and, in particular, metropolitan and urban management is also one of the branches of social sciences in which the proposed theory is capable of playing a vital role. As such, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: How is the narrative of the game between actors of urban management field producing and reproducing? What are the most likely possible outcomes and remedies of the current situation?   Methodology The problem structuring methods, among new approaches to operations research, believe that the most important step in solving a problem is to identify it. As such, they try their best to investigate the problem by identifying various factors, revealing and hidden relationships between them, and avoiding simplicity and unrealization. Since the game theory is one of the most important of these methods, the present research applies it to introduce and describe the gaming in the field of metropolitan management. By completing the initial assumptions, analysis and determination of the stable status is done using the GMCR+ software.   Results and Discussion In the first step, people active in managing metropolitan areas are identified and categorized into four main groups: state-government institutions, public-government institutions, public institutions and private sector institutions. Thereafter, alternative metropolitan management actors are listed and finalized with initial reviews and their limitations. In real terms, all theoretical situations and conditions of games (i.e. 512 games) are not possible, and limitations make it to reduce the possible status. The final step in the field of game modeling is to determine priorities and possible preferences for each actor, for which, the prioritization of alternatives was used. The model analysis is based on the stability and balance of the actors. Based on the results of 24 statuses, 4 are equilibrium and 2 statuses are semi-stable.   Conclusion The results show that there are 24 statuses, 4 equilibrium statuses, and 2 semi-stable statuses among different mode of actions in the areas of metropolitan area management. Status 15 is considered as the most stable one. Based on Nash Equilibrium (R), General Metarationality (GMR), Symmetric Metarationality (SMR), Sequential Stability (SEQ), Limited-move Stability (LM), and Non- myopic Stability (NM) all actors are most beneficial. State-government actors with structural reforms, gradual changes and the necessity of reviewing laws and regulations, as well as recognizing the concept of metropolitan area with respect to political divisions of the country, can provide a structure and an effective state for managing metropolitan areas. Public-government actors can help improve the current state of affairs by facilitating and organizing structural reforms or setting up a regional metropolitan management council. This should be done by removing the weak horizontal interactions among stakeholders in metropolitan region and unhealthy competitions of cities and settlements located in the metropolitan region. People's institutions can also play an active role in managing metropolitan areas with their attempt to participate and influence the management. Furthermore, the principle of confidence as a link between social elements that makes social capital essential, and this can be achieved through decentralizing and distributing powers among all actors and stakeholders.

The experience of centralized countries have shown that one side and an up- down prospective to cites, which will bring many problems that the only way to resolve them, is to create a flexible model, a model that can considerate all affecting organs on city. It seems that the pattern of urban good governance in today's situation of cities be a good proposal. Accordingly, this study tried to study the main components of urban good governance and with definiteness the major components of urban good governance, examined the principles of good governance in municipalities in eight districts in Ahwaz. The study in nature is applied and research methods is descriptive and analytical. Method of collecting data is library- survey method. Statistical population included three groups of citizens (residents in Ahwaz), public sector (water, electricity and gas offices) as well as the private sector (contracting companies and private sector affecting on city). Attempts continued to analyze the data using one-way ANOVA, Duncan test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results suggest that the overall performance of the municipality of Ahvaz is not in the framework of urban good governance. Also there are differences in performance among the municipalities in eight districts in Ahwaz.

Nowadays, infrastructures play a significant role in the safety process in ordinary times and during the crisis. From this point of view, maintaining the safety of infrastructure against threats would be a security priority for any country; therefore, understanding current situation and vulnerability of infrastructures in a regional scale can be used as an efficient mechanism to formulate regional and national security strategies. This paper assesses the vulnerability of infrastructures with passive defense approach and analytical method, in Yazd province. The analysis of data and information collected were done with analytic network process model (ANP) and geographic information system (GIS) due to the interaction between infrastructures. The results showed that about 51 percent of province area is in the situation of high and very high vulnerability. The central part of the province, Yazd and Meybod, is the most vulnerable regions, because of their failure to comply with principles of passive defense, favorable environmental conditions, further concentration, centralization of infrastructure, and political, administrative, and geographical centrality.

In the twenty-first century, the problem of the form and shape or how the city grows in space, consistent with the city's sustainability teachings, is one of the main concerns of urban experts and scientists. This concern in the form of urban dispersal growth has emerged in many cities as a major problem, and Tehran has not escaped this problem. Therefore, the present study attempts to prioritize influential and influential forces during the ten-year period by examining the pattern of growth in Tehran's 22nd district. The identification of the region's growth pattern was carried out using the Shannon Entropy and Hellendron model, and the data of prioritization and identification of effective and influential forces were analyzed using the Analytic Network Processand (ANP) and structural analysis model. Based on the obtained results, Shannon entropy model, district 22, has been scattered over 10 years. Based on the Heldron model, the effect of physical development of the region's growth was more than its population growth. Also, the final results of prioritization show that "land price increase" and "independence in decision making (public / private)" and "bourgeoisie and land market" are more important than other parameters. In this regard, the influential factors of the dispersed growth of Tehran's district 22 include "reduced physical activity", "soil degradation", "increased fuel and energy consumption", "pollution", "destruction of agricultural land", "the destruction of the ecosystem And wildlife","rise in temperature".

Situation of urban management has many weaknesses that looks urban governance model proposed for the today’s cities. Urban good governance model with regard to civil society, the public sector and the private sector, trying to derive the city and its citizens to excellence situation. The aim of this study is to examine the main elements of urban good governance and according to major component of urban good governance, to examine the principles of good governance in Ahwaz city. This study in terms of purpose is implicational and in terms of method is descriptive-analytic and methods of data collection are survey- library. Statistical population in this study is, three groups of citizens (eight zones of Ahwaz), public sector (water, electricity and gas offices) as well as the private sector (companies and private sector contracting that effect on city). In this study, the possible classified method for sampling and for analysis of the results regression testing (using Enter) in Spss is used. Results of this study showed that, situation of Ahvaz city, is not in the context of urban good governance and components of the rule of law, participation and justice, and from the other components are more important and more effective.

Since the early decades of the 90th century the use of indicators to measure and evaluate the performance of programs and projects government agencies have rebounded and urban management is not deprived of this wave. Since urban management with shaping of space, attempts to raise the citizen’s welfare and achieving sustainable development in neighborhoods, assess performance, in fact, one of the basic principle management tools for achieving the goals, strategies and programs and one way of evaluating performance is satisfaction people. In this regard present research by using a survey method looking to measure performance and to determine the optimal strategy for urban management in the historic texture of Yazd city. The results of the citizen's satisfaction level of performance urban management, in four dimensions of socio-cultural, environmental, economic and physical, indicates that in all neighborhoods of the historic texture of Yazd city, the urban management from of citizen’s viewpoint is not acceptable and it is essential that urban management with Improve Strategy, in all neighborhoods promote to better performance indicators and indicators related to neighborhood sustainability and by concentrating the programs, resources and activities, provide better services for citizens.

Beginning the social life of each urbanite and communicate with others begins from the neighborhood, and urban neighborhoods as the most distinguished unit of urban spatial organization play an important role in urban sustainability. In the theory of human-based development, sustainability at the local areas level (as comprehensive concept of social, economical, environmental and physical c) and also citizenship are the two fundamental accepted principles which are introduced as the most general conceptual principles in different societies whether developed or under developing; but implementation of these principles and achieving its appropriate structures depends on the organization and efficient management system that three separate but interconnected environment, society and economy loops leads to the sustainability of the neighborhood. The present research has studied the neighborhood sustainability situation and urban management role in its realization in the historic texture of Yazd. To this aim, descriptive – analytical and monitoring methods have been used in the form of fuzzy logic technique and statistical tests of correlation and linear regression. The results show the negligence of the responsible authorities regarding the sustainability criteria of historical texture, therefore in spite of fluctuations sustainability values from 0.474 to 0.312 in the Godale-Mosalla to Zoroastrian neighborhoods, but the results show unsuitable conditions of sustainability and locating the neighboring textures in poor class. On the other hand, despite the impact of urban management in environmental dimension of neighborhood sustainability, but generally relationship between neighborhood sustainability and urban management variables and correlation are not acceptable and urban management in other aspects of neighborhood sustainability is not effective. Thus, paying attention to systematic and professional approaches with citizen participation can lead to an optimum model for neighborhood sustainability and active role of urban management and conservation of the historic texture of Yazd city.

Nowadays public participation can be a turning point in the course in which the cooperation of the process of planning, decision making and future planning of the city and in these spheres, people are extremely important. The present study aims to evaluate the participation of citizens in the city of Bijar, deals with the various aspects of public participation. The amount of citizen participation in Bijar city are calculated in the seven Indexes including Executive- Finance- Intellectual participation, executive-intellectual participation, financial- intellectual participation, financial- Executive participation, intellectual participation, executive participation and financial participation, and then the City Neighborhood has been ranked. Present research is applied - development that has been done with descriptive - analytic method. The data collected is obtained through 573 questionnaires in Bijar city. Then final weight calculated using fuzzy logic and a Neighborhoods of City ranked with VIKOR method. The results show that Farahi neighborhood with R = 0.220, S = 0.828 and Q = 1 has highest participation rate and Almasieh neighborhood with R = 0.093, S = 0.264 and Q = .001 has the lowest participation level of indicators. If we examine the spatial distribution of city neighborhood, status is determined that a higher rating is in the central neighborhoods, as the central neighborhoods, including neighborhoods Farahi, Mahdiyeh Bolvar, Qaleh Halvaei, Qaleh Takht, Yarmjeh of citizen participation is rated higher than other neighborhoods.

Nowadays، the importance of solving urban problems from the smallest unit، the neighborhood، has been obvious for planners. Gaining knowledge of sustainability and moving towards sustainable development has been in focus for decades، and sustainable neighborhood is introduced as the foundation of sustainable urban development. Neighborhoods attempt to appropriate their structure for needs of today''s residents and approach again the components missing since previous times. Historical neighborhoods that suited the needs of their residents were formed and became responsive to most of the needs of their residents. The present study aims to measure and assess sustainability indicators on the neighborhood scale، in neighborhoods of the historical texture of Yazd city. To achieve the above objective، fuzzy logic is used to measure the sustainability of neighborhoods. The results show that neighborhoods of the historical texture are not appropriate in terms of sustainability conditions because these conditions are poor and below average. Among the nine historical neighborhoods، Godal-mosalla neighborhood، with a value of 0. 474 as compared to others، is in a better condition. The next ranks belong to Sheikhdad، Fahadan، Shessh-dadgiri، Poshte-bagh، Gazargah، Gonbade-sabz، Dolat-abad and Zartoshtiha. It is obvious that the current situation is not confirmed by sustainable neighborhood criteria and sustainable city approach، and the city managers have a long way toward achieving those approaches. Therefore، improving the unsustainability of historical neighborhoods in four dimensions، namely economic، environmental، physical and social، with an emphasis on «justice» particularly in unstable neighborhoods should be of priority for promotion.

Urban environments are complex systems with complex phenomena، multiple interactions and relationships between the components. Poverty is also a complex phenomenon that requires a multifaceted approach due to harmful effects (Paraschiv، 2012:226). However، one of the important issues in the field of urban studies is the «spatial distribution of poverty”. With establishment and development of the poverty، old textures، inefficient textures، informal settlements، and marginalization of poor immigrants are faced with acute problems in unemployment، dependency، violence and insecurity، and so on. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran، although several attempts have been conducted to combat poverty and to promote social welfare، but in the recent years the high inflation and uneven distribution of resources and income، particularly in urban areas has caused that poverty become as the most important social - economic problems. Due to the importance of poverty، the government is obligated under the law in Article 95 of the Fourth Development Plan to have the Comprehensive plans for poverty reduction and social justice ​​and also is required to execute that. Yazd is one of the large cities of Iran، during different periods in the imposed war and in the recent years، rural migration from influx of immigrants is not safe، following the decline and lack of services and reduction in the social، economic and quality of life indices. Therefore، there is no choice but to tackle the problem of poverty as the agent of imbalance in the city. Accordingly، the extent of poverty is considered as a necessity in addition to religious and human values to planning development with social justice approach and sustainable development. This research has been conducted for more detailed identification of the spatial extent of poverty in the Yazd city. It is also attempting to provide solutions and planning principles to select the next deliberate steps، This study particularly try to reduce the short-term decisions and unprofessional actions with opening a new window in issue of urban poverty as well as to provide the background for policy makers، planners and urban managers to reduce the problems associated with poverty and deprivation in urban areas. Hence، this research seeks to answer two main questions: What are dimensions، variables and indicators of urban poverty in Yazd city? How is status of the spatial distribution of poverty in Yazd city? This research is applied - development with descriptive – analytic method. After explaining the concept of poverty and urban poverty using library evidence، indicators of the method have been prepared using census data of 2006 that were provided by the Statistical Center of Iran. The opinions of the experts have also been employed to assess the indicators. These indicators have been calculated in Excel and ArcGIS applications with attribute tables in three main economic، social، and physical criteria and fifteen indicators. These indicators are including burden dependent، rates of employment to education، literacy level، burden population، proportion of young population، average family members، general activities، economic participation of women، and burden of the actual dependents، employment rates، unemployment rates، population density in family unit، per capita and density residential، with matrix of 15 × 39. Using the VIKOR method as a multi-criteria decision-making، city’s quarter have been ranked. Weight of each index is calculated using Shannon Entropy models. After ranking of the city quarter، the map of poverty spatial distribution in the city of Yazd is plotted based on the above indices. After calculating the weights of Shannon Entropy models، the maximum weight is allocated to burden dependent، general activities rates، employment rates، burden population and the minimum weight is population density in family unit. This can be said that economic and social variables are proportionally higher. With calculation of the desirable and undesirable indexes and values of VIKOR، eventually، city’s quarter with fifteen indices are classified. Based on the results of this research 5 quarters are in very poor condition، 8 quarters in poor condition، 11 quarters in the middle condition، 15 quarters in comfortable condition، and 2 quarters in the upper status positions. The results of this study indicate that some factors affect the poverty. In these factors economic variables (including employment rates، unemployment rates، general activities rates، economic participation of women، burden the actual dependents، and burden dependents) and social variables (including ratio of young population، average family members، employment to education rates، literacy rate، and burden population) has a greater effect on the poverty situation and physical variables (include population density in family unit، per capita and density residential) have less impact on the situation. To summarize the results this can be said that 12. 2% of the quarters in the city of Yazd are very poor، 19. 5% poor، 26. 8% moderate، 36. 6% rich and only 4. 9% are too rich. Analysis on the spatial distribution of poverty shows that in old quarters، especially historical textures، as well as in informal settlement quarters are the people are poorer than other areas. The spatial distribution of poverty indicates poor conditions of rural areas nest to the cities that are in bad condition in 3-1-4 (Eysh Abad) and 3-1-5 (Kheyr Abad). It is noteworthy that in these quarters، most residents are immigrants، while they have lower social - economic status that may decline these indices values. Results of this study are consistent with the results of the studies about informal settlements by the Organization of Ways and Urban Design of Yazd province. Based on the results of this study، the following suggestions for removal of the obstacles and problems can be proposed: Wider public education، especially among city’s authorities about the issue of poverty and poor quarters. Solving original causes of migrations to the informal settlement quarters. Job creation should be given higher priority in poor quarters. Formation of a working group or forum of municipal authorities، housing and urbanism and other related agencies to solve the problems of poor quarters. Establishment of social security for poor quarters in order to prevent illegal activities. Participation of citizens in their affairs is very important، citizen participation and trust and encouraging policies to solve the problem of urban poverty as an absolute necessity.