فهرست مطالب mehdi masoumi

Introduction Organic products play an important role in the health of the people as well as in improving the livelihood of rural households. An example of this can be seen around Hamoon Lake in the Sistan region. Located in desert areas of Iran, this region, apart from drying lake water, has been witnessing serious crisis with major impact on agricultural and livelihood of the people. However, the locals, based on their limited knowledge, have been able to turn this dilemma into opportunity and have the best use of the lake's waterless land. Each year, a large area there is devoted to the organic production of melon, which is unique not only in Iran but perhaps in the world. However, these rural farmers seem to be confronting with limitation on the sale and marketing of their products. Accordingly, it is necessary to carry out an investigation into the identification of marketing restrictions for the organic product of the lake.   Materials and Methods The present study applies a descriptive-survey method to reach its target. Apart from library and documentary studies, a field research and surveys (through questionnaire and interviews) were done to collect the data. The statistical population consists of 12 villages with agricultural activities around Lake Hamoon. To analyze, one-sample T-test was done with SPSS software, Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis (FAHP), Gray Grade Analytical Method (GRA). The FAHP SOLVER 2014 software was used to perform paired comparisons, hierarchy, and weights calculation in the fuzzy hierarchy process.   Results and Discussion In Sistan, farmers have long been relying on their local knowledge for organic cultivation around Lake Hamoon. In this type of cultivation, they not only avoid using toxic materials, fertilizer, and even irrigation, but production costs are very low as well. In the process, the farmers dig   cultivating the dry bed of Hamoon (15 -50cm), then sow seeds in the bottom of the pit and feed them with muddy lake. Despite its numerous benefits, there are constraints for marketing and sales of this product. Accordingly, a research on identifying and prioritizing those constraints was essential. A range of indices and components related to the constraints were identified. Some of the marketing limitations of this product were found to be policy, infrastructure and technical. Based on the results of a single sample T test, there were policy barrier with an average (3.35%) as the most important factor followed by the infrastructural barrier (with an average 3.8%). The technical (with an average 2.60%) is considered to be the least important limitation of marketing. Bachelor's Questionnaire showed the similar results. Based on the analytic hierarchy, policy barrier with a coefficient of 0.51%, infrastructural barrier with a coefficient of 0.40%, and technical barrier with a coefficient of 0.9%, ranked first, second and third, respectively.   Conclusion The outcome of the study shows that factors such as the presence of intermediaries and brokers, gap between farm and market prices, lack of government support for organic production, lack of capital for product promotion, lack of storage facilities and product corruption, and failure to identify target livelihoods were the basic constraints on marketing of organic product from Lake Hamoon. It calls for the government and the authorities responsible for rural development and agriculture in the region, to address those constraints in order to expand and help farmers produce more organic melon.

Blindness is one of the permanent physical damage that is found frequently in war survivors. In monocular blind veterans, preservation and care of the remaining eye is very important. This study aimed to investigate diseases and disorders of both eyes of monocular blind veterans. A total of 1820 monocular blind veterans from 19 provinces of Iran were surveyed between 2010 and 2016. Demographic data including age, gender, marital status, injury rate, associated injuries, educational level and employment status were collected. After examination of the veterans’ eyes, diseases of the both eyes and eyelid disorders were recorded by an ophthalmologist. Furthermore, treatment plans were provided to each patients. The mean age of 1820 participants was 45.8 ± 7.8 years. About two-thirds (73.6%) of participants had injuries other than blindness. More than half (54.2%) of the blind eyes had diseases, the most frequent of which was phthisis bulbi (11.0%). A total of 405 (22.2%) of the non-blind eyes were healthy. The frequencies of diseases in non-blind eyes were as follows: refractive error, 620 (34.1%); presbyopia, 533 (29.3%); cataract, 62 (3.4%); glaucoma, 32 (1.7%); and others, 168 (9.3%). Except for the glaucoma, these diseases were associated with age (P<0.05). Entropion (13.1%) and incomplete eyelid closure (9.8%) were the most common eyelid disorders. The majority of the blind (93.7%) and non-blind (94.3%) eyes needed follow-up in the next year of the study. In monocular blind veterans, the most frequent diseases and disorders of the blind eyes, non-blind eyes and eyelids were phthisis bulbi, refractive errors and entropion, respectively. Regarding the importance of preserving the vision of non-blind eyes and the frequency of diseases in both eyes of these veterans, periodic examination is necessary.

To study and compare the psychological status of male and female teenage victims of landmine and unexploded ordnances in 5 border states of Iran.
This was a cross-sectional study. The Youth Self Report (YSR) test of Achenbach (YSR) questionnaire was used to collect data.
Of 68 injured adolescents 43 (35 boys and 8 girls) participated in the study and completed the Iranian version of YSR questionnaire (response rate=63.2%). The mean age of the samples was 16.18 (SD=2.30), girls 15.5 (SD=2.82) and boys 16.25 (SD=2.18). The mean percentage of injury was 42.67% (SD=16.65) ranging from 20 to 70%. Academic performance in most teenagers was moderate. Academic performance was not significantly different between girls and boys (p>0.05). Overall, the highest mean score of youth self-report questionnaire was observed for anxiety/depression 10.88 (SD=6.04) and aggressive behavior 8.67 (SD =7.15). The Achenbach mean score was higher in girls than boys (71.50 vs. 48.77). The disability rate had a negative impact on the overall Achenbach score and internalizing factor of the injured adolescents. Compared to boys, girls significantly had higher scores in anxiety/depression, thought problems and attention problems (p Injuries due to landmine and unexploded ordnances in adolescents were more associated with anxiety/depression, thinking and attention problems.

The long term presence of various ankle-foot injuries reduces the individuals’ ability to perform daily activities, increases the dependence on others and will eventually lead to a reduction of life satisfaction. This study aimed to evaluate the life satisfaction of war veterans with ankle-foot neuromusculoskeletal disorders.
The veterans with ankle-foot injuries from 6 provinces, participated in this descriptive study. Medical examinations were conducted by specialists .Trained interviewers gathered demographic and life satisfaction data. Life satisfaction was assessed using the SWLS (Satisfaction with Life Scale) form. Scores ranged from 5 to 35 and the classification was as follow: very dissatisfied (5-9), dissatisfied (10-14), slightly dissatisfied (15-19), moderately satisfied (20-24), satisfied (25-29) and very satisfied (30-35). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software.
The mean age of 577 veterans at the time of study was 52.4±8.2 years. The nervous lesion at lower limbs included sciatic 24.5% (N=141), femoral 5.3% (N=31), peroneal 28.2% (N=162), tibial 21.8% (N=126). There was 50.2% (N=290) ankle dorsiflexion. Life satisfaction’s mean score was 17.6 ± 7.1. Data showed that 17.3% (N=100) were satisfied or very satisfied and 60.0% (N=346) were dissatisfied. Moderately satisfaction level was reported in 22.7% (N=131). Significant relationships were observed between life satisfaction and disability rate (P0.05).
The majority of veterans with ankle-foot neuromusculoskeletal disorders were dissatisfied with life. The disability rate, education level and employment status were associated with life satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction of landmine victims less than 18 years of the types of services provided by Veterans and Martyr Affair Foundation (VMAF). The descriptive study evaluated the status of services to all landmine victims less than 18 years from Iran. Satisfaction level was measured using a self-administered questionnaire based on seven categories of services provided by VMAF. Total score ranged between 7, the least satisfactory to 35, the most satisfactory. Also, by two open questions, difficulties in using the service were investigated in more details. Finally, all data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software and independent sample t-test and ANOVA statistical tests. The mean age of 78 survivors in this study consisted of 67 (85.9%) boys and 11 (14.1%) girls was 16.1±1.9 years. The mean score of satisfaction was 14.92±5.46. Cronbach's alpha was found as 0.76, showing that the scale is reliable. The group of specialists of Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC) approved the validity of the scale. Health care services had the highest (18.2%) and sports services had the least satisfaction (5.1%). More than half of the cases were dissatisfied of the low awareness with service delivery (57.7%). The most common problems in getting health care services were high cost (61.5%) and then waiting long time for visiting doctor and the uncertainty about solving their problem in hospitals (48.7%). Significant relationships were observed between satisfaction with age at the time of casualty (p=0.02), disability percentage (p=0.04), spinal cord injury (p=0.04) and province of residence (p=0.006). The satisfaction of landmine victims less than 18 years of the types of services provided by VMAF in living in border areas was at the moderate level. Although health care services had the most satisfaction level but, enumerate the various problems in receiving these services have shown significant barriers, especially in the fast and convenient access to health care services.

Sudden terrible sound, like the sound of landmine explosion, can rupture the eardrum, disruption of the ossicular chain, ear nervous system disorders and in some cases causes complete deafness. Accordingly, this study aimed to data collection and assesses the hearing health of Iranian landmine survivors less than 18 years old. All mine survivors less than 18 with hearing disorder enrolled and after obtaining demographic information, hearing status, clinical and treatment data were evaluated by an ENT specialist. Frequencies were reported as number, percentage and mean ± SD. About one third of landmine survivors suffered from hearing disorders that their average age was 16.13±2.05 years and mean duration of hearing loss was 6.7±2.5 years. The most common negative side issue was headache, 81.3%. More subjects were in trouble in crowded environments with high frequency sound (65%) and tinnitus was a common problem among them (87%). Sensorineural hearing loss had a frequency near to 50% for both right and left ear. No significant association was found between duration of injury and degree of hearing loss. The mean number of speech perception threshold test was less than half of the standard value and the mean score of ability to separate speech was within normal limits. Sudden exposure to sound like landmine explosion may cause hearing disorders such as hearing loss and side problems such as headache, dizziness, and tinnitus that are able to dramatically affect the quality of life. The prevalence of hearing impairments in young survivors of landmine explosion is very high and long after the casualties, some of them continue to suffer from hearing problems. Due to the sensitivity age of study group, further studies in this regard and regular checkups seem to be necessary.

Objective (s): Independency in life activities has an important role in individuals with disability to bring them back to normal life. The objective of this study was to determine Instrumental Activity of daily Living in survivors of the Iran-Iraq war with bilateral lower limb amputation. A cross-sectional study was performed to assess the level of Instrumental Activity of daily Living (IADL) - Lawton and Brody IADL scale questionnaire- in Iran-Iraq war related bilateral lower limb amputees (n=335). The Chi-square test was employed as statistical methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The average age of the patients was 42. 05 (SD=6. 33). The majority of the cases %97. 6 (n=327) were male and married. The most dependency in IADL were housekeeping (91. 3%)، food preparation. And the least was ability to use telephone (4. 2 %). Age، level of education، employment status، co morbidity، phantom pain and its severity and duration was significantly (P≤0. 05) associated with Instrumental Activity of daily Living scale. This study showed that war related bilateral lower limb amputees were dependent in some IADL scales، especially housekeeping and food preparation. Rehabilitation programs might help the amputees to be more independent in their normal life activity.

Background and Amputation is one of the most deleterious events that one may experience throughout his/her life. Gait patterns adopted by Amputees with prosthesis can cause such various types of pain as back pain, hip joint pain and contralateral pain. Knowledge about existing problems associated with amputated limb can be useful in making decisions about appropriate treatment plans and rehabilitation programs for these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term outcomes and prosthesis satisfaction in persons with war-related above-knee amputations. Sixty-one Iranian subjects with above knee amputation were requested to fill out the Persian version of Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) and to judge whether they were satisfied with their current prosthesis. Phantom sensation, phantom pain, residual limb pain, lateral limb pain and back pain was respectively reported in 88.5%, 77%, 36.1%, 33% and 72.1% of the subjects. Moreover, it became evident that 19.67% of the subjects were truly satisfied with their current prosthesis. According to study results, phantom sensation, phantom pain, back pain, residual limb pain and pain in the lateral limb are the most prevalent outcomes of war related amputations. Satisfaction rates were higher than moderate in more than half of the patients studied.

The purpose of present study is evaluation of correlation of quality of life dimension with mindfulness in blind veterans. In this cross sectional study 93 blind veterans were participated. SF36 and mindfulness scale are used for evaluation. Pearson correlation test is used for data analysis. Mindfulness is correlated with vitality (P<0.01), mental health (P<0.01), general health (P<0.05), physical role (P<0.05) and emotional role (P<0.05). Findings do not show any correlation between mindfulness and physical activity, social functioning and physical pain (p>0.05). Mindfulness is an important factor quality of life in blind veterans. This project with support of additional interventional study proposes mindfulness training for promotion of quality of life in blind veterans.

Amputation of lower limbs accompanying with serious problems like social, economic, personal and domestic that makes life difficult. As a result of Iraq-Iran war, 578 survivors through bilateral lower limb amputation live in Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate service satisfaction reported by Iranian bilateral lower limb amputees. In this cross sectional study, all war related bilateral lower limb amputees were invited for the interview and 335 participated (response rate= 58%). Information about time of injury, the level of amputation, level of education, employment status and rate of the perceived services satisfaction were recorded using a questionnaire. The mean age of the cases was 42.1 (SD=3.6). The majority of the cases were male 97.6% (n=327), and married 97.6% (n=327). The average time after injury was 22.3 (SD: 3.9) years. About Two-third (n= 237) were unemployed. The most common type of amputation was both below knee 37.6% (no=133). The most service satisfaction reported by amputees was educational facilities and rehabilitation, and the least satisfaction belonged to sport and recreation and health services. The most important problem in receiving health care services was waiting times for appointments and treatment 72% (n=241) and lack of some specialties in small cities 23.2% (n=78). According to results of the study, improvement in accessing to health care services and sport and recreation facilities can lead to higher service satisfaction in war related bilateral lower limb amputees.