milad sadeghi

The ideas of European geographers and cartographers about the world around them were generally taken from the classical texts of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as the books of the Testament and the Christian commentators, which meant that their main ideas about distant parts of the world were based on the aforementioned texts. Both the maps of Mapamandi and the maps in the classical Roman tradition, which was also followed in the Middle Ages, were based on the information available in the testaments and classical texts. With the beginning of the 12th and 13th centuries AD and the numerous travels of Europeans to the Islamic East, including Iran, the classical ideas of Europe took the path of modernity and largely left their unreal form and took the form of reality. Therefore, the perception the East, especially Iran, by Europeans underwent changes and developments over time caused by various factors in each period of time. In the meantime, the numerous travels of the Europeans had a considerable influence on the change in the cartographers' perspective and information. The study of the evolution of the Europeans' view of Iran and Iranians over the centuries through the medieval maps is a problem that has not yet received attention. Therefore, it is important to examine how the medieval maps - which depicted the dominant ideas of medieval European society - presented Iran in different periods. It should be noted that the author of this article attempts to use a descriptive-analytical approach to express that before the travels of the European world travelers, the classical idea of ​​Iran prevailed in the medieval maps, and that in the meantime, Marco Polo's travels had a significant impact on the change and transformation of this view.

Historia Gothica and Historia Arabum written by the Spanish prominent bishop, Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada, are of the most outstanding medieval historical works. Historia Arabum is the first Western work on Islamic history due to attention to Islamic history, which led to the importance of Rodrigo Jimenez among historians. The main question of the article is to what extent Islamic sources have influenced the written histories of medieval Spain? This article tries to find out the extent of Rodrigo's reliance on Islamic sources by the comparative study of Rodrigo's works and Islamic texts. Historia Gothica also has interesting points about the Arab attack to Spain, which helped a lot in correcting the information of medieval Europe about the fall of Spain. The information in both of Rodrigo's works about the events of the Middle East and the Islamic world until the 13th AD century is surprisingly different from the stereotypical information found in Latin histories before itself and contains new and important points.

The discovery and investigation of the Genizah documents in the last two centuries left a huge change in the studies of Jewish history in the history of medieval Islamic nations. However, even in the 21st century, when most researches are being done on these documents, these documents are As a matter of fact, attention has remained far from the eyes of Iranian researchers. In the meantime, two documents that play an essential role in this research are two letters that are available in the Cambridge University library collection and contained very interesting information about the attack of the king of Kish on Aden in Yemen in the early twelfth century. In this research, the author of the lines tries to provide the audience with an analysis of these two letters as well as various aspects of the subject of a complete research. May the importance of Genizah documents reach a high position in the eyes of Iranian rulers and receive sufficient and healing attention, because it is extremely important in examining the economic, political and social history of the Jewish people in Iran and the history of Iran in the Persian Gulf. Due to the vastness of the documents, in this article, only a few texts from this large collection have been focused on.

With the conquest of Spain in 711 AD / 92 AH, the first Muslim attacks on the borders of Gol (present-day France) took place, which resulted in the establishment of bases in the Septimania region (present-day Languedoc). These attacks started from the time of the first governors and continued until the time of Abdul Rahman Ghafeghi and even after that. The most important of these clashes was the battle that took place near the city of Tour.The retreat of the Muslims after the battle had a profound effect on the course of Western historiography and thought, and thus became known as one of the most decisive events in the history of the West and later the world.Because thinkers saw the conquest of Europe, assuming the Franks did not win.However, most theorists today do not believe in this.but, there are still unresolved issues.This study examines and tests this event from a strategic point of view by examining the Battle of Tor and reveals the real importance of this event.

From the past, space activities which has been extremely important for governments as the main and traditional players in the space industry, are now attractive to non-governmental and private individuals, who are the new actors in the space industry. Undoubtedly, in this field, technology is a prerequisite for implementation and development of space activities. Developing and less developed governments are trying to pave the way for these activities by passing national space legislations, but it should be noted that there are still many obstacles in this way. One of these obstacles is existence of restrictive acts and regulations of developed countries on transfer of technology in space industry. Identifying dimensions of these barriers and limitations and evaluating them from the standpoint of intellectual property rights is the subject of this article. The conflict between tendency towards commercialization of space activities and tight control over technology transfer in the space industry is one of the results that this article has achieved.

The Aviation Industry and its governing law are vulnerable to the outbreak and pandemic of contagious diseases. It is possible that the industry takes part in the spread of disease and endanger lives, while on the other hand, with the spread of contagious diseases, the economic cycle of actors and beneficiaries of the aviation industry is seriously threatened and faced with numerous difficulties, which eventually is to the detriment of the economy in whole. Studies illustrate that the norms and rules related to counter the spreading of disease through air navigation are mainly taken from the International and regional laws but the norms and rules dealing with the economic effects of such pandemics are largely attained from national laws. This article, using the same structure and classification, analyzes legal aspects of contagious diseases in the aviation industry with emphasis on the novel Coronavirus disease. The results indicate that the law of contagious diseases in the aviation industry should have three important characteristics: “cooperative or collaborative”, “supportive” and “temporary”.

Bruxism is a chief complaint in some patients with dementia, but there is no clear guideline for its management.Here, we presented a case with awake bruxism.

This case report study described an 88-year-old woman with severe rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) and awake bruxism, which was improved with discontinuation of sertraline, quetiapine, gabapentin, and resumption of trazodone.

In this case study, despite taking drugs from different classifications for bruxism treatment, no improvement was seen. Bruxism is an important and challenging condition for physicians and caregivers in dementia patients. Although  bruxism needs serious treatment, there is no suitable and well-defined treatment for this disorder. Further studies are needed to suggest an efficient drug for the management of bruxism.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of multiple representational education on meaningful learning of the concepts of length, level, and volume measurement in elementary students. Multiple representation means introducing or demonstrating a concept in different situations and forms that can create a deep understanding in the learner's mind. The research method was semi-experimental with two experimental and control groups. Samples were selected by convenience sampling method and were divided into two equal groups of experimental and control. In the experimental group, the concepts were taught in a multiple-presentation manner and in the control group, in the traditional way. Finally, a post-test with conceptual questions was given to students in both groups. Validity of these tests was measured by CVR method and confirmed by 0.99. Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0.887 for pre-test and 0.727 for post-test. The results were analyzed by t-test for two independent groups using SPSS software. The findings of the study showed that teaching based on multiple representations had a significant effect on the meaningful learning of the measurement topic.

However Adoption of Laws by governments from the International Aviation Law System is a relatively common practice to coordinate, they moreover have organized their aviation system by passing an act as the main governing Law on the aviation affairs. The Iranian government also with the existence of “the Act on permitting Iran to Accede to the International Civil Aviation Convention”, has regulated its national legal system by enacting the Civil Aviation Law that after over six decades it seems that it requires to more than a mere amendment. In this Article We tried to show that the mentioned Law in addition to its non-decorated appearance, in three domains, namely application of law, macro issues and micro issues, has a significant deficiency that should be considered in enactment of a new law on aviation affairs. We considered the deficiency of Law on unlawful extension of application of law, ambiguity on application of law, weakness and anxiety of regulations on macro issues and finally shortcoming on macro and micro issues.

Due to the repeated of wrestling and a relatively high percentage of injuries in this sport Identify ways of preventing the damage of the utmost importance. The present study investigates the effect of eight weeks of selected Thera-band's exercises on the balance and functional movement of adolescent wrestlers in the city of Baft.

The subjects of this study included 30 athlete men wrestlers, who were selected randomly and divided into two groups of exercises (age: 17.27, height: 1.72 m, weight: 71.53 kg and body mass index: 24.01) and the and controls (age: 17.07 years, height: 1.74 meters, weight: 72.46 kg, and body mass index: 23.88). A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information and about the history of sport, and to measure static and dynamic balance and functional movement respectively, stork test, Y balance tests and functional movement screen test were used. Independent and correlated t-test, Yu-Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare mean differences with P-value of 0.05.

The results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between the static balance (p <0.001) and the total dynamic balance (p <0.001) between the two groups,

Pay attention to the results it seems that running a low-cost program can be effective in improving balance and performance. According to the results it seems that athletes in the field of sports along with professional training wrestling and free weights use the training with Thera-band's to improve the motor pattern to reduce the amount of damage and improve their movement patterns.

This study investigates bursting strength, puncture resistance and the relevant real elongations of the nonwoven needle-punched polyester fabrics using compressive behavior study and statistical design of experiment known as three-factor factorial design. To evaluate effect of main parameters of fabric structure, seventy-five samples were prepared and a prediction model was developed by multiple linear regression method. The results unanimously showed that samples have undeniable similarities in the compression behavior, so that four distinguished regions can be considered through the path tracing of the force-deflection curves. Additionally, it was concluded that the puncture’s self-socking position takes place in less magnitude of elongation in comparison to the similar position of bursting. Stress concentration in puncture causes that the fabric rupture was due to fiber breakage rather than its slippage. Whereas, the bursting ruptures of the fabric are further the result of fiber slippage. This is clearly due to geometry of ball-shaped device which is led to the relative uniformity of the quality of bursting loading.

In countries, which have not yet realized all the needs and necessities of large industrial societies, it is not uncommon to find people who question the nature of Air Law or deny its originality and independence. Helping to understand the concept and features of Air Law and the need to pay more attention to this branch of law in Iran, is the subject of this research paper. To this end, 14 features of Air Law, were reviewed and the recurrent questions about its nature have been clarified and answered. In Study of the nine features (positive features), the originality and independence of this branch of law has been verified and then by the criticism and rejecting of the five common points of view regarding the Air Law, the originality and independence of this field has been further verified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .