فهرست مطالب mirabzadeh

Trichotillomania is an impulse control disorder that leads to obvious hair loss. Several treatments are supposed to be effective but there are not enough data to compare effect of this treatment. The aim of this study is to compare effectiveness of treatment with Fluvoxamine vs. Paroxetine in patients with Trichotillomania. in this study 58 patients were randomly assigned into two therapeutic groups of Paroxetine and Fluvoxamine treatments. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) questionnaire was translated into Persian and administered to both groups before the beginning of treatment and 4 weeks & 12 weeks after treatment; patients discontinued the treatment and left the study. Data analysis was done with independent T-test & paired T-test & the data were analyzed using SPSS-20 software. In the group of patients with Fluvoxamine treatment, Effectiveness of therapy in 12th week was greater than 4th week, whereas the effectiveness of treatment with Paroxetine was seen in both 4th week & 12th week after initiation of therapy and was more effective than fluvoxamine. regarding the comparison of two therapeutic methods, the effect of Fluvoxamine was started in 12 weeks whereas the therapeutic effect for Paroxetine was both in 4 week & 12 weeks. This shows that patients with Paroxetine treatment responds more rapidly therefore have better therapeutic response.

Inflammation is a dynamic process that is elicited in response to various harmful stimulantsthat may threaten the well-being of the host. Herbs have been traditionally used as anti-inflammatory agents since very early times. Rubia tinctorum L. is one of these herbs that havebeen used for treating inflammatory diseases in Iranian traditional medicine. This study aims at considering anti-inflammatory effects of R. tinctorum and comparing its extracts in this property. The root of Rubia tinctorum (Rubiaceae) was collected from Yazd province, in the center of Iran. The root extracts of plant were studied for their anti-inflammatory activity by using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in Wistarmale rats. Indomethacin and normal saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Different concentrations of aqueous, ethanolic, and 50% aq. ethanolic extracts (600, 800, 1000 mg/kg) were given orally before carrageenan injection. The paw thickness was measured at 1, 3 and 5 hours after injection. Both, aqueous and 50% eq. ethanolic extracts reduced paw edema at 600 and 800 mg/kg concentrations. Moreover, ethanolic extract showed significant effect only in1sthour after carrageenan injection. The results indicated that the aqueous extract were exhibited higher anti-inflammatory effect compared with other extracts. Accordingly, the potent anti-inflammatory effect of the root extracts is attributed to the polar compounds which are extracted in the water.

Community‑based health programs (CBHPs) with participatory approaches has been recognized as an important tool in health promotion. The goal of this study was to understand the nature of participation practice in CBHP and to use the data to advocate for more participation‑friendly policies in the community, academy and funding organizations. In this qualitative study, 13 CBHPs, which were active for last 5 years have been assessed using semi‑structural in‑depth interviews with programs principal and managers and focus group discussions with volunteers and service users. Data analysis was based on the deductive‑inductive content analysis considering the participatory approaches in these programs. The results show that, the main category of participation was divided to community participation and intersectional collaboration. The community participation level was very different from “main,” “advisory” or “supporting” level. The process of recruitment of volunteers by the governmental organization was centralized and in non‑governmental organizations was quite different. According to respondents opinion, financial and spiritual incentives especially tangible rewards, e.g., learning skills or capacity building were useful for engaging and maintaining volunteers’ participation. For intersectional collaboration, strong and dedicated partners, supportive policy environment are critical. It seems that maintaining partnership in CBHP takes considerable time, financial support, knowledge development and capacity building.

To study the effects of intercropping on performance and quality of alfalfa and sainfoin, a field experiment as split plot in time arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran in 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. Experimental treatments included: Monoculture of alfalfa, monoculture of sainfoin, 50% alfalfa+ 50% sainfoin as one alternate, 50% alfalfa+ 50% sainfoin as two alternates, 75% alfalfa+ 25% sainfoin, 25% alfalfa+ 75% sainfoin, 10% sainfoin+ 100% alfalfa,, 20% sainfoin+ 100% alfalfa, 30% sainfoin+ 100% alfalfa. Results showed that the effect of year and intercropping treatments on forage dry yield was significant. The highest dry yield (5011 kg.ha-1) was obtainedin 30% sainfoin+ 100% alfalfa and the lowest dry yield 3989 kg.ha-1) obtained in monoculture of sainfoin. The effect of intercropping on CP, DMD, ADF, ASH and CF was significant. Also, the effect of year on ADF and interaction effect of year × intercropping on DMD was significant. The highest CP (24%), ADF (29%), Ash (7.3%) and CF (32.2%) were obtained from monoculture of alfalfa, but the highest DMD (90%) was related to monoculture of sainfoin. In both years, the highest LER (1.26 and 1.28 for first and second years, respectively) were related to 30% sainfoin+ 100% alfalfa. Therefore, 30% sainfoin+ 100% alfalfa was identified as the best treatment of this experiment.

Nowadays، the development of participatory approaches with emphasis on community empowerment is recognized as an important tool in health promotion. The present study was conducted to assess the strengths، weaknesses، challenges and lessons learned from participatory community-based programs in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this qualitative study، thirteen community-based participatory programs related to health have been assessed in leadership، community participation/other stakeholders and capacity building themes. In this study، the main strength of leadership was volunteers` motivation in service delivery and community resource mobilization. The weak points were lack of community participation in decision-making process in national level، lack of regular monitoring and evaluation programs، and lack of appropriate policymakers` supports. In participation axes، the partnership of women was as the strength and lack of male participation and weakness of team working were as the challenges of the programs. Moreover، the participatory process of community empowerment was important as well as the other strengths in many programs and lack of appropriate update was the weak point. Capacity building of community، NGOs and policymakers are important in cooperation mechanisms، partnership، team working and resource mobilization fields in development of participatory community-based programs.

Pomegranate Punica granatum (Punicaceae) is one of the most important orchard products in Iran. The most important pest of the fruit is Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell (Lep., Pyrallidae) that injured up to 80% of fruits. For controlling this pest three methods are used as: cutting off the stamens of pomegranate (the site of moth oviposition), biological control by releasing Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (parasitoid of eggs)and using a combination of the two methods. The study was included four treatments as cutting off the stamens of pomegranate, biological control by releasing T. embryophagum, using two methods together and control. cutting off the stamens of pomegranate has done twice and releasing of Trichogramma 10 times with 10 days intervals from late Khordad. Twenty five trees from each garden were selected randomly at the harvesting time and percentage of infestation on each tree was calculated. The results showed significant difference between treatments. Comparison between treatments showed that the combination of cutting off the stamens and releasing wasps had the highest efficacy. that cutting off the stamens of pomegranate and finally releasing wasps for controlling this pest. Study economical aspects of three methods showed that releasing wasps method had the lowest and cutting off the stamens of pomegranate and releasing wasps together method had the highest expenses for control this pest but considering results of this study and efficacy of cutting off the stamens of pomegranate, it is recommended to use for controlling this pest in Saveh region.

Domestic violence has a long history in human life and is the most prevalent form of violence against women. It is a worldwide problem that occurs in all societies with different cultures and socioeconomic groups. As this type of violence occurs generally inside families, children may be more prone to be directly exposed to this type of violence and the aftermaths compared to other types. Exposure to domestic violence has serious and long-lasting effects on emotional and cognitive conditions of children and also on their attitudes towards violence as a method for conflict management. This study has done by the purpose of assessment of frequency and nature of Tehran’s secondary school student’s exposure to their parent’s physical violence against each other. It was a questionnaire survey on senior secondary school population in Tehran, in educational year 2005-06. The sampling method followed a multistage cluster sampling based on the exhaustive list of all senior secondary schools in 19 districts of Tehran and included all high schools, vocational training schools, technical training schools, and mixed vocational-theory (Kaar-Daanesh) schools. The frames were separated for girls and boys. Each district was considered as a stratum and the weight for each stratum in the sample was proportional to the population of the district. There were 1495 students participating in this survey, where the prevalence was estimated to be 22.8% (18.9% - 26.8%) more than half of them had eye-witnessed it (59.8%; 95% CI: 49.6% - 70.0%). It is twice more prevalent in girls than in boys (31.2% vs. 16.1%). Recent exposure to this type of violence was much less prevalent (5.7%; 95% CI: 3.6% - 7.8%) in the last month. The main type of violence was hand beating alone (57.1%; 95% CI: 46.8% - 67.3%) and there was mainly fathers who had perpetrated the violent act (54.3% only fathers vs. 3.4% only mothers). The exposure was long lasting and in those with more than one exposure the mean duration was 5.1 years (4.4-5.8). Exposure to physical violence between parents is a common problem among teenagers in Tehran, a considerable portion of them had eye-witnessed it. It is of a continuous nature starting from childhood and lasting to mid teenages. Based on the results of this study, children are highly exposed to violent behavior between their parents and these events are often continuous. There is an urgent need to explore this possible source of future violence and the short and long term consequences of those exposures. Also, there is a need to conduct more analytical studies on the risk and protective factors for this problem, as well as occurrence of domestic violence per se.

Background and Çlozapine is an antipsychotic with the least extrapyramidal side effects and more agranulositosis than typical antipsychotics. Çlozapine has the unique effects on the treatment-resistant schizophrenia but with threatening side effects on the patients. Thus we did this prospective study in order to identufy the side effects of clozapine in Ïranian treatment-resistant schizopherenic patients at Razi psychiatric center, Ïran. We selected 80 treatment-resistant schizopherenic patients on the basis of DSM-ÏV. Âfter 2 weeks drug free period, The aptients received haloperidol for 6 weeks and then 40 patients were selected with BPRS score above 45. These patients took clozapine with the similar way which increased to 900 mg/day. They were assessed by internal side effects, ËPS questionnaires and laboratory examination weekly followed for 20 weeks. The results showed that 8 patients were excluded from study due to severe side effects. The most prevalent internal side effects were fatigue, sedation and siallorrhea the most prevalent extrapyramidal symptom. The difference between the mean of WBÇ, RBÇ and hemoglobin and the score of ËPS in the early and late stages of treatment were not significant statistically, but significant for platelet. Çonclusion: Çareful clinical monitoring of the physical status and specially hematological status during treatment with clozapine and education to the patients and their care givers carers can prevent fatality by early recognition of severe side effects.

Use of low quality water in agricultural irrigation lands has been common in many areas since long time ago. According to arid and semi-arid climate of Iran and the limitations of usable water resources, optimum application of each kind of available water (i.e.brackish and wastewater) is necessary. In this regard, the regional researches are needed by considering all local variables such as climate, native plants, culture, wastewater quality and so on.In order to investigate the effects of irrigation with domestic wastewater on soil organic matters content in the end of plant season and also the self-digestion rate of accumulated matters during non-plant period, a lysimetic study was carried out in Tehran area. A statistical “factorial experiments in form of randomized complete design” (3 * 3* 3) was used. Raw and treated domestic wastewater of Ekbatan complex and well water (control) have been applied for irrigation of raw eating vegetables such as parsley, carrot and tomato for two years.The results showed that the most increase of organic matter was happened by using the raw wastewater for irrigation of carrot planting, and the least for tomato. After two years and completion of self-digestion period, raw and treated domestic wastewater caused 48.8% and 17.4% increase in soil organic matter content respectively, but reduction of 31.59% was found in control treatment compared with the original amount (0.896%). There is direct relationship between the reduction rate of soil organic matter and the amount of organic matter exceeded by wastewater application. Therefore, the highest rate (14.9mg/100gr.day) was observed in raw wastewater irrigated lysimeters. Statistical analyses showed a significant difference in organic content and purification by means of irrigation water, quality crop, year and sampling time.

Organic presentation is the main complain in psychiatric disorders which represent in different features, symptoms like shortness of breath and chronic cough are common when patient complication of pulmonary problems. One of the psychiatric disorder which presents with organic problems is factitious disorder. In this disorder patient complain about some organic dysfunctions that are voluntary but unconsciously. Patient tries to deceive the physician and his or her relatives without any obvious and recognazible to assume the sick role.In this article we introduce two cases with chief complaint of hemoptysis that we found production of this physical sign was intentional and the motivation for the behavior is to assume the sickrole. The diagnosis of these two patients was factitious disorder with prodominantly physical signs and symptoms.