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Sour orange is known as an herbal plant in traditional medicine. Previous studies indicate a protective effect of citrus fruits or juices against risk of some chronic diseases such as diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti- hyperglycemic effects of alcoholic extract of sour orange peel in rats with alloxan induced hyperglycemia. In this experimental study, there were 120 Wistar rats weighing 150-200 gr that were divided into 6 groups (20 rats in each group) divided into two time groups (24 and 48 h). Ethanol extract of sour orange peel was prepared. Animals were pretreated for 4 days in 2 different doses 100 and 300 mg/kg. 100 mg/kg bw alloxan injected intraperitoneally. After 24, 48 h blood sample collected and glucose (via glucose kit), serum antioxidant levels (via FRAP) and serum insulin levels (via ELISA assay) were measured and the groups were compared. Twenty four hours after alloxan injection rats who received 300 mg/kg/day showed a significant increase in total antioxidant content (p=0.000) and significant increase in glucose level after 48 hours (p=0.001). The administration of sour orange peel extract (100 and 300 mg/kg/day) decreased serum insulin level in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats at 24 and 48 hours after alloxan injection (p<0.03). This study demonstrated that treatment with sour orange peel extract not only brought a significant increase insulin concentration but also decreased the insulin level and also increased glucose concentration in alloxanized rats.

CYP3A is responsible for hepatic microsomal metabolism of more than 50% of drugs which are its specific substrate. Metabolic activity of this enzyme depends on several factors. Since it has not been done a systematic study of the enzyme activity in Iranian population, this study was conducted to investigate the enzyme activity in a small sample of Mazandarani population (from north of Iran) using midazolam (MDZ) blood levels as an important probe. This study was done on 100 Mazandarani healthy volunteers. After recoding individual information (age, sex and weight), subjects were given 100 ml syrup containing 10 mg midazolam. Blood samples were taken after 0.5, 2 and 6 hr after drug administration and plasma concentrations of midazolam were measured using HPLC method. Oral clearance of midazolam (CL/F) as criteria of the enzyme activity was assessed using P-Pharm software. The mean (SD) of age was 24.5 ± 6.9 years. Eighteen persons were female. All the subjects experienced some degrees of sedation. The mean (SD) of clearance of MDZ was 77.22 ± 20.98 l/h and clearance of MDZ in female (83.79 ± 15.19 l/h) was higher than male (75.68 ± 21.85l/h) (p<0.001). Total volume of distribution (Vd) and elimination half life were 312.65 ± 50.44 and 2.96 ± 0.68, respectively. According to the results, a normal phenotype of CYP3A activity was observed in the Iranian participants in this study. The clearance of oral MDZ and/or CYP3A activity is higher in female subjects than in males.

Dental caries is the most common means of ingress of bacteria to the dental pulp and pulp infection. Different materials have been introduced for pulp therapy but they were not effective in producing an acceptable coronal seal. The aim of this study was to evaluate anti- inflammatory effect of local capsaicin on dental pulp of cat.

Twenty–four canine teeth of six domestic short hair cats weighing approximately 3-4 kg were selected for this experimental study. After cats had been anesthetized, the crown of teeth were cut 3 mm upper than cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and exposed under sterile condition. The teeth were divided into two groups. In group I the exposed pulp was capped with zinc oxide–eugenol as control. In group II dental pulp capped with capsaicin as experimental group. All access cavities were sealed with glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX). The animals were sacrificed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after procedure. The canine teeth were extracted for histopathologic evaluation. The specimens were sectioned serially at 6 µm thickness parallel to tooth long axis. The sections were stained with H & E and studied by light microscopy.

Result of this study showed that signs of necrosis in zinc oxide-eugenol group during 1, 2 and 4 weeks decreased significantly (p=0.026). In capsaicin group hyperemia during 1, 2 and 4 weeks decreased significantly (p=0.019). In comparison of the effect of two drugs on pulp in 4 weeks and all weeks the sign of necrosis in capsaicin group was increased significantly (p=0.029, p=0.039). Two groups showed difference in dental barrier formation, type of inflammatory responses and soft tissue changes but these differences were not statistically significant.

According to findings of this study capsaicin could decrease the intensity of the inflammation but was not successful in dental barrier formation.

Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder and it leads patients to avoid any kind of activity. Since different factors are involved in migraine incidence and its triggers, a wide variety of drugs are used to prevent or treat. Combination therapy has shown its efficiency in treating migraine. In this study, we have taken the combination of ibuprofen and alprazolam as a probable efficient compound in reducing these headaches. In this clinical trial study, 90 migraine patients were allocated in 3 groups of 30, with an average of 2-6 attacks in month underwent. These three groups were unified by age, gender and their drug histories. After receiving volunteer’s adhesion for taking part in this experiment, the first group were given a single dose of ibuprofen 200 mg, the second group were given a single dose of ibuprofen 400 mg and the third group were given a single dose of ibuprofen 200 mg in companion with alprazolam 0.5 mg. Headache severity, functional disability and associated symptoms of the patients were recorded before and two hours after taking each regimen; and were graded from 0-3 points. Then three groups were compared. In all 3 groups, the severity of the headaches were reduced significantly after the course of drug therapy with 36% of reduction in the first group, 46% in the second group, and 74% in the third group, respectively (p<0.0001). In the first group, nausea and vomiting were reduced from 92.3% to 22.3%, the second group from 96.7% to 13.3% and, finally the third group from 100% to 3.3% (p<0.0001). In addition, a significant reduction in photophobia and phonophobia was seen before and after taking the drugs (p<0.0001). The combination of ibuprofen 200 mg and alprazolam 0.5 mg had significantly reduced the severity of the migraine headaches.

Given the fact that, periodontal disease is a disease with an infective agent, treatment by using antibiotics with scaling and root planing (SRP) has been considered as an adjunctive therapy. According to disadvantages of systemic antibiotic therapy such as: resistance, fluctuations in concentration, need for cooperation and side effects, local drug delivery systems in the form of irrigants or forms of drug releasing agents, seems to be a suitable substitute. Because periodontal diseases are often limited to several teeth. A local delivery device consists of a drug reservoir and a limiting element that controls the rate of medicament release. The goal is to maintain effective concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents at the site of action for long periods, despite drug loss from cervicular fluid clearance. Current data suggest that local delivery of antimicrobials into a periodontal pocket can improve periodontal health. It can be concluded that the adjunctive use of local drug delivery may provide a defined, but limited, beneficial response.

Caffeine, dose dependently can reinforce or deteriorate learning. In previous studies, the effect of glucose on decreasing of amnesia was investigated. In this study, the effect of Caffeine on 3 phases of learning and also probable interference of glucose in mice was examined by using of passive avoidance learning. Male albino mice were examined as follows: 1-Test group: a) This group received electric shock and caffeine (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) without dextrose regimen, b) This group received electric shock and caffeine with dextrose regimen, 2) Control group (Saline). In all groups, the latency period of moving from a cubic platform to the wire floor of apparatus in three steps was studied. Data were analyzed by non-parametric Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H-tests. Differences between points of data were statistically considered significant at P<0.05. Caffeine in low dose (25 mg/kg) increased retention time in consolidation phase but in high dose (100 mg/kg) compared to other doses, it decreased the retention time in phases of learning. According to the results, the negative effect of caffeine in high dose on all phases of memory can be reversed with long-term dextrose regimen.

Abstract: Treatment of acute asthma is based on rapid reversal of bronchospasm and arresting airway inflammation. This study was done to determine the effect of intravenous MgSO4 for improvement of pulmonary fuction in patients with acute asthma non-responding to routine therapy. This randomized, double –blind controlled study was conducted on 48 patients, magnesium sulfate group, n=48 aged 12-85 years, 26 men, 22 women, and control (saline) group, n=33, aged 15-80 years, 17 men, 16 women, who had not responded to routine treatment. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was done before MgSO4 (25 mg/kg) and normal saline (100 ml) as a baseline criteria and after infusion of drugs at 30 mm and 3 hr. All patients were also given bronchodilators. The main outcome was PEER. Data were analyzed by X2 and t-test and differences between each point, were considered significant at P<0.05.The peak expiratory flow rate 3 hrs after baseline increased in MgSO4 group in comparison with saline group (82.60±5.8 veruss 47.8±87 p=0.002). the number of breating in MgSO4 was also increased at 30 mm and 3 hr after baseline. Cyanosis, diaphoresis and use of respiratory accessory muscles by patients were decreased in MgSO4 in comparison with saline group.According to the results, it is suggested that MgSO4 can be an adjunct agent for the treatment of patients with acute non-responding asthma

In the imposed Iraq-Iran war during 1985, 1986 and 1988, soldiers injured by chemical warfare were referred to us by the Mostazefan foundation and Sepah for evaluation of their pulmonary status. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed on these patients to evaluate the pattern of abnormality: Particularly focusing on the chronic changes that took place during the long interval between contact with chemical agents and PFT. A total of 52 patients were evaluated of whom 26 (51%) showed obstructive pattern, 21 (38%) were normal and 5 (11%) showed restrictive pattern. The majority of patients were 20-40 years of age. The minimum time interval between contact and PFT was 6 years. From this study was can probably conclude that the major effect of chemical agents on the airway is obstruction and that over a period of time this will be reversible.

Despite the availability of new highly efficient antibiotics, we encountered with many cases of bacterial resistance to microorganisms due to irrational drug administration. This cross-sectional study was performed on the urine samples of suspected patients with UTI referred to Amirkola children hospital during 1996-1998. Then antibiotic sensitivity tests with Kirby-Bauer technique on the positive cultures was carried out with some antimicrobial agents such as amikacin, gentamicin, tubramicin and nalidixic acid, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole. Among 586 patients with positive culture samples, 64.3% were girls and 35.7% were boys, and microorganisms such as E.coli (61.1%), Entrobacter (15.7%), Proteus, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were common. However these findings, in comparison to the infants with Entrobacter urinary infection (52.6%) showed a significant difference (P<0.0001). On the bases of results, effective antibiotics were amikacin, gentamicin, tubramicin, and nalidixic acid. This study demonstrated that antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole were 100% and 80% respectively.

To examine the causes and mortality of poisonings in Mazandaran province. A total of 411 poisoning cases referred to Shahid Yahyanejad hospital in Babol in period of one year (1993-1995) were included in this study. Various parameters in relation to poisonings have been investigated retrospectively in these cases. Data in these cases showed greater rate of poisoning for females (55.5%) than males (45.5%) but the rate of mortality for males was greater than that of females (65% versus 35%). Most of poisonings occurs at the age range of 16-25 years. Oral ingestion was the most common route of intoxication. Most cases of poisoning were referred to hospital between 8 and 12 a.m. Most of poisoning cases occurred intentionally followed by accidentally and occupationally. Of drugs diazepam (24.5%) was the first, followed by unknown drugs, carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, acetaminophen, aspirin and amitriptyline. Of chemicals, pesticides (More frequently organophosphates) were the first cause of poisoning. Respectively opiates, aluminum-phosphide, rodenticides, petroleum and ethanol intoxications were also commonly observed. Pesticides (Organophosphates and aluminum-phosphide) poisoning were most often lead to death, particularly in spring and summer. In total, 85.4% of cases were recovered without any sequale and 9% died. The majority of poisoning cases in adults occur intentionally and in children accidentally. Therefore, consideration should be given to limit and control the availability of chemicals and drugs. Further attempts to establish poison information centers in different parts of this province are highly suggested.

Barbiturates as hypnotic drugs are widely used in medicine. They act as sedative or analgesic and are used to control seizure disorders. References show that the number cases of poisoning by this drug is very high. Rapid determination of Phenobarbital in blood of poisoned patients can lead to good treatment approaches. Several laboratory methods are currently available for the detection of barbiturates, but few are suitable for emergency use. In this study we evaluated the use of a modified uv-spectrophotometric method in determination of Phenobarbital levels in blood of poisoned patients. This method is based on differential spectrums of Phenobarbital in two alkaline environments. We compared analytical results obtained by this method with previous acceptable spectrophotometry method. There is good correlation (r=0.998) between these two methods. Our results indicate that the procedure time was approximately 45 minutes, sensitivity 2 mg/ml, precision 7.034%, recovery 99.1%. The clinical signs and symptoms and medical examinations of poisoned patients are also recorded. Our results indicated that Phenobarbital overdose is mainly manifested by sedation, tachycardia, neurologic disturbances, hypotension, myosis and hypoxemia. All of the patients had attempted suicide and were discharged alive from the hospital. We found good correlation (r=0.945) between increase in pulse rate and blood Phenobarbital levels. It may be of value in diagnosis of the severity of Phenobarbital overdose. We could not find any correlation between blood Phenobarbital levels and the rate of consciousness or grade of coma. In conclusion, the use of this method for an emergency determination of phenobarbital overdose in toxicology centers is recommended.

It has been established that drugs can’t be useful without causing side effects at the same time. There are many different variables contributing the development of these adverse effects, such as pharmaceutical (Change in the main effective substance of drug, excipients and other), pharmacodynamic (Pharmacological effect of drug leading to development of adverse effects) and pharmacokinetic including the role of digestive system in formulation of drugs or the activity of liver enzymes in elimination or absorption of them. Some of the side effects may be patients dependent, e.g. some patients have shown to be allergic to specific drugs. However, individual variation is a determinant of the type of adverse effects of drugs administered. The symptoms of drug side effects are fever, nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, CNS disorders such as dizziness, sedation, dementia and complex mood-affective reactions etc. Sometimes, the reactions may affect breast fed infants whose mothers have been using the drugs. However, it is very important to know that drugs should not be used in place of foods.