mohammad ali baghestani

In order to manage narrow-leaved weeds in wheat fields, an experiment was to investigate the effect of five adjuvants on the efficiency of different doses of Pinoxaden herbicide (EC 5%) in controlled of avena ludoviciana and Lolium rigidum accessions. experiment as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in greenhouse of Plant Protection Institute in 2020. Factors consists of five adjuvants (Ino Alg NPK, Ino Alg NPK (NG), Torpedo and amino acid leucine), 2-included different doses of pinoxaden (including doses of 37. 2, 46.2, 56.7 and 72 g.a.h-1 (Pinoxaden) 3- included of Avena ludoviciana and Lolium rigidum accessions (susceptible and resistant). Weed results showed that adjuvants used in this experiment with Pinoxaden did not show a negative effect on wet and dry weight loss of wheat. Also, with increasing dose of Pinoxaden , control of weed populations increased. Among Adjuvants the use of Ino AlgNPK (NG) adjuvants with fresh weight loss of 93.69 and 87.39% ( populations of Avena ludoviciana, respectively) and amino acid leucine with fresh weight loss of 96.48 and 80.78% (Lolium rigidum, respectively) with a dose of 72 g.a.h-1 had highest reduction in fresh weight loss compared to control. in terms of EWRC index and dry weight loss percentage, no significant difference was observed between doses and adjuvants used in control of these two weeds. results showed amino acid adjuvants leucine and Ino AlgNPK (NG) is recommended to increase effectiveness of Pinoxaden in controlling the weeds of Lolium rigidum and Avena ludoviciana, respectively.

Three dose-response experiments were conducted separately to study the effect of several adjuvants on nicosulfuron efficacy for controlling Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of the treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of six doses of nicosulfuron at 0 (control), 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 g a.i.ha-1 of the recommended dose with and without the adjuvants of cotton oil, rocket oil, soybean oil, maize oil, Adigor®, Volck®, HydroMax™ at 0.5% (v/v), Cytogate, Trend® 90, and D-octil® at 0.2 % (V/V). The efficacy of nicosulfuron in control of A. retroflexus, C. album, and E. crus-galli increased significantly when the adjuvants were used. HydroMax™ and Trend® 90 were the best adjuvants, considering enhanced nicosulfuron efficacy for controlling C. album, E. crus-galli, and A. retroflexus. In the presence of HydroMax™ nicosulfuron efficacy was raised by a factor of 4.02, 3.45, and 1.65-fold for controlling A. retroflexus, E. crus-galli, and C. album, respectively. In general, the efficacy of nicosulfuron to control A. retroflexus and E. crus-galli was higher than C. album.

Today, women are present in society like men. But they do not have enough power to choose their desired territory and as vulnerable groups, their value and position in urban spaces are ignored and they do not have a favorable environmental territory to use and enjoy urban spaces. This research seeks to introduce the components that affect the creation of a desirable territory for women.
Material and The research method is phenomenological and has an explanatory-inferential approach. The type of study is qualitative and the studies have been done in both field and library methods and semi-in-depth interviews have been used. The sampling method is purposeful and we do not have a fixed sample size and sampling of people with different views after starting with the minimum number, continued until it reached theoretical saturation. Accordingly, the total number of interviewees in the three parks of Ail Goli, Valiasr Park and Shams Women's Park in Tabriz was 18 people.
Based on women's statements, general phenomena were identified and extracted and their relationship was determined. Finally, the most important indicators that cover the most components in their subset were extracted, which include 9 indicators of quality, interaction, vitality, security, privacy, determinism, mind-psyche, sense of belonging, choice.
Discussion and As a result, according to the research findings, eliminating the deficiencies needed by women in urban parks in terms of extracted components, will be of great help in improving the desirability of the environmental territory of this particular group.

In order to evaluate the efficacy of mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron + diflufenican (Othello OD( herbicide doses under temperature and soil moisture conditions in the control of wheat weeds, field experiments were carried out in Fars and Alborz provinces during 2017 to 2018. Treatments included spraying at different times after irrigation (different soil moisture conditions) as main plots in three levels (2 and 7 days after irrigation and 1 day before next irrigation), dose of herbicide as a subplot at 6 levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of recommended dose), and spraying day time as sub-sub plots at two levels (7-8 am, and 11-12am). The results showed that in the condition that moisture had provided after spraying, reduced doses of these herbicides were more effective in reducing the dry weight of broad leaves weeds than other conditions. 33, 66 and 99 g ai/ha herbicide doses (25, 50 and 75% of recommended concentration), especially in 2 days after irrigation and 1 day before irrigation tratments, weed dry weight of grass weeds had more difference than 7 days after irrigation conditions, compared to control treatment. Under normal moisture conditions (field capacity), the reduced concentrations were more efficient in controlling the weeds and the higher moisture stress resulted in the lower efficiency of the reduced concentrations.

Consumption of organophosphorus pesticides in agriculture causes many environmental problems. Water and soil pollution and disruption of the balance of natural ecosystems, the emergence of new pests and diseases, the presence of pesticide residues in agricultural products and the resulting health effects have made the consumption management of organic phosphorus pesticides an unavoidable necessity. Despite the low per capita consumption of pesticides in the country on a global scale, the unfavorable use of organophosphorus pesticides in some parts of the country, including the Northern provinces and the resulting pollution, is one of the most important environmental issues in the country. In this study, according to the EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient), diazinon pesticide was evaluated as hazardous to the environment of the study area due to its widespread use against Chilo suppressalis in water and soil of paddy fields.

Detection of diazinon pesticide in water and soil of paddy fields in Mazandaran province was done by determining fixed stations for sampling in accordance with spraying paddy fields. A total of 50 soil and water samples were gathered for the first cultivation and 30 soil and water samples were gathered for the second cultivation and were measured by Gas Chromatography after being transferred to the laboratory. Sampling was done from late June to mid-August for the first cultivation, and from the first week of September to late October for the second cultivation of rice. Sampling was done in three seasons: spring, summer (before transplanting or during harvest) and autumn (for the second rice cultivation).

The results of measuring the target pesticide show a significant difference in the amount of diazinon in the water of the first cultivation compared to the second cultivation and the soil of the first cultivation compared to the second cultivation. Also, the average of diazinon in the water samples of the second cultivation was 7.8 times higher compared to the first cultivation and 1.66 times higher in the soil samples of the second cultivation compared to the first cultivation, which indicates high and alarming amounts of diazinon in the second rice cultivation. Stability and solubility of diazinon, as well as the environmental conditions of Mazandaran province, especially the high groundwater level, extend the life of this pesticide and consequently cause serious environmental hazards.

Sustainable use of cultivated lands with a focus on improving production efficiency and increasing crop efficiency, creating a strategic center and a single regulator in the country to manage pesticide consumption, develop general and specialized training for groups of stakeholders in the production, supply and consumption of pesticides, registration and application of pesticides based on environmental impact factor, gradual removal and replacement of high-risk pesticide diazinon and the use of new methods and technologies to deal with important pests of rice are among the most important things that should be considered as strategies and executive policies resulting from research.

Nowadays, the pollution in aquatic ecosystems caused by the application of pesticides has become a serious problem. To evaluate the phytotoxicity of ten herbicides used in wheat and barley fields by duckweed (L. minor) test, a dose-response experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments consisted of eight different concentrations of various active ingredients of herbicides including clodinafop-propargyl, pinoxaden, pinoxaden + clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop- methyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl sodium, metsulfuron-methyl+ sulfosulfuron, 2,4-D and bromoxynil + MCPA with herbicide-free control treatment. Toxicity assessment index was based on inhibition of the relative leaf surface growth rates (RGR) of the plants after seven days. The EC50 values which were derived by fitting the log-logistic curves, showed that bromoxynil + MCPA with EC50 equal to 0.51 microgram/l had the highest effect in reduction of the relative leaf surface growth rate of Lemna compared with other herbicides. This high toxicity probably is attributed to its physicochemical properties and rapid uptake by the plant cells. 2,4-D with EC50 equal to 87.97 µg/l showed the lowest toxicity on Lemna. The phytotoxicity of the nine herbicides tested could be ranked as follows: Bromoxynil +MCPA > Mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl sodium > Pinoxaden > Pinoxaden + Clodinafop-propargyl > Diclofop- methyl > Metsulfuron-methyl+ sulfosulfuron > Clodinafop-propargyl > Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl > 2,4-D.  The information obtained from the results of the present study can be useful for adopting the necessary criteria for aquatic ecosystem management.

Plant Protection Organization (PPO) has registered seventeen commercial herbicides formulations for broadleaved weed control of wheat in Iran (Nourbakhsh, 2019). Among these herbicides, five herbicides contain one active ingredient and the others have two or three active ingredients including acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme inhibiting groups, synthetic-auxin groups, photosynthetic inhibitor of photosystem II, and pigment synthesis inhibitor groups, which are sometimes formulated with safeners (Tomlin, 2009). Previous studies show that existing weed species do not similarly respond to herbicides and therefore the percentage control of some of the weed species is lower than the other species (Ohadi, 2010). These hard-to-control weeds are naturally resistant to herbicides. Thus, new herbicides with several active ingredients are suggested to be used to suppress such weeds. The aim of this work was to find the best chemical treatments against weeds in wheat production based on using new herbicides bromoxynil+2,4-D and comparing their efficacy with the common registered herbicides in the major wheat growing areas of Iran.

A field study was conducted in four regions of Iran, including Karaj, Shahryar, Kermanshah and Shiraz during 2017-2018 growing season. The statistical layout was a completely randomized block design with four replicates. Eight herbicides in 13 treatments were 2,4-D+MCPA (U46-Cambi fluid® 67.5%SL, 1.5 1 L ha-1), Mecoprop-p + Dichloprop-p + MCPA (Duplosan super® 60% SL , 1 L ha-1), Bromoxynil + MCPA (Bromicide® 40% EC, 1.5 L ha-1), Tribenuron-methyl (Granstar® 75% DF, 20 gr ha-1), Mesosulfuron-methyl + Iodosulfuron-methyl sodium+ Diflufenican+Mefenpyre-diethyl (Othello® 75% WG, 1.6 L ha-1), 2,4-D + Dicamba (Dialant super® 46.4 SL, 0.8 L ha-1), Triasulfuron + Dicamba (Lintur® 70% WG, 165 gr ha-1), and the new herbicide Bromoxynil + 2,4-D with six recommended doses (Buctrile Univeral® 56% EC, 0.75, 1,1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2 L ha-1).  A hand-weeded treatment and an unweeded treatment served as controls. Weed density and weed dry weight for each plot were measured four weeks after the last application the herbicides.  Wheat was harvested from six m2 of each plot after removing border plots. Wheat grain yield was determined after adjusting the moisture level of grain to 14 %. Data from each region were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS/STAT® statistical software and the means were separated by Duncan (α=5%).

The results showed a diverse spectrum of weeds (18 species) at the experimental locations. Descuriania Sophia was dominant in three tested locations except Kermanshah. The next dominant weed species were Galium aparine L. and Centaurea depressa M.B. were present dominantly in Kermanshah and Shiraz. Lepyrodiclis holosteoides and Convolvulus arvensis as noxious weeds, respectively were dominant in Shahryar and Kermanashah. Malcolmia africana and Sinapis arvensis were present in Karaj. Across the experimental locations, Bromoxynil + 2,4-D was efficient at 1.5-2 L ha-1 concentrations for total weed control (85.7 to 91.47%). However, when applied at dosage of under 1.5 L ha-1, its weed control efficiency was lower (63 to 80%). Mecoprop-p + Dichloprop-p + MCPA and Bromoxynil + MCPA with 82% average efficiency in controlling weeds in all the locations, which was in agreement with the findings of some previous studies (Minbashi and Saeedi, 2019). 2,4-D + Dicamba and Triasulfuron + Dicamba were inefficient in weed control (68-72%) across all locations. Bromoxynil + 2,4-D (1.5 L ha-1 and upper doses), Mecoprop-p + Dichloprop-p + MCPA, and Bromoxynil + MCPA  were the most efficient to control Lepyrodiclis holosteoides with 86.99 to 99.19% of weed density.This weed beside C. arvensis and G. aparine were identified as difficult-to-control weeds. None of herbicides showed visual injury symptoms on wheat.

According to these experiments, we found that the Bromoxynil + 2,4-D (1.5 L ha-1 and upper doses) as new candidate herbicide showed good to excellent (85%-100%) weed control efficiency averaged in the all experimental locations and it could be recommended to be used in wheat field after registration process. Due to environmental concern, it should be applied at lower doses. Mecoprop-p + Dichloprop-p + MCPA and Bromoxynil + MCPA were found to be the next two efficient herbicides. C. arvensis, was the most difficult-to-control weed that there was not controlled by new herbicides. L. holosteoides and G. aparine were difficult-to-control weed species.

The current study evaluated the ill-effects of different doses of an herbicide i.e. Imazethapyr on the population density of some natural enemies such as ladybug, earwig and Carabid beetles. The experiment was carried out on weed-infested established alfalfa farms for the two consecutive growing seasons i.e. spring and summer during 2014–2015. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight treatments and four replications. The results showed that heavy doses application of Imazethapyrhas badly affected lady beetle, earwig and carabid beetle population, until one week after spraying. Severe losses were observed as Incrementally with high doses of Imazethapyr; therefore, it is important not to exceed the recommended, standard dose (0.5 L/ha).

Field bindweed is a deep rooted prenial weed that is resistant to drought in Iran. Herbicide applications indicates the low control of this weed. However, little data are available to verify efficacy with repeated treatments in flowering stage in the orchards in Iran. These experiments were conducted in the completely randomized designe with four replications and 13 treatments in Tehran and Isfahan. Treatments were post emergence applications of glyphosate (Roundup, SL 41%) at 2%, 3% and 4% plus amonium sulphate, new glyphosate (Weedmaster, SC 35%) at 0.75% and 1%, amitrol+ ammonium thiocyanate+ glyphosate (Illico, Sl 30.9%) at 4%, 5% and 6%, triclopyr (Garlon, EC 60%) at 1% and 1.5%, fluroxypyr (Starane, EC 25%) at 0.5% and 0.75% and control (without herbice). Treatments in Tehran reduced field bindweed growth 100%. However, 3 to 4 months after the treatments, stem regrowth was 0%. In Isfahan, fluroxypyr and triclopyr controlled field bindweed by 94 -97% on visual injury estimation. Furthermore, some herbicides reduced up to 93% field bindweed stem biomass and densities at the end of second year.

Spontaneous barley is a category of cereal, annual plant, winter, self-pollinated, and diploid (2n=14). It has very close genetic relationship with barley. Very long awn, resistant to drought and salinity, seed dormancy and allelopathic potential are the features of this plant. The average 1000-seed weight without awn is 45grams and with awn is 47grams.Apart of the five provinces (Semnan, Golestan, Mazandaran, Guilan, Sistan and Baluchestan), the existence of this species was reported in Iran. The highest prevalence belongs to Fars province with an average density of 34 plants per square meter.Due to genetic and morphological similarities of spontaneous barley with wheat and barley, none of selective herbicide for wheat are able to control spontaneous barley.This study aimed to investigate the effects of the herbicide metsulfuron methyl + Sulfosulfuron (TOTAL) on morphological and reproductive characteristics of different ecotypes spontaneous barley and determine the best of use time these herbicides in the various growth stages of spontaneous barley. This experiment performed in Varamin region during 2013 and 2014 in form of Factorial randomized complete block design with four replications. The first factor included two levels of MetsulfuronMetyl+ Sulfosulfuron herbicide application at two leaf (GS =12) and second node (GS = 32) stages of growth spontaneous barley, and control without herbicide. The second factor was 20 ecotypes, which collected from across the country. At thirty days after the treatment which was equivalent to the heading stage of spontaneous barley, a box (0.5 × 0.5) was dropped on each line and then the morphology and reproductive traits of spontaneous barley were recorded. The greatest effect of TOTAL herbicide was at the time of the second node, but in two leaf also had a significant effect on reducing the density of spontaneous barley. Ecotypes Shush, Marvdasht, Urima, Shahreza, Islamabad, Isfahan, Golpayegan and Varamin after herbicide application at two stages were significantly more than control in term of plant density reduction. The use of herbicide reduced the number of stems per plant. Differences between treatments indicate that the effect of herbicides on stem growth has been positive. Totally, stems per plant reduction caused to reduction of the fruiting stems. This causes to reduce reproductive efficiency in spontaneous barley. In Ecotypes of Shush, Darab, Mahabad, and Biseton areas, effective of herbicides on leaf area index was higher at the two-leaf stage. Reduction of leaf area reduced the size and plant dry weight. TOTAL herbicide caused to weaken plants and plant density reduction by reducing the leaf area growth, and the growth of young stems. In Mahidasht, Fasa and Zarghan ecotypes, herbicide application at two leaves stage reduced the plant height more than second node stage. Using herbicides at second node stage,significantly changed the height of Salmas, Miandoab, Darab, Biseton, Shahryar, Golpayegan and shahreza ecotypes compared to control. Final height is one of the most important and effective indicator, in terms of weed-crop competition, which by light advantage, resulted to increasing the canopy, leaf area, dry weight and better competitive conditions. The use of herbicides at the two-leaf and the second node stages resulted incontrolling the final height of spontaneous barley compared to control. The plant fresh weight and dry weight of ecotypes showed a significant decrease as compared to the control. By reduction of spontaneous barley fresh weight, the reproductive ability reduced and also the canopy was decreased, which both have an important role on control of spontaneous barley. Moreover, according to another study among several tested herbicides in wheat, spontaneous barley did not lead to optimal control and only TOTAL decreased the dry weight by 67 percent. Using herbicides at second node stage resulted to reduction of spike weight in Shush, Fasa, Shiraz, Kerend and Varamin ecotypes than control. After herbicide application, due to unfavorable growing conditions and stress, the plant with minimal resources went to reproductive stage. Consequentlythe plants were weaker as compared to the control.Finally,the fertility rate reduced and spike length was shorter under the influence of herbicides. Using of herbicides at second node, most of the ecotypes showed seed weight reduction. The results showed that the use of TOTAL herbicide at the two-leaf stage and the second node decreased morphological and reproductive characteristics of this weed. The biggest influence on morphological characteristics of the Bistoon ecotype (density), Shiraz ecotype (plant density, leaf area, fresh weight, Dry weight, spike length), Rāmhormoz ecotype (number of stems, plant fresh weight, Dry weight), Mahidasht ecotype (LAI), Fasa ecotype (height, leaf area index, fresh weight, dry weight, grain weight, spike weight), Golpayegan ecotype (final height), Branch ecotype (final height), Shush ecotype (number of stems, number of grains per spike), Marvdasht ecotypes (seed weight, weight spike), Zarghan ecotype (spike length). Ecotypes reactions to the herbicide suggested that potential genetic differences among ecotypes creates different conditions of increasing or decreasing of the studied traits. Knowing these differences guide us to control this weed at different stages of plant growth by suitable approaches.

Emergence is one of the most important events in the life cycle of annual species, because of its role in survival of the plant. Weed emergence timing has an important effect on the competition outcome of weeds with crops. Knowledge of weed emergence in the field could help reduce the loss from weeds. Many studies aim to develop prediction models that can provide information to farmers about methods and timing for weed management. Prediction of weed emergence could enhance crop management, facilitating implementation of effective strategies by optimizing the timing of weed control; this is becoming relevant for farmers because of current pressure to reduce herbicides and adopting nonchemical weed control methods. Seed dormancy state, after-ripening, and emergence pattern of wild wheat (Triticum boeoticum Boiss) and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch), the most important grass weeds were studied underLorestan dry conditions. Wild wheat and wild barley weed emergence pattern in three stages during the fall, winter and spring were studied by split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Furthermore, wild wheat and wild barley seed emergence trends was investigated in 12 stages with intervals of about two weeks from late November to mid-May. Results showed that the presence of seed coat (Lemma and palea) acted as a serious obstacle for germination in both weeds. Regardless of treatment conditions, seed germination of wild wheat did not happen in intact seeds, up to 130 days after harvest. For wild barley, seed coat was also a serious obstacle for germination up to 130 days after harvest. Intact seeds of wild barley, generally did not germinate until two months after harvest, on the other hand, after about three months germination was less than 10%, while the germination of the seeds after 140 days under both conditions, including exposure to sun and stored at room were promoted to 87 and 37%, respectively. Both wild wheat and wild barley weeds, emergence rate during autumn dramatically exceeds the emergence rate during winter and spring. Spike number of grasses were significantly affected by planting season. Underthe spring sowing, wild wheat and wild barley as well as wheat crop, generally did not produce grain. The number of spike per area for autumn sowing was significantly more than the winter sowing up to 64.6 percent. Based on the equations fitted to the emergence of wild wheat and wild barley intact seeds planted over 12 stages from late November to mid-May of the growing season of 2013-2014, the minimum emergence in both grass weeds were estimated 75% and 56 %, respectively. Average emergence of before winter, during winter and in the spring for the wild wheat was estimated to 90, 86 and 89 percent and for wild barley 62, 77 and 69 percent, respectively. With the onset of the cold season in the late of autumn, the emergence rate of this grass weeds were reduced, but subsequently, with elimination of cold condition in late of winter emergence rate became more prominent, until deal with high temperatures in late spring that emergence declined. Considering the temperature changes during the growing season indicates that the correlation of emergence rate with the fluctuations in temperature. Emergence rate of wild wheat grass weed in autumn and spring seasons were 2.8 and 3.5 times more than the emergence rate in spring season, respectively. In the case of wild barley, grass weed emergence rate in autumn and spring seasons were 1.3 and 2.1 times more than that of winter. After four months of harvesting wild wheat seeds, the germination of seeds exposed to sunlight and stored under room temperature, on average, was 8.4 times more than the germination ability of seeds stored in the freezing condition. Germination rate of wild barley weed seeds exposed to sunlight and stored at room conditions during after-ripening period rose sharply. The germination rate for seeds placed in the sun and stored at room conditions, were 56 and 61 times more than seeds stored in freezing condition, respectively, after about five months of harvesting seeds. The results of this study suggest that physiological dormancy, physical dormancy (seed coat), and after-ripening during the summer season play an important role as an obstacle in germination of both wild wheat and wild barley in rain-fed conditions. In case of soil moisture availability, the required time window to achieve 50% of achievable germination of wild wheat and wild barley in autumn, winter and spring seasons were estimated 9, 18 and 3 days, respectively.

Environmental conditions such as soil moisture have a significant effect on herbicides efficacy. In order to evaluate the effect of Othello herbicide in different soil moisture conditions on wild mustard and wheat, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three levels of soil moisture including field capacity, 75% field capacity and 50% field capacity, and 0, 33, 66, 99, 132 and 165 grams of active ingredient of Mesosulfuron + Iodosulfuron + Diflufenican per hectare were the experimental treatments. Results showed that the concentration required to reduce the dry matter content of wild mustard by 50% in the field capacity was 71. 57 g. a. i /ha of herbicide, while in 75% and 50% of the field capacity, it was increased to 88. 69 and 112. 11 g of active ingredient per hectare, respectively. The required concentration to reduce 50% of dry weight of wheat in the field capacity was 86. 85 g. a. i / ha, while it reached to 102. 5 and 73. 95 g. a. i /ha at75% and 50% moisture content, , respectively. The results of the data showed that at 50% moisture content of the field capacity, lower concentrations of this herbicide would also have adverse effects on wheat.

In order to the effectiveness of tank mix application of dual and broadleaf herbicides to control weeds, a field experiment was conducted at the Islamabad research station, Kermanshah, Iran, during 2014-2015. Treatments consisted of the application of (Mesosulfuron - methyl + Idosulfuron – methyl + Mefenpyr diethyl), (2,4D + MCPA), (Bromoxynil + MCPA) and (Mesosulfuron -methyl + Idosulfuron – methyl + Diflufenican + Mefenpyr diethyl) at different rates and tank mixing together.Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications.Results indicated that tank mix application of (Mesosulfuron - methyl + Idosulfuron – methyl + Mefenpyr diethyl) in combination with(Bromoxynil + MCPA)desirable controlled C. pycnocephalus, G. tricornutum, C. oxycanta and S. arvensisand reduced their density between 74% to 100% compared to control without spraying, while the single treatments controlled these weeds between 40% to 73%.Application of tank mix (Mesosulfuron - methyl + Idosulfuron – methyl + Mefenpyr diethyl) in combination with (Bromoxynil + MCPA)at rates 0.5 + 1.25 and 0.25 + 1.25 increased wheat grain yield at rates1927 (155%) and 2031 (158%)kg/ha respectively, compared to control without spraying, as well as weight of 1000 grain above herbicides increased at rates 44 (198%) and 45 (198%) gr respectively

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important winter crop in northern of Iran with a total of 9580 ha which produces approximately 90, 197 tons per year. It is the second most widely cultivated species of the genus, Allium after onion (Allium cepa). Also, Garlic along with onions and leeks are three major cultivated species in Alliaceae family. This plant because of high economic and medicinal values is cultivated in 2610 hectares of agricultural lands of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Slow growth rate, low height, and a thin canopy that does not cover the soil enough to sup-press weeds make garlic a poor competitor against the latter until the beginning of spring. According results, reported 71% yield losses in garlic crop if weeds are allowed to grow during the crop season. Weed interference is affected by the time of weed emergence relative to the crop’s phenological development. The weeds, which emerge early or simultaneously with the crop, are highly competitive and should be managed by farmers. Most weed management strategies in cereals target seedlings, as they are the most sensitive stage of the weed. However, emergence of weed seedlings varies every year in timing, extent and intensity. Therefore in this study, the effect of chemical management on reducing the density and biomass of weeds, yield and agronomic characteristics of garlic were studied in Mazandaran Province, Iran.
After the selection of location test, in order to determine the physical and chemical properties before the preparation of soil for planting, sampling from the soil was carried out from the depth of 0 to 30 cm at some point. The farm was plowed using a moldboard plow, then the used fertilizers in this study were added to the soil twice before planting and then the fertilizers were incorporated with the soil using a Disc. The amount of used fertilizers in this study according to soil test were including: 200 kg Urea per hectare that 100 kg as the base and 50 kg in two foliage stage and 50 kg in 4 foliage stage of garlic, 200 kg superphosphate triple per hectare, and 100 kg potassium sulfate. The research was performed in a land with area of 300 m2 containing 30 plots with dimensions of 3×3 m2. The planting process was done after disinfection of garlic seed varieties of Mazand for 24 hours in a solution of 2% carboxin thiram with the distance of 30×15 cm and the density of 23 plants per m2on 23/10/2012. After about two weeks from planting of garlic, germination was fully performed. The studied factors in 10 dosages of herbicide are including: 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters per hectare of Trifluralin (Terflan) via formulations (EC 48%), 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters per hectare of Oxyfluorfen, 1.5 liters per hectare of Oxyfluorfen in two stages (the half in first stage and the rest 18 days later) via formulations (EC 24%), hand weeding control and lack of weeding control (the number of replications of these two treatments were two folds of others (2 replications in each block and 6 replications in total)). Two weeks before planting Trifluralin herbicides were incorporated with the soil and Oxyfluorfen herbicides as post-emergently were applied in the 3 to 4 foliage stages of weeds using a backpack sprayer pump from the side of the nozzle sag (T-Jet). After 145 days from planting, 10 plants per plot were selected and plant heights measured. After maturity of garlics, 10 plants of garlic were eradicated and the number of cloves per bulb was counted and weight of 100 cloves of garlic was weighed. After full maturity of garlic, a square meter of each plot was harvested on 7.5.2013 and the harvested plants was placed for 48 hours in the farm and then bulb yield and biological yield were weighed and harvest index was also calculated. Statistical analysis software SAS (version 9.1) was used for analysis and the obtained averages were compared by means of the Duncan least significant difference test.
Results showed that the use of different doses of various herbicides had a significant difference on the plant height, weight of 100 cloves, economical and biological yield and harvest index of garlic. In contrast, under treatments of the usage of 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages and hand weeding treatment, plant height of garlic was increased due to lack of competition with weed species and no significant difference was observed between the above treatments with the usage of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen. The adverse effect and phytotoxicity of garlic under the use of different doses of 2 and 2.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen caused disturbances in the production of cloves per bulb of garlic and the plant spent their photosynthetic products in the reclamation of its shoots. In contrast, the highest number of cloves per bulb were counted under the treatments of using 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen, hand weeding and 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages. The results showed that the highest economical yield of garlic was obtained in the treatment of using 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen, hand weeding treatment and splitting of 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages, and there were no significant differences between the above treatments. The plant used the best from the resulted ecological niche in normal conditions, and it could transfer more photosynthetic materials to the reproductive organs and it could increase the bulb yield with more producing of cloves per bulb with higher weight.
The results obtained from experimental trials on plant height, cloves number in the bulb, cloves weight and ultimately economic yield of garlic (bulb) showed that the treatment of using 1.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen in 3 to 4 foliage stages of weed species was the best treatment.

To evaluate the effect of false seedbed preparation on rye (Secale cereale L.) control, an experiment was conducted during 2013 in Shahrekord. Experimental factors were arranged in split plot factorial design with three replications. The main plots included seed bed preparation at three levels: 1. conventional dry cultivation of wheat, 2. seedbed preparation, irrigation, weed control (including rye) with paraquqt (20% SL) at 2 L ha-1 after one month, wheat cultivation, 3. seedbed preparation, irrigation, mechanical weed control (using harrow), wheat cultivation. Subplots 1. included cultivars at three levels (Alvand, Pishgam and Back Cross Roshan) and 2. planting densities at three levels (200, 250 and 300 kg ha-1). According to the mean comparison, density and biomass of rye in the treatment of irrigation application of herbicide decreased relative to dry cultivation by 67.7 and 74.9 percent, respectively, Pishgam cultivar decreased rye density and biomass by 36.9 and 18.7 percent, respectively. The seeding rate of 200 kg ha-1 of wheat reduced density and biomass of rye by 24.3% and 22.4%, respectively. The highest grain and biological yield of wheat was observed in irrigation and application of paraquat with 4206 and 8872.3 kg ha-1, respectively. Based on the results of this research, for weed control, especially rye, yield and yield components of winter wheat, the best method of seedbed preparation, is false seedbed preparation using chemical control of weeds. The best wheat cultivar, was Pishgam and best wheat seeding rate, was 200 kg ha-1.

In order to study the effect of adjuvant on nicosulfuron herbicide efficacy improvement in maize weed control under organic fertilizers application, field study was conducted during 2013- 2014 at research field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of treatments with 16 treatments and three replications. Factors in this experiment were application of organic fertilizers (cow manure and vermicompost) and bio fertilizer mycorrhiza, and a plot without fertilizer as control, nicosulfuron dose at 40, and 80 g a.i ha-1 (Cruz®,4% SC) with and without the adjuvant of HydroMax™. Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L) were the dominant weeds in the experimental fields. Black nightshade and common purslane had the highest relative density 20 and 45 days after spraying (DAS). Results showed that application of hydromax adjuvant increased herbicide efficiency, significantly. However dry weight of common purslane, black nightshade and redroot pigweed decreased 84, 71, 86 and 71, 79, 100 %, when nicosulfuron applied at reduced dose (40 g a.i. ha-1) with adjuvant 20 and 45 DAS, respectively. On the other hand, seed yield and dry weight of maize increased 49 and 60 % respectively, when nicosulfuron applied at 40 g a.i. ha-1 with Hydromax pulse cow manure.

In order to study the effect of cover crops and sowing time on weed population and corn yield in minimum an conventional tillage systems, an experiment was conducted in the Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute, Karaj, using Vicia villosa (V), Trifolium resupinatum (T) and Secale cereale (S) as cover crops, plus control (no cover crops, allowing weeds to grow). The cover crops were planted at three different dates of September 23rd, October 7th and October 27thin a corn field. In the first year (2013-2014) early ripening corn (Var. 108) was planted under minimum tillage. In the second year (2014-2015) late ripening corn (Var. 704) was planted under conventional tillage. Results indicated that the first cover plant sowing time was favorable in both years. This was mostly due to nitrogen availability of the soil which resulted in higher grain yield and better weed growth. Under minimum tillage, S reduced weed biomass by 34%. Under conventional tillage system, all the cover crops reduced weed biomass by 53%. Generally, percentage of organic carbon was higher in minimum tillage than in conventional system. S showed highest nitrogen uptake among the three cover crops in both tillage systems. In minimum tillage, the highest corn yield was under S cover crop with 5.304 t/ha. In conventional tillage, the highest corn yield was under T cover crop with 9.298 t/ha.

In order to determine how exposure affects the Kautsky curve and its parameters, two dose-response experiments were carried out for chlorophyll fluorescence measuring.The treatments involved desmedipham phenmedipham ethofumesate, chloridazon and clopyralid on redroot pigweed (Amaranthusretroflexus L.)andblack nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) at the research glasshouse of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2013. On the base of observation evaluation results, Solanum nigrum showed the highest susceptibility to desmedipham phenmedipham ethofumesate, so that application of 308.25 g a.i. ha-1 of herbicide resulted in 100 percent control, 21 days after treatment. The results of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that the mentioned herbicides effect was more in S. nigrum than in A.retroflexus.As Kautsky curve were affected and changed in an almost horizontal lines by desmedipham phenmedipham ethofumesate in both weed species at 4 HAS at doses of 51.38 mg a.i. ha-1,whereasthefluorescence rate was reduced in S. nigrum and A.retroflexusat doses of 81.25 and 325 mg a.i. ha-1 respectively bychloridazon. According to visual observations, chloridazon had significant effect on the control of Solanum nigrum and Amaranthus retroflexus, and clopyralid controlled Solanum nigrum better than Amaranthus retroflexus. Thefluorescence rate was decreased at doses of 240 mg a.i. ha-1 inA. retroflexus, 180 and 240 mg a.i. ha-1 for S. nigrum, and therefore, Kautsky curve was changed entirely. Among fluorescence parameters, Fvj andArea parameters were severely reduced.

In order to study the complementary effects of application time of two herbicides sulfosulfuron 75% WG (Apyrus) and 75% sulfosulfuron 5% metsulfuron-methyl (Total) and planting wheat density on wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum koch.) control, an experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks design with two-factors during 2012-2013 growing season in Zarghan (Fars). The first factor was five levels of herbicide application including application of Apyrus 75 WG (30 g ha-1 ਫ梁ꭞ 1 L ha-1) and Total 80 WG (5o g ha-1 様ꧭ 1250 ml ha-1) at 2 to 4 leaf stage and second joint stem of wild barley. The second factor was wheat density of Chamran cultivar in four levels including 400 (recommended rate), 500, 600 and seedlings per m2. Results showed that herbicides, crop density and their interaction had significant effect on wild barley traits such as seedling number, biomass, dry weight, spike weight and also crop yield. Apyros and Total, using at second joint stem of wild barley, had the highest effect by 88 and 93 percent respectively. The best treatment for controlling wild barley was the application of Total at second joint stem of wild barley and planting of 400 seedlings of wheat per unit area.

To study effects of nicosulfuron herbicide in soil on wheat, barley and rapeseed after corn harvesting, a field experiment was conducted at the research fields of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experimental design was arranged in completely randomized blocks design with factorial arrangement of treatments with three replications. The factors included organic fertilizers at 4 levels (cow manure at 40 tons ha-1, vermicompost at l0 tons ha-1, 250 g m-2 mycorrhiza and control treatment without fertilizer). Nicosulfuron (Cruz®,4% SC) rates included 40 and 80 g ai ha-1, with and without the adjuvant (HydroMax™) at 0.5% (v/v). Each plot was divided into two halves with and without the herbicide application, in the corn farm. After harvest of corn, each plot was divided into three longitudinal sections and canola, wheat and barley were planted in each section. Results indicated that plant height, number of ears or silique per square meter, number of seeds per ear or silique, 1000-grain weight, shoot biomass and grain yield of rapeseed, wheat and barley significantly reduced when herbicide was applied at recommended dose. The addition of HydroMax with nicosulfuron, reduced aboveground biomass of mentioned crops, significantly. While organic matter decreased herbicide residue of nicosulfuron and increased plant growth. However, the highest seed yield and the lowest percentage of damage were 63, 419 446 g m-2, and 33%, 23%, 28% in rapeseed, wheat and barley respectly, when cow manure was used plus nicosulfuron at 40 g ai ha-1. In this study, crops sensitivity to soil residue of nicosulfuron herbicide in soil was ranked as rapeseed> barley> wheat.

In order to investigate genetic variation of Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch populations in Iran, an experiment was conducted at the research section of the Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Tehran from 2013 to 2014. In this study, 40 ecotypes of H. spontaneum collected from all parts of Iran were investigated by means of 11 SSR markers. Results revealed that the number of polymorphic bands for each primer varied from 2 to 14, on average, 7 and 5.6 polymorphic bands for all primers. Total variances observed were related to diversity among and within the populations which were 48% and 52% respectively. This means a high differentiation among the populations. The biotypes of wild barely (40) were divided into 5 groups including: A: Fars populations, B: populations of Yazd, Chaharmahal va bakhtiari, Lorestan, Ilam and Hamedan populations, C: Qazvin, Alborz, Khomein, Qom and Khorasan populations, D: Kurdistan, West Azarbaijan, Lorestan, Ardebil and Qazvin populations. E: Hamedan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah populations. The placement of closed area populations in one group may be due to penetrations into each other, through farm machinery or cultivated crop seeds. The hypothesis of seed transport from Fars province to far areas such as Karaj and Varamin is rejected. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of this weed, can lead to development of management plans in order to effectively control this weed especially in wheat fields.

In order to evaluate the effects of sulfosulfuron application on morphological and reproductive traits of Iranian wild barley populations at two leaf and second node stages, an experiment was performed in Varamin region during 2013 and 2014 in the form of factorial randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The first factor included two levels of sulfosulfuron applications at two leaf (GS =12) and second node (GS = 32) stages of barley growth, and the control treatment was without herbicide. The second factor consisted of wild barley 20 populations, which were collected from across the country. Results showed that application of herbicide at above stages caused significant effects differences in terms of reduction of growth and reproduction of wild barley, but the use of herbicide at the second node stage was more effective. Populations showed differences in view of morphological and reproductive traits in response to herbicide treatments. Thus, the effect of herbicide on morphology and reproductive traits of Varamin, Isfahan, ShahReza and Golpayegan populations was the lowest, while on Shoush, Ramhormoz and Fasa populations was the highest.

The present study evaluated the effects of different dosages herbicides Oxyfluorfen and Trifluralin on crop properties of garlic, including plant height, number of cloves per bulbs as well as economical and biological yield of garlic. In this research, a randomized complete block design, with seven treatments and three replications, along with a control sample (weeding and no weed control), was conducted in 2012 – 2013. The treatments were included the use of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters of Trifluralin per hectare, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen per hectare in one step, 1.5 liters Oxyfluorfen per hectare in two steps, a control with weed interference (two replications in each block) and a weeding and no weed control. Results showed that using different doses of herbicides significantly affected plant height, number of cloves per bulb, 100 seed weight, economical and biological yield and harvest index of garlic. The lowest economic yield was due to control treatment without controlling of weeds (540 g.m-2) and the highest was obtained under 3 treatments of 1.5 liter of oxyfluorfen herbicide (1661.67 g.m-2), hand weeding (1686.67 g.m-2) and split oxyfluorfen application (1670 g.m-2). Finally, oxyfluorfen treatment (1.5 liter) on 3 to 4 weeds leaf, were identified as the most appropriate treatments.

To evaluate the effect of crop density and post-emergence herbicides usage on grain yield in broomcorn, an experiment was carried out in 2011 based on randomized complete block design in factorial with three replications in Miyaneh region. The treatments were crop density of 17, 24 and 31 plant/m2 and herbicides including 2,4-D〣 and bromoxynil〣 with recommended, 20 and 40% reduced doses along with hand weeding. Results showed that increasing density leaded to higher racemes numbers and floret number per m2, grain number in racemes. The higher values of studied traits were obtained in density of 31 plant/m2, such as 1541.7 of racemes, 179.92 of florets and 18.132 of grain.Hand weeding had superior effect on traits compared to other treatments but in some cases herbicide treatments were placed in the same group with it.Yield and harvest indexwithdensity increased, significantly.The highest increasing in yield was obtained in grain density of 31 plant/m2 with 59.23%. Also,application of 2,4-D〣 and bromoxynil〣 with recommended doses, leaded to increasing of 52.05 and 40.62% of grain yield.

This study was conducted in perennial alfalfa farm infected by weeds located at Km 7 Hamadan-Tehran road in the spring of 2014 and 2015 in a randomized complete block design with 11 treatments and 4 replications compared with control to investigate the effects of different harvest times of first cutting on the increase or decrease in percentage of dry weight of weeds and also alfalfa in second cutting. Treatments of this research were different harvest times in different stages of flowering in terms of percentage including: first harvesting in 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% of flowering in Alfalfa farm. In both years, the treatments were performed only in the first cutting and their effects were evaluated on the first and second cutting. In the second cutting the harvest time took place in 50% of flowering. Sampling was performed to determine the dry weight of alfalfa and also density and dry weight of weeds. The results showed that when the weed infestation is high in established alfalfa farm, early harvest in the first harvesting can significantly reduce the percentage of weeds and also the positive effects of it can be observed in second harvesting, as if early harvest increased the percentage of dry weight of alfalfa and a wide range of weeds was controlled. The final results showed that alfalfa harvesting in lower percentages of flowering led to better control of weeds.