mohammad ali valipour

Considering the growing number of human casualties that peacekeeping operations have entailed in recent years, protection and support for peacekeeping forces have drawn further attention. There are fundamental questions in this regard. What are the measures and mechanisms of the international legal system to protect UN peacekeepers? How successful have they been in protecting these forces? This descriptive-analytical study hypothesized that the international legal system used the Security Council resolutions, the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel (1994), the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), and other documents to devise certain mechanisms and measures for protecting UN peacekeepers. Nevertheless, these mechanisms and measures have failed to yield efficient and satisfactory outcomes as expected. Although all member states are obliged to obey the resolutions of the UN Security Council, the wording and tone of some of these resolutions do not oblige the member states to do so. The SOFA is a bilateral agreement with a limited scope of action in most cases. Moreover, the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel is a multilateral agreement that has not been welcomed and supported properly by member states, especially those that host UN peacekeepers. Finally, it is difficult to generalize the provisions and protocols of the Geneva Conventions (1949) and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) to the issue of protecting UN peacekeepers.

In the process of UN peacekeeping operations and in the process of conducting peacekeeping missions in war and occupied territories; Crimes may be committed against women that require prosecution. On the other hand, it should be noted that women and children are exposed to victims, including sexual victims, due to their poor physical condition. According to numerous reports to the United Nations through female victims and sex victims, UN peacekeeping forces appear to be a new and serious threat to women and even to war. Children in areas of the host State are considered. Therefore, in this article and through the descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer this key question: What challenges and obstacles does the prosecution and punishment of UN peacekeepers for committing crimes of sexual violence against women during peacekeeping operations face? The findings of this article show that according to Article 7 of the Rome Statute, the possibility of applying the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court to the crime of sexual violence against women by UN peacekeepers faces major challenges and obstacles. In fact, the distinction of the present research compared to other related researches is the exploration, finding and detailed analysis of the current capacities of the international legal system for the prosecution and trial of the mentioned criminals.

In today's competitive world, production management practices based on the past method have lost their effectiveness. Since those methods have less integrity in their processesand companies need more integration in all their manufacturing processes. Stable supply chain can be considered as a practical tool that can deliver acceptable performance with a massive sustainability of business engagement to have properperformance for more sustainability of supply chain prescribes competitive priorities can be considered.
The present research aims to determine the competitive priorities in the sustainable supply chain.This research is quantitative based on objective and descriptive-analytic based on method.In this research, we first identify the dimensions of the supply chain which had a hierarchical structure, then by examining the literature, criteria and all the priorities and sub-criteria was identified on the set of companies that is active in the Pars Toosheh company. Then the datawas tested with a combination of multi-criteria decision-making techniques. The results of the research showed that the competitive priorities that the company is competing with in the market and willing to invest more in it are: cost, delivery and quality, andother priorities based on the value we value that we consider for V place in the next priorities.

The purpose of this study is to prioritize leagility enablers in food and beverage industries in Qazvin Province with the hybrid method of FLinPreRa-FQFD. In doing so, it directly assessed the impact of leagility enablers on its attributes with fewer pairwise comparisons and yields consistent priority ranking which lead to improvement in decision-making. In this study, after reviewing literature and theoretical background of the leagility, its attributes and enablers are identified and a framework for prioritizing these indicators as well as major competitive advantage is designed. The study was based on 38 companies from the food and beverage industries, in Qazvin province. The findings indicate that competitive advantage "costs" is the most important competitive advantage in this industry. "Customer and market sensitiveness", is the most important attribute based on expert viewpoints. Also among the enablers, "rapid introduction of new products and production cycle time reduction" in achieved the highest weights and priorities.

According to importance of the customer in today's competitive world, especially in industrial marketing, it is necessary that firms understand customer's needs. Nowadays more than before rely on knowledge, with emphasis on knowledge as a key factor of competitiveness in the global economy; companies seek a key component that customer knowledge is called. Since the customer is a key member to achieve the organization's goals, According to customer knowledge is important. This paper examines the impact of customer knowledge management on improving relationships with industrial customers. Thus, the need to manage customer knowledge faced organization with a challenge For test of the hypotheses was used Spss software. After checking the normality of the data, to test of hypotheses is used to test hypotheses one-sample t-test and binomial test, as well as to prioritize the variables, we used the Friedman test.

Information & communication technology(ICT) is regarded as a means to rural sustainable development in order to reduce poverty, bridge the digital divide and prevent the migration of people from rural areas to cities. To achieve these goals and to deliver governmental services and other essential services needed by rural communities, ten thousand rural ICT centers with an investment of $ 280 million has been put to use by the government. The purpose of this study is to assess the dimensions of services’ quality of rural ICT centers in guilan using Parasuraman SERVQUAL model and its Impact on satisfaction. Using a descriptive correlational research method, 384 customers of these centers were selected randomly. SERVQUAL standard questionnaire was used to measure service quality dimensions and satisfaction questionnaires were used to measure customers satisfaction. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used. The results suggest that services’ quality dimentions were ranked in this order: reliability, empathy, guarantee, accountability,and tangibility. and satisfaction dimentions were rankd as satisfaction with personnel and total satisfaction with services. AMOS Software was used for data analysis and presenting of the results.

Knowledge absorptive capacity refers to a set of organizational processes and procedures which help organization to acquire, simulate, transfer and extract knowledge in order to develop dynamic capabilities. These capabilities enhance the organization's ability to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage. The study examines the role of knowledge absorptive capacity (individual and organizational) on the innovative performance of organizations. In order to evaluate the research hypotheses, two important industries Including pharmaceutical companies and insurance in the Tehran Stock Exchange were selected and 151 questionnaires were collected from these companies to analysis. Correlation and regression analysis support the relationship between individual and organizational absorptive capacity as well as the relationship between them and innovative performance. Also, according to the results of the hierarchical regression analysis, the role of Organizational absorptive capacity was verified as a mediator in the relationship between the variables of individual absorptive capacity and innovative performance