فهرست مطالب mohammad amin attar

Today the segregation is posed in a more general form as the problem in the city and to consider the its nature ,its causes and its consequences. We can easily formulate ideas about segregation purely in terms of social and economic factors without invoking space. But segregation is a spatial term. The urban segregation is becoming increasingly a common phenomenon in many cities in developing countries. this study presents an urban simulation of economic and social segregation of different classes of residents in Shiraz city by using of agent-based modeling that its designing is based on Schelling model about segregation. for this purpose, the study is used the useful Repast software(one of the social simulation softwares). In total, the results of the research show that all of the three socio-economic groups have maintained the significant portion of their statistical blocks in the end of the simulation. This reflects the prevailing high segregation in the city of Shiraz. Also, the medium socio-economic group will tend to live in the eastern part of Shiraz. The high socio-economic group will continue to move toward the inner urban areas and the northwest of the city. The low socio-economic group will tend to live in the western parts of the city and in return, it will lose a significant number of its blocks in the eastern part of the city. In addition, the lowest amount of displacement of urban households in Shiraz city, will be belonged to the high socio-economic group. In return, the households of the middle and the low socio-economic groups, in the situation is almost similar to each other, have to more displacement for achieving their ideal status.

This research is followed to study relationship between Socio-Economic Status of urban zones and Spatial Segregation in Takab City. In this way to study the relationship between variable of socio-economic status and variable of urban zone. The research is as kind of applied studies and research method is survey. The qualitative analysis and statistical tests are used to answer the research questions. Excel and SPSS softwares are used for data analysis. Cross tabulation and Pearson Chi-Square test and Cramer's correlation coefficient and Lambda correlation coefficient and Goodman and Kruskal tau correlation coefficient and uncertainty coefficient are used to determining relationship between variables. Takab city has provided an appropriate field for spatial segregation phenomenon. So that immigration and move of Kurd race from rural areas to the city during the past decades and its entrance mainly from the western side of this city, has caused a tissue with quite residential segregation in his city. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between variable of socio-economic status and variable of urban zone. In one word, socio-economic status has caused spatial segregation of urban zones in Takab city. Spatial segregation is observed between zone 1 (east and southeast of the city) and zone 2 (the western part of the city) with high density and between zone 3 (the city center) and zone 4 (north and southwest of the city) with a lower density.

The fall of the Soviet Union as one of the world's two superpowers, caused that By leaving the main competitor of the US in the global competition, the world's geopolitical balance has been broken And providing an opportunity for the United States to construct its favorite of new order of the world. From the total number of U.S military bases in the world, the Washington has more than 50 military bases in the Central Asia and the Middle East. Therefore, the Recognition of America's military bases in these areas due to the growing threat of this country is very important and using the tools of spatial statistical analysis can be useful to identify this bases. The aim of this study is the understanding of the pattern of spatial distribution of U.S military bases in the Central Asia and the Middle East. Some of the results show: the Bases that have the distance less than 620 km from the Iranian border, Mainly have been created to cover direct control over the territory of the Iran and And the bases that have the distance more than 620 kilometers from the border of Iran, mainly have been created to supported operations.

Urban segregation has been a problem of many cities of the world. Many researchers have interested in the urban segregation issues. Urban segregation has strongly concentrated poverty and created underclass. Different types of urban segregation exist, including income and racial or ethnical segregation, and depending on the contextual mechanisms within a city. To understand and plan a better community, urban planners needs to know how to measure the segregation and interpret the results. There have been many developments of segregation measures. Some evolved and some remained unchanged. This paper is studied the most used multigroup measures of residential segregation (8 indicators) in Shiraz city and between different socio-economic groups of it by using of the Segregation Analyzer Software. In general, the results show the occurrence of segregation in the medium amount to the high amount and by the calculated values of 0/7177, 0/5785, 0/5474 – 1, 0/5407, 0/3969, 0/3759, 0/3613, 0/3375 in the city of Shiraz. On the other hand, the use of Hot spots Analysis in the study area shows that the greatest concentrations of the socio-economic high group are in almost near the center of Shiraz city and the northwest of city, and for the socio-economic medium group exists in the west of city. Also there is the greatest concentration of the socio-economic low group in the southwest of Shiraz city.

1. To realize the potential role of cities in fostering development, it is essential to remove the barriers that inhibit the formation of inclusive cities, that is, cities capable of promoting growth with equity. Urban segregation represents one of these barriers because it has reinforced social exclusion in the cities of the developing world. There have been many developments of segregation measures. Some evolved and some remained unchanged. This paper is studied the most widely used one group measures of residential segregation (13 indicators) in five dimensions of segregation in Shiraz city and between different socio-economic groups of it by using of the Segregation Analyzer Software.
2. Theoretical bases: Different types of urban segregation exist, including income and racial or ethnical segregation, depending on the contextual mechanisms within a city. At a general level, residential segregation is the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment. This general understanding masks considerable underlying complexity, however, for groups may live apart from one another and be segregated in a variety of ways. Minority members may be distributed so that they are overrepresented in some areas and underrepresented in others, varying on the characteristic of evenness. They may be distributed so that their exposure to majority members is limited by virtue of rarely sharing a neighborhood with them. They may be spatially concentrated within a very small area, occupying less physical space than majority members. They may be spatially centralized, congregating around the urban core, and occupying a more central location than the majority. Finally, areas of minority settlement may be tightly clustered to form one large contiguous enclave, or be scattered widely around the urban area.
Over the years, researchers have proposed a variety of indices to measure each of these distributional characteristic, and have often argued for the adoption of one index to the exclusion of others. But massey and denton concluded that segregation should be measured not with one index, but with several. Residential segregation indices, usually grouped according to five dimensions - evenness, exposure, concentration, clustering, and centralization - are today well known. Authors such as Massey and Denton (1988), Apparicio (2000), Hutchens (2001), have reviewed the literature on segregation indices, including the formulas and properties of each.
3. The one group measures are the measurements that only capture the indices for one group only over the total population in the study area. This research uses indices include the five dimensions of measures mentioned by Massey and Denton.
Dimension of Evenness: Evenness refers to the distribution of one or more population groups across the spatial units of the metropolitan area (e.g., census tracts). According to Evenness indexes, in Shiraz city, the low Socio-Economic Group has the highest level of residential segregation and then groups with high and medium.
Dimension of Exposition: Exposure is the degree of potential contact between members of the same group. According to Exposure indexes, the Low socio-economic group has the highest level of residential segregation and shows the members of this group only encountere to members of their group in the extensive space.
Dimension of Concentration: Concentration refers to the physical space occupied by a group. In Shiraz city, the Low socio-economic group in comparison with its population, has the lower area of the city and the area of their statistical units is less than other groups. Consequently, this group has the higher density and is more segregated.
Dimension of Centralization: Centralization refers to the degree to which a group is spatially located near the center of an urban area. The closer to the center tends to be spatially concentrated. According to Centralization indexes, In the city of Shiraz, the subject of the concentration in the CBD doesnt matter same as in the western countries and the distributions of all groups are across the city. However, we can say that both the high and low group rather than medium group, tend to concentration in the CBD.
Dimension of Clustering: The more contiguous spatial units a group occupies - thereby forming an enclave within the city - the more clustered and therefore segregated it is, according to this dimension. In Shiraz city, the low group rather than the high and medium groups, has the higher degree of spatial clustering and so this group is more segregated.
4. In general, the results show the tendency of members of all groups to live among the members of their own group and so the existence of segregation between groups. In addition, the majority of indicators show the highest residential segregation in the socio-economic low group, and after that in high and medium groups.
5. Suggestions: Attention to the basic needs of the residential areas (Regardless of high or low groups of areas) can increase the stability of habitation and to prevent the unnecessary movement of different socio-economic groups in Shiraz city(Fair distribution of services and investment in the districts).
Try to eliminate poverty and marginality in some neighborhoods of Shiraz city such as southwest and southeast neighborhoods, and Preventing the spread of poverty and marginality to the other urban neighborhoods, because If they spread, the negative aspects of segregation will increase in the city.

Measures of segregation help us examine many urban issues. By studying the measure of segregation, we can identify the segregation patterns. The results will be useful to provide a framework for analyzing the outcomes in decisions making process and policy effectiveness. The focus in this work is on the race. This study will use the most widely used and popular one group measures of residential segregation over the past decades for measuring ecological segregation in Takab city. The selected city in this research consists of two main groups, namely Turk and Kurd, as a suitable case study for research purposes. This study included several most commonly used segregation measures and spatial segregation measures for one group. These measures also consist of four dimensions proposed by Massey and Denton (1988). All of the structural measures can be processed by using an application called Segregation Analyzer created by Apparicio (2008). The calculation contains three steps: 1. Creation of a data table, which contains population of each group in urban area. 2. Application of the formula of indices. 3. Export the results to output files (e.g., text file) The one group measures are the measurements that only capture the indices for one racial group only over the total population in the study area. This research uses indices including the four dimensions of measures mentioned by Massey and Denton (1988). Dimension of Evenness: Evenness refers to the distribution of one or more population groups across the spatial units of the metropolitan area (e.g., census tracts). Segregation Index IS: The famous and commonly used is the Index of Dissimilarity proposed by Duncan (1955). Segregation Index with Boundary access IS (adj): Morill in 1991 introduced IS (adj) to capture potential interaction between different groups across areal unit boundaries. Segregation Index with Boundary Length IS (w): Wong modified slightly the IS (adj) to incorporate a boundary length component. Then the index IS (w) was introduced where the shared boundary between areal units divided by the total length of the boundary for areal unit. Segregation Index with Perimeter Ratio IS (s): Wong further modified IS to capture the perimeter-area ratio divided by the maximum perimeter-area ratio among all of the area units in the study region. Therefore, Wong introduced IS (s) to incorporate the geometric characteristics of areal units into the segregation index. Gini Index G: The Gini Index is located in the area between the segregation curve and the diagonal. The Gini coefficient is for measuring segregation, proposed by Duncan (1955). Entropy Index H: This is also called the information index, originally proposed by Theil (1972) and Theil and Finezza (1971) as a measure for school segregation. It was later extended to racial evenness segregation measure for the city. Atkinson Index ATK: This was proposed by Atkinson (1970) which resembles the Gini coefficient. Unlike the Gini, this measure allows researchers decide how heavily to weight areal units at different points over the city wide minority proportion. The values of all above indexes are between 0 – 1 where 0 is evenly distributed and 1 means totally separated. The calculated values for the indexes in Takab city are shown in table (1). Dimension of Exposition: Exposure is the degree of potential contact between members of the same group (Massey and Denton, 1989). Isolation Index xPx: It measures the extent to which minority members are exposed to only their own group. Correlation Ratio Eta2: This measure is the interaction index with the asymmetric relation removed. It represents an independent dimension of segregation. The values of both above indexes are between 0 – 1 where 0 is no exposure at all and 1 means highly exposed. The less the value, the more segregated the racial group. The calculated values for the indexes in Takab city are shown in table (2). Dimension of concentration: Concentration refers to the physical space occupied by a group. Delta Index DEL: It computes the proportion of X members residing in areal units with above average density of X members. Absolute Concentration Index ACO: It is by computing the total area inhabited by a group, and compared to the minimum and maximum possible areas that could be inhabited by that group in a given city. The values of both the indexes vary between 0 to 1, where 0 means minimum concentration and 1 means maximum concentration. The calculated values for the indexes in Takab city are shown in table (3). Dimension of clustering: The more contiguous spatial units a group occupies—thereby forming an enclave within the city—the more clustered and therefore segregated it is, according to this dimension. Absolute Clustering Index ACL: This measure calculates the absolute clustering in urban space. Mean Proximity between Members of Group X (Pxx): It calculates by estimating the average proximity between members of the same group, and between members of different groups. Distance decay Isolation Index DPxx: This was proposed by Morgan (1983) and categorized as the clustering dimension index by Massey and Denton (1988). The values of above indexes vary between 0 to 1, where 0 means no isolation and 1 means maximum isolation. The calculated values for the indexes in Takab city are shown in table (4). Tekab city with its ethnic demographics has provided an appropriate field for ecological segregation phenomenon. Thus, immigration and move of Kurd race from rural areas to the city during the past decades and its entrance mainly from the western side of the city, has caused a tissue with quite residential segregation in this city. The results show four stages of ecological invasion and succession taken place entirely in Tekab. The application of any of the mentioned indexes with their specific formula and calculations approved that ecological segregation occurs in highly in Tekab. This problem can be considered in urban planning.

Experts believe that the existence of old textures and unauthorized settlements in the country, is one of the urban diseases that involves many defects of the country in terms of economical, social, health, cultural and security, and to solve these problems and to ensure the safety of citizens against inefficient, old and decay quality of construction, these areas should be renewed and rehabilitated. This causes that urban managers shall pay attention to these textures in their real agenda. The old textures that have changed and formed as organic by participation of people over the time, today also the participation of the same people for establishing the current and future requirements, is an integral part of the renovation too. This paper, through studying the old texture of Ardabil city as a case study, by using analytical-descriptive method, tries to analyze one of the important elements of organizing these kind of textures, i.e. Inhabitant’s participation in relation with the status of social capital of old textures.The results showed a significant relation between two indices of belonging sense to the neighborhood and the local institutional trust index with the participation of the residents of the old texture and also no significant relation between the social correlation index and the participation of the residents in the process of the renovation of urban old texture.

One of the most important issues in crisis management that has always been considered by responsible organizations is the site selection for temporary housing to be used by the population affected by disasters. In this research، district six ofShirazcity with high seismicity has been selected as a case study for positioning temporary housing after a probable earthquake. Moreover، by using analytical – descriptive method، after clarifying the effective criteria، the under reviewed criteria and indicators are weighted according to the ideas of crisis management experts and by using theShannonentropy technique. Then based on TOPSIS model and Excel software، the possible places for temporary housing are ranked in terms of priority. According to the results the best places for temporary housing are parks and bare lands within the case study district، which confirm hypothesis of research.