mohammad arshadi bostanabad

Nowadays, virtual social networks are among the most essential communication tools in the exchange of science, knowledge, and technology and are very popular among different peoples of the society, especially nursing students. They can also influence academic success. The present study was aimed to investigate the use of social networks among nursing students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

This study adopts a descriptive cross‑sectional design and employed 406 nursing students in 2018 by means of the convenience sampling method. For data collection, a researcher‑made questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics and social network usage was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.

The mean (SD) of social networking usage was 116.81 (17.20) out of the achievable score range of 38 to 190, where the highest and lowest scores were related to dimensions of content sharing (73.56%) and unconventional issues (51.00%), respectively. There was a significant statistical relationship between total score of social networking usage which included the variables of grade point average (r = ‑0.17, p </em>= 0.000), average daily study hours in non‑exam periods (r = ‑0.10 and p </em>< 0.04), family income (F2,375 = 6.28, p </em>< 0.001), number of siblings (F4,350 = 4.98, p </em>< 0.001), and academic semester (F6,376 = 2.12, p </em>< 0.05).

Given the high percentage of students enrolled and the aim of using these networks, proper planning for the management of cyberspace is necessary to take advantage of the benefits of social networks and reduce their disadvantages.

Parents play a vital role in the assessment and management of pain. There is limited knowledge about parental viewpoint or their participation in the pain management of the neonates admitted to the intensive care units. The present study aimed to assess the viewpoints of mothers about the pain management of neonates/ infants admitted to Tabriz hospitals.

It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 255 mothers whose infants had been admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) were recruited by convenience sampling method from September 2016 to August 2017. The required data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and PAIN questionnaire-Neonatal Intensive Care. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS.

The Mean±SD age of the mothers was 28.38±6.10 years, and the majority of them (39%) had diploma. Among the mothers, 73% believed that their infants had experienced pain during admission to NICU. However, only 19% of the mothers stated that nurses tried to find the signs of pain in their infants; the majority of mothers (80%) indicated that to some extent, they were satisfied with the information they received from the treatment team regarding pain control for their newborns.

Despite the prevalence of pain phenomenon in neonates, mothers’ education for the symptoms of pain in their infants was inadequate. It seems that the mothers’ participation in the pain management of their newborns makes them more capable of caring after discharge from the hospital. The study makes important findings available for future research.

Patient safety has become one of the main concerns of healthcare provider organizations, given that it is one of the basic principles of health care; because the error in the care process can sometimes lead to injury or even death. The present study aimed to investigate the patient safety culture from the viewpoint of nurses working in Sina Tabriz Educational Center in 2017. The present descriptive-correlation study with simple random sampling was conducted to assess the nurses' view using a standard and validated questionnaire and HSOPSC (hospital survey on patient safety culture) in 12 dimensions. The average percentage of positive responses to dimensions of the safety culture was 56.85%. The mean score of "Teamwork within the ward" with the highest score were 82.22% and the average "Transfer and shift in hospital" in the hospital with the lowest score was 28.15%. There was a significant reverse relationship between safety culture and work experience in the hospital (P<0.01, r=-.480)‏. Reporting errors with a non-reciprocal response approach and encouraging self-reporting errors in order to correct processes need for culture is more than ever. Considering the positive impact of hospital management on the development of the dimensions of the safety culture and the removal of barriers to patient safety, it is necessary that the problems associated with each dimension of safety culture are identified and low safety culture dimensions are promoted.

  Blood culture is a method in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and a gold standard for the diagnosis of infection that is essential for proper newborn management. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of nurses in the NICUs of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences using a standard sampling method. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 90 nurses working in Al-Zahra and Taleghani ‎Educational and Medical Centers, and Tabriz Children Hospital using the convenience sampling method. The study tool included a two-part questionnaire in which the first part contained demographic characteristics of the infants and nurses and the service area. The second part included a checklist of the nurses' performance before and during ‎the blood culture procedure. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (version 21), as well as descriptive and analytical statistics. Most nurses did not attend training courses for blood culture. The total performance scores before and during blood ‎culture sampling were ‎13.20‎‏±‏‎2.57 and ‎12.48‎‏±‏‎2‎.14‎, respectively.‎ Nurses are responsible for the correct sampling of blood culture and this procedure requires sufficient skill. Therefore, organizations must adapt their system to the standards in order to determine the benefits and disadvantages of the standards.

Mucositis is a side effect of chemotherapy, which affects patients' quality of life. Nurses are the main care providers for cancer patients. Choosing a suitable care strategy is a challenge faced by oncology nurses. Educating patients about management of cancer therapy complications results in optimal use of healthcare services and improves quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate level of health education provided by nurses to the parents of children with chemotherapy-induced mucositis. This descriptive study was conducted in 2016 on 60 children (mean age 86.7 ± 39.16 months) with chemotherapy-induced mucositis at the Children's Hospital of Tabriz, Iran. Demographic information and health education offered in conjunction with the mucositis clinical records were obtained through interviews with the parents. The data were analyzed in SPSS 12, using chi-square test and t-test. Only 3.3% of the subjects received appropriate training in relation to mucositis, whereas 56.6% received no training and 40% received partial training. Our results suggest that the level of training provided for children with chemotherapy-induced mucositis is not satisfactory. Therefore, nursing authorities and planners should prepare the nursing personnel to provide care and special support to these patients.

Venipuncture is one of the most painful and common interventions in Neonatal ward. A preterm infant can not cope long-lasting physiologic stresses; therefore, the pain caused by blood sampling may change the infant’s physiologic responses to the stress. This present study aim is to investigated and compare physiologic changes (pulse rate and oxygen saturation) in two sites of blood sampling in preterm infants.
This crossover clinical trial was performed on 105 preterm infants of 28-32 weeks’ gestational age in Tabriz Alzahra teaching hospital. Infants were selected through convenient sampling method and were allocated to two groups using doubleblock. In group 1(53 infants): the blood was first drawn from head veins and after a 24-hour interval, it was repeated at the back of the hand. In group 2 (52 infants): this procedure was implemented conversely.Infant's demographic variables and physiologic values(pulse rate and oxygen saturation) were measured in both sampling methods. The data were analyzed using SPSS.13, Paired t-test and Friedman test. P˂ 0.05 was considered as significant.
There was a significant difference between two groups considering infants’ age and various assessing timeswhen pulse rate changeswere investigated (Pv≤0.001);however, no significant difference was found regarding toblood sampling sites(head & back of the hand)).In addition, no significant difference was found in oxygen saturation changes in terms of age and blood sampling sites(head& back of the hand); however, these changes were significantly different in terms of different blood sampling times (PvTIME≤ 0.001).
Pulse rate and oxygen saturation changingwas not significantly different in two methods of blood sampling from head veins and back of the hand veins in preterm infants; therefore, both sites can be used for drawing blood. During blood sampling in preterm infants of lower gestational age, the rate of pulse increased;however, the level of oxygen saturation decreased. As a result, since infants of lower gestational age are more vulnerable, drawing blood is required to be performed at the first attempt and no more attempts should be made

Children undergo painful procedures during care and treatment. This study aimed to determine the effect of distractionon the intensityof pain in children aged 6 to 12 years old.
This clinical trial was conducted on the school-age children, who referred to Imam Hossein Hospital, Iran, Heris city, East Azarbaijan province (Iran) in 2017. In total 48 patients were selected through convenience sampling technique and were randomly divided into three groups of 16 cases. In all three groups, pain was measured using the Oucher self-report scale, 3 minute before and after the venipuncture. One minute before venipuncture, in the "deep breathing with blowing paper whirligigs" groups after spinning the paper whirligigs and exhalation, in the "deep breathing" groups after exhalation, numbers were counted up to 10 spins or 10 breaths. In the control group, no intervention was performed. The data analysis was performed in the SPSS software (version 13.0).
The results showed that "deep breathing with blowing paper whirligigs" (Mean standard deviation [SD]: 2.69±0.79) and "deep breathing" (Mean SD: 2.63±1.31) reported less pain intensity than the control group (Mean SD: 5.25±1.00), and the "deep breathing with blowing paper whirligigs" method had the least pain intensity. The results of ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference among the groups in terms of pain intensity after intervention (P ≥0.001).
The findings showed that both methods of distraction in this study (deep breathing with blowing paper whirligigs and deep breathing) can effectively decrease the venipuncture pain.

BackgroundBlood sampling is a usual and painful procedure on preterm infant. Repeating painful procedures may affect the process of normal brain development and Pain management is important for nurses. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare pain score in two sites of blood sampling in preterm infants.
Materials and MethodsBlood sampling is a usual and painful procedure on preterm infant. Repeating painful procedures may affect the process of normal brain development and Pain management is important for nurses. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare pain score in two sites of blood sampling in preterm infants.
ResultsThe pain score was significantly higher while sampling was conducted from hand veins compared to scalp veins (p=0.001).The pain score was significantly higher in preterm infants with lower gestational age (28-30 weeks) than the infants with 30-32 weeks of gestation(p=0.048).
ConclusionThe pain score in preterm infants according to ALPS-Neo method was significantly higher while sampling was conducted from hand veins compared to scalp veins. Preterm infants with lower gestational age had also higher pain score.

The need for hospitalization of a premature infant in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a risk for the mother-infant attachment and nursing support is essential for the family of such infants. Aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of supportive-training intervention of fathers of premature infants on mother-infant attachment.
The present clinical trial was conducted in the NICU of 29 Bahman hospital, Tabriz. Sixty fathers of hospitalized premature infants were divided into intervention and control groups. Before the intervention, the mother-infant attachment was measured by the AVANT cheek list. The training intervention was applied to the parents of the intervention group for 2 days and the fathers were conducted to bedside of their infants to visit them and exchange ideas with their wives. The control group only received the routine cares in the unit and ultimately, the mother-infant attachment was re-measured in both groups.
No significant difference was observed in the attachment score before and after the intervention in the control group. The attachment score was significantly different in the intervention group (12.8 ± 4.55 vs 2.1 ± 3.90).
The supportive-training intervention for the fathers of the premature infants and facilitation of the relationship of the parents with each other led to increased mother-infant attachment rate.

Birth of a premature infant and hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a stressful phenomenon and lead to parents’ anxiety. In such situation, fathers have important role to reduce mothers’ anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the effect of family-centered intervention in the NICU on the anxiety of parents.
In this clinical trial, 60 parents of premature infants hospitalized in the NICU were assigned to two groups using randomization with the block size of 6. Before the intervention, the anxiety of the mothers was measured in both groups. The fathers in the control group received only the routine care of the ward, but those in the intervention group were educated about mother supporting and newborn care 3 times. Furthermore, the parents were given the opportunity to be with their infants for 3 days in order to exchange ideas in the non-visiting hours. One day after the intervention, the anxiety of the mothers was measured in both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 11.0).
Most of newborns in both group have delivered by caesarian section (71.4 vs. 64.3%). Investigating the difference between the mean total anxiety scores of parents in the two groups before and after the intervention showed a significant reduction in the anxiety score of the intervention group (97.37 to 75.70) (P Results of this study demonstrated that family-centered care and paternal supports reduces the anxiety of the parents of premature infants.

Neonatal period is one of the most important critical phases of human life. Intensive care unit has a stressful environment for the infant in which the patient will be under the pressure of factors such as noise, nursing intervention and harsh light; the most important factor in this regard being separation from parents.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of skin-to-skin care by fathers on salivary cortisol of his infant.
This study was a randomized clinical trial on 45 premature infants paired by their fathers at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Tabriz Alzahra teaching hospital conducted during November 2015. The control group received standard care and the intervention group had 45 minutes of skin to skin care. Saliva samples were collected from infants before, during, and after this intervention to measure the cortisol level. The SPSS 13 statistical software was used to analyze the data with the significance level of P Salivary cortisol in babies in the control group had a mean value of 66.36 (SD = 71.22) and intervention group a mean value of 59.56 (SD = 59.20) (P = 0.56).
Both groups showed decreasing cortisol levels during the study, the reduction in the skin-to-skin care group was more than the control group, but with no significant difference. Thus, making it possible for fathers to take care of their infants in an effective, helpful and secure way.

About 6% of all hospital admissions are due to adverse drug reactions, the most important determinants in reporting adverse drug reactions is knowledge of health care workers about drug side effects. Since the nurses have an important role in medication orders, this study was conducted with aim to assess the knowledge of neonatal unit nurses about adverse drug reactions at East Azarbaijan province.
This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in neonatal units of East Azarbaijan province in 2014. The participants surveyed in this study were 200 nurses who were invited by cluster randomization sampling method. A researcher prepared a questionnaire that investigated the knowledge of participants about adverse drug reactions and was used after approving its validity and reliability. The quantitative analysis of this study used SPSS version 13 by descriptive and inferential statistics. For multivariable explanation of nurses’ knowledge based on independent variables multiple linear regression was used
The mean score of nurses’ knowledge was moderate(12.35±2.36). The highest score was for serum therapy domain and the lowest score was for side effects in oral drugs’s domain. Statistically significant correlation was found between the mean knowledge score with age and work experience (p According to the average level of neonatal nurses’s knowledge about the pharmacology, it is recommended continuing education courses, preparation of facilities for quick access to information about the side effects and drug interactions, as well as providing access to clinical pharmacologists in neonatal units. Also, more experienced nurses should be employed in neonatal units.

premature and low birth weight infants are one of the high risk population in the community. After discharge، they are more vulnerable than full-term infants and in comparison with full-term born infants need more care. The aim of discharge planning، preparing families for the care of premature infants at home after discharge. a randomized controlled trial study was conducted on 92 mothers of preterm infants (gestational age: 320/7 -366/7 weeks) in neonatal ICU of Tabriz Alzahra hospital in 2013. Discharge planning was done for intervention group and mothers of control group received routine and usual cares. discharge planning program Includes two group training sessions with practical training and lectures، and videotape training for mothers of premature infants. Maternal stress was measured in both admission and discharge time in two groups by using Parental stress scale. Data analysis was performed using the T-test and X2 test. There was not any meaningful difference about rate of stress between 2 groups before the intervention. However، after implementation of discharge planing، maternal stress was lower in intervention group than in control group (p≤0. 001) Implementation of discharge planning reduces stress levels of mothers of premature infants. Its implementation could facilitate to return infants from acute care units to family

Development of a successful career in the field of organization is an important factor. L ack of it has implications for health policy, organizational structure and its performance. This study aimed to describe nurse's experiences of barriers to organizational empowerment. A qualitative design using a conventional content analysis approach was applied for data gathering and analysis. In this study, 18 nurses, and nurse directors in North-west of Iran were recruited through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect the data. The data analysis result s are catogorized in 2 main categories (personal factors and organizational structure) and six subcategories: Dignity and value, non-client focused tasks, insufficient self-confidence, inadequate organizational support, lack of up-to-date knowledge, and professional motivation. The study showed barriers affecting the ability of nurses who are often hidden in the quantitative studies. It seems that by dispel ling these barriers, the quality of nursing abilities can be improve d.

Based on recommendations from World Health Organization, hand hygiene is the most important way to control the hospital infections. Due to the critical role of nurses in patient care, they should have essential and updated information regarding hand hygiene. So this study aims at determining the knowledge of hand hygiene and its individual and organizational predictors among nurses in neonatal units. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in neonatal units in the hospitals affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The participants surveyed in this study were 150 nurses who were invited by census sampling method. A researcher prepared questionnaire that investigated the knowledge of participants about hand hygiene and was used after approving its validity and reliability. The quantitative analysis of this study used Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 13 by descriptive statistics and pearson correlation test, independent samples t-test, One-way ANOVA. For multivariable explanation of nurses’ knowledge based on independent variables multiple linear regressions was used. Most of participants have an acceptable level of knowledge regarding hand hygiene. The highest score was for infection control domain and the lowest score was for definition of hand hygiene domain. Multivariable analysis showed that work experience and history of previous training were the most important predictors of participants’ knowledge about hand hygiene. It is recommended that infection control committees should revise their educational methods and give more emphasis on update guidelines regarding hand hygiene. Also, more experienced nurses should be employed in neonatal units.

Having a family member with a disability is often challenging for each member in the family، and families always are not able to manage these challenges. Provide basic information by support system for families، especially for caregivers of these children can be considered an effective step in to support them. Determine of The effect of group training on caring behaviors of caregivers with intellectually disabled children The randomized clinical trial with control group was conducted in Narges rehabilitation center، Miyaneh، 2013. In this study 64 caregivers of intellectual disability children 6-18 years old were randomly divided into two groups. 6 session training classes were held for the intervention group but the control group did not receive any intervention. At both the beginning and end of the study، data were collected based on the behavior questionnaires، that developed by the researcher. In both groups، before of intervention the average behavior score، was not statistically significant. The results showed that 1. 5 month after the intervention، an increase in behavior of caregivers in the intervention group before (48. 64±5. 63) and after (58. 46±2. 77) was significant (P<0. 05). Group training to caregivers of intellectually disabled children due to improve their caring behaviors. Also، by giving the necessary information to such families can be encouraged them to participate in promoting the quality of their lives and their children.

Infection is the main cause of infant mortality in developing countries. The most effective way to prevent nosocomial infections is hand hygiene, however the existing literature reveals poor performance of the health care workers in this regard. The purpose of this study was to determine the barriers of hand hygiene among the nurses. Using descriptive- cross sectional study method, 150 nurses who have worked in the neonatal intensive care units in 4 hospitals of Tabriz, were selected through census sampling. The data were collected via a researcher made questionnaire. Validity of questionnaire was conducted by 14 members of medicine and nursing and midwifery faculty. Reliability was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha equal to 0/88. After considering the scores of each questionnaire item, the main causes for non-compliance with hand hygiene were identified as "inadequate appreciation of the hand hygiene importance, poor attitude towards the effect of hand hygiene on infection control, overcrowded neonatal units, lack of tissue, heavy workload of the staff, and non-compliance of hand hygiene by the head nurse and physician”. Individuals with higher work experience introduced managerial obstacles more effectively than other barriers. No statistically significant relation was found with other demographic variables. A combination of factors that mentioned, can be effective to solving problem Including enhance the nurses belief towards the hand hygiene, standardization of patients numbers in this units, providing adequate tissue, rearrangement of staff numbers when the wards overcrowded, showing of successful samples and hand hygiene compliance of managers.

. When a newborn with prematurity, illness, or congenital disease is born or he/she needs medical care or dies, it can be unexpected and exhausting situation for parents especially for fathers. This study compares the Father– Newborn Bonding in hospitalized and non-hospitalized newborns. This study is a comparative descriptive study. Of the 148 fathers refer to 29 Bahman hospital, 85 fathers participated in this study that were divided into two groups (48 of them whose newborn was hospitalized and 37 of them whose newborn was non-hospitalized). The tools of study were demographic and Father- Newborn Bonding questionnaires. There was no significant difference in Father-Newborn Bonding scores in hospitalized and non-hospitalized groups (p=0.02). In non-hospitalized group the results showed direct relationship between father age and pleasure in interaction (p=0.02). Although the initial parent-newborn relations in first days of newborn life is essential for mental health and social relations in the future, but based on finding of this study, “hospitalization” is not effective factor on Father- Newborn Bonding scores.

Healthcare-seeking behavior is one of the factors determining the uptake and outcome of healthcare. However, few studies have discussed how and why diabetics seek healthcare assistance before meeting a physician.

In this study, we explored the subjective experiences of healthcare-seeking behavior among Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Patients and

A qualitative approach was adopted using a conventional content analysis of semi-structured interviews carried out in the Diabetes Association in Tabriz (Iran) with 15 participants suffering from type 2 diabetes. Participants were recruited by the purposeful sampling method.

Five themes emerged from the study: 1) warning by physical signs; 2) personal processing; 3) self-remedy and its outcomes; 4) seeking information, and; 5) diagnosis and verification of information by healthcare staff.

Individual social context plays an important role in the decision-making process when seeking healthcare for diabetes. The results of this study can be utilized by healthcare providers to facilitate interventions to increase diabetics’ active involvement in their healthcare, and encourage a wider knowledge of its symptoms and outcomes to facilitate appropriate healthcare-seeking and service use.

Nursing and midwifery students are exposed to high stress as they face multiple stressors in their educational and clinical experiences. This can threaten their mental health، which in turn، can affect their function. Considering the impact of mental health on individual performance، this study examined mental health and its relationship with academic achievement in students of Tabriz nursing-midwifery faculty.

In one descriptive-analytical study، a sample of 251 Nursing and Midwifery students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences was selected. Data were gathered by mental health questionnaire (GHQ-28). The mean scores of final term were regarded as academic achievement of students. The data were analyzed by SPSS- 11. 5 using descriptive statistics (frequency، mean، and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (T-test، ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficient).

Results showed that mean mental health scores of students participating in the study was 25. 7 ±11. 02. Findings showed that the highest mean was related to social function (11. 84±2. 9) and lowest to depression (3. 5±3. 83). Also a significantly negative correlation between scores of mental health and academic achievement was observed (P≤0/00، r=-0/229).

According to the results، there was a significant relationship between mental health and academic achievement in students. It is necessary to conduct further studies about mental problems of students and activation of consultation centers.