فهرست مطالب mohammad asghari jafarabadi

 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is considered a worldwide health problem associated with high morbidity, mortality, and cost of care. In the present study, we examined risk-enhancing factors for ASCVD in healthcare workers of the AZAR cohort population.

 Data from a total of 500 participants were used for this cross-sectional study. Demographic characteristics, anthropometric indices, biochemical factors, and blood pressure were assessed. To evaluate the associations of ASCVD with the parameters mentioned above, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted.

 The total frequency of subjects with severe (≥7.5) and low (<7.5) ASCVD was 7.6% (95% CI: 5.4-10.3), and 90.6% (95% CI: 87.7-93.0), respectively. The top strongest links were found between ASCVD and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (odds ratio [OR]: 12.8, 95% CI: 3.2-49.9), diabetes (OR: 7.6, 95% CI: 2.8-25), and daily smoking (OR: 7.0, 95% CI: 2.8-20). Based on a multivariate logistic regression model, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/apolipoprotein B (Apo b), diabetes, hematocrit, age, Triglycerides (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure, HDL-C, apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I), hemoglobin, and Apo B/Apo A-I have significant associations with ASCVD severity.

 In conclusion, the present study showed significant associations between the severity of ASCVD with some parameters among healthcare workers of AZAR cohort study.

One of the most prevalent gastrointestinal tract ailments is gallstone disease (GD). Diet has been acknowledged as a modifiable GD risk factor. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a scale for evaluating the quality of diets; therefore, this study aimed to determine whether the HEI-2015 score was associated with serum metabolic parameters in women with GD.

This case-control study was conducted on a sample of 75 women diagnosed with GD and 75 healthy women at the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science in Tehran, Iran. Standard laboratory methods were employed to measure the biochemical parameters. The participants' habitual dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The HEI-2015 score was computed for all participants. The study employed multivariate logistic regression to identify the optimal predictor of GD. The Pearson Correlation was employed to determine the correlation between the HEI-2015 and serum metabolic parameters.

The study found a significant negative association between the risk of GD and serum HDL-c (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.76–0.95, P=0.008). Moreover, a significant positive association was detected between HOMA-IR (OR: 3.27; 95% CI: 1.16-9.19, P=0.025), and the risk of GD. The study did not find a statistically significant correlation between the HEI-2015 and serum parameters.

While an association was discovered between certain serum metabolic parameters and the risk of GD, the results do not provide a significant association between serum metabolic parameters and HEI-2015 score.

Childhood overweight/obesity is increasing worldwide. There is evidence on the role of dietary patterns (DPs) and sleep quality on body weight in adults, but studies on the association of major DPs, sleep quality and overweight/obesity among school-age children are scarce, so the present study was done to shade a light on the subject.

This study was a case-control study, conducted on school-age (7-13 years) children. Cases were healthy children who had a body mass index (BMI) percentile of≥85th for age and sex (n=102). Sex-matched children with a BMI percentile between 5th and 85th were considered as control group (n=102). Dietary data were collected using a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between DPs, sleep quality, and overweight/obesity.

Three DPs were identified: “Low-energy healthy”, “High-energy healthy” and “Unhealthy diet”. Adherence to the first and second DPs was associated with 51%-62% lower odds of overweight/obesity (Odds ratio [OR]: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.24-0.97, and 0.38, 95% CI: 0.15-0.94, respectively, P<0.050). However, we found no significant association for the third DP with overweight/obesity. Furthermore, there was no significant association between sleep quality/duration and overweight/obesity. The interactions of DPs and sleep quality/duration with overweight/obesity were not significant.

Eating a diet high in white meats, eggs, vegetables, fruits and juices, nuts, dairy products, whole grains, and low in refined grains and snacks is associated with a lower likelihood of overweight/obesity in children. This inverse association does not depend on sleep quality/duration.

Measuring socioeconomic status (SES) as an independent variable is challenging, especially in epidemiological and social studies. This issue is more critical in large-scale studies on the national level. The present study aimed to extensively evaluate the validity and reliability of the Iranian SES questionnaire.  

This psychometric, cross-sectional study was conducted on 3000 households, selected via random cluster sampling from various areas in East Azerbaijan province and Tehran, Iran. Moreover, 250 students from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected as interviewers to collect data from 40 districts in Iran. The construct validity and internal consistency of the SES questionnaire were assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and the Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed in SPSS and AMOS.   

The complete Iranian version of the SES questionnaire consists of 5 factors. The Cronbach's alpha was calculated to be 0.79, 0.94, 0.66, 0.69, and 0.48 for the occupation, self-evaluation of economic capacity, house and furniture, wealth, and health expenditure, respectively. In addition, the confirmatory factor analysis results indicated the data's compatibility with the 5-factor model (comparative fit index = 0.96; goodness of fit index = 0.95; incremental fit index = 0.96; root mean square error of approximation = 0.05).

According to the results, the confirmed validity and reliability of the tool indicated that the Iranian version of the SES questionnaire could be utilized with the same structure on an extensive level and could be applicable for measuring the SES in a broader range of populations.

 Infant colic, causing excessive crying, poses anxiety for parents and a challenge for pediatricians and nurses. The Infant Colic Scale (ICS) serves to assess the severity and causal factors of colic. Despite its significance, the psychometric properties of ICS have not been evaluated in the Iranian population. This study seeks to address this gap by assessing the psychometric properties of ICS in Iran.

 A sample of 220 mothers with 2–16-week-old term infants diagnosed with infantile colic was selected through convenience sampling. Following forward and back-translation, the face validity, content validity, and construct validity of ICS were systematically evaluated. Reliability was examined through both internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test-retest stability methods.

 Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) values for ICS were 0.94 and 0.81, respectively. The good fit indices confirmed the validity of the five-factor structure. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were 0.71 and 0.94, respectively.

 The Persian version of ICS is a valid and reliable tool, suitable for assessing infantile colic in the Iranian population. Future studies and clinical practice can utilize this tool to identify major causes of this disorder in the Iranian context.

 Proper elucidation of medication non-adherence reasoning especially in older adults might pave the way for an auspicious therapeutic outcome. The main aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically test the Medications Non-adherence Reasoning (MedNARS) questionnaire for application in research and probably practice settings.

 A mixed methods design was utilized to develop the MedNARS. The item pool was mainly generated based on a qualitative query and literature review. The expert panel approved version of the MedNARS was psychometrically assessed on a convenience sample of 220 older patients with chronic disease. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content and face validity of the scale were appraised and its construct validity was assed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.

 A nine-item version of the MedNARS was drafted based on the classical item analysis procedures and its estimated internal consistency measure of the Cronbach’s alpha (0.85) and test-retest reliability (0.96) were in the vicinity of acceptable range. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) output revealed a unidimensional structure for the MedNARS and the conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated an acceptable data fit for the extracted one-factor model. The goodness of fit indices were as the followings: χ2 /df=1.63(90% CI: 0.02 to 0.11), root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA)=(0.07), comparative fit index (CFI)=0.95, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI)=0.93 and standardized root mean squared residual (SRMSR)=(0.05).

 The study findings were indicative of MedNARS’s applicability and feasibility for use in assessment of medication non-adherence reasoning among the elderly patients with chronic diseases. The MedNARS as a brief and elder-friendly instrument can be applied both in research and practice settings to enhance efficiency, safety, and health outcomes of the therapeutic recommendations.

Usually non-daily smokers do not consider themselves smokers, and they are at a higher level of health risks due to smoking compared to non-smokers. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of non-daily smoking (NDS) and its associated factors among university students.

This cross-sectional web-based study was performed in Tabriz, Iran. A proportional random sample of 3666 students from all universities of Tabriz were recruited from July to August, 2019, and an online questionnaire was used to collect data. Predictors of NDS were investigated using a multiple logistic regression model.

A total of 15.7% and 7.8% of the students were daily and NDSs, respectively. Compared to the non-smokers, the NDSs were more likely to exhibit high-risk behaviors such as substance abuse (odd ratio [OR]=2.96; 95% CI: 2.12-4.13), alcohol drinking (OR=2.54; 95% CI: 1.78-3.62), hookah smoking experience (OR=9.30; 95% CI: 6.06-14.25), and regular hookah use (OR=24.22; 95% CI: 14.86-39.46). Compared to daily smokers, NDSs were more likely to be female gender (OR=0.16; 95% CI: 0.10-0.24), denial of being a smoker (OR=11.69; 95% CI: 6.86-19.91), not addicted to nicotine (OR=10.02; 95% CI: 4.21-23.85), and less likely to have an intention for quitting in recent months (OR=2.27; 95% CI: 1.28-4.04).

Non-daily smokers do not consider themselves smokers and have no intention to quit smoking. They are more prone to present high-risk health behaviors. Health policymakers should pay more attention to NDSs while planning smoking cessation programs.

Determining suburban area crashes' risk factors may allow for early and operative safety measures to find the main risk factors and moderating effects of the crashes. Therefore, this paper focuses on a causal modeling framework. Study design: A cross-sectional study.

In this study, 52,524 suburban crashes were investigated from 2015 to 2016. Hybrid-random-forest-generalized-path-analysis-technique (HRF-gPath) was used to extract the main variables and identify mediators and moderators.

This study analyzed 42 explanatory variables using a RF model and found that collision-type, distinct, driver-misconduct, speed, license, prior cause, plaque-description, vehicle-maneuver, vehicle-type, lighting, passenger-presence, seatbelt-use, and land-use were significant factors. Further analysis using g-Path demonstrated the mediating and predicting roles of collision-type, vehicle-type, seatbelt-use, and driver-misconduct. The modified model fitted the data well, with statistical significance (=81.29, P<0.001) and high values for comparative-fit-index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis-index (TLI) exceeding 0.9, as well as a low root-mean-square-error-of-approximation (RMSEA) of 0.031 (90% confidence-interval (CI): 0.030 to 0.032).

The results of our study identified several significant variables, including collision-type, vehicle-type, seatbelt-use, and driver-misconduct, which played mediating and predicting roles. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex factors that contribute to collisions via a theoretical framework and can inform efforts to reduce their occurrence in the future.

Chronic constipation is one of the most common complaints of patients in developed countries, which affects 2 to 28% of the world’s population and alters patients’ quality of life extensively. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the comprehensive constipation questionnaire.

The comprehensive constipation questionnaire was translated into Persian, and its back-translation was confirmed after evaluating the content validity ratio index (CVR) based on Lawshe table (CVR≥0.62). The content validity of the questionnaire was assessed by the content validity index, followed by examining its reliability by Cronbach alpha and test-re-test reliability using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). A total of 100 patients with chronic constipation completed the questionnaire.

Content validity was confirmed in the range of 0.84 to 1.00, and the Cronbach alpha values in the range of 0.90-1.00 were acceptable. In this questionnaire, was ICC in the range of 0.76-0.99 which indicates a level of good to excellent reliability of the questionnaire. Also, the results of the factor analysis were confirmed at a moderate level Kaiser Meyer Olkin test (KMO>0.6) and Bartlett test (P<0.05) by extracting a 1-factor solution.

The Persian version of the comprehensive constipation questionnaire had acceptable validity and reliability and seems to be an effective tool to evaluate patients with constipation.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the important health issues with high prevalence worldwide. However, there is no approved medication for that. As one of the indicators of metabolic syndrome, uric acid might play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In this study, we aimed to determine the correlation between serum uric acid level, liver enzymes, and ultrasonographic grading of NAFLD.

This cross-sectional study included patients aged 18-65 with NAFLD. Patients with other metabolic disorders and a history of using alcohol or medications that alter uric acid levels were excluded. The patients' serum uric acid, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and ultrasonographic grading of NAFLD at baseline, third month, and sixth month were collected.

 Of the 3000 patients, 500 patients met the eligibility criteria. The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between ALT and serum uric acid level at the first (P = .01), third (P = .01), and sixth month (P = .01). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between AST and serum uric acid level at the sixth month (P = 0.001). The comparison of 249 patients' ultrasonographic grading showed no significant correlation with serum uric acid levels.

To conclude, the serum uric acid level significantly correlates with ALT and AST over six months but not with the ultrasonographic grading. Further studies are required to determine the role of uric acid-lowering agents in the treatment of NAFLD.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is associated with a poor prognosis, with various modifiable risk factors affecting the survival of patients. Our aim was to evaluate the survival rate and the prognostic factors influencing survival in PC patients in northwestern Iran.

All the PC patients admitted to the Imam Reza Hospital of Tabriz, Iran, from 2016 to 2020, were enrolled in this study. The survival rate and time were calculated, and the risk factors related to survival were evaluated by Cox regressions. The data were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model using STATA software.

Of 110 patients, 12‑, 24‑, 36‑, and 48‑month survival rates were 29.1%, 19.8%, 14.1%, and 8.5%, respectively, with the median survival time of seven months. The mean age was 65.5 years. The results showed that a higher age (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 2.04 [1.20–3.46]), lower education (1.72 [1.03–2.89]), delayed diagnosis (1.03 [1.02–1.05]), hypertension (1.53 [1.01–2.31]), concomitant heart disorders (2.67 [1.50–4.74]), COPD (4.23 [1.01–17.69]), consanguineous marriage (1.59 [1.01–2.50]), and the presence of icterus complications (adjusted HR = 3.64 [1.56–8.49]) were directly associated with a worse survival. On the contrary, radiotherapy (0.10 [0.01– 0.85]), chemotherapy (0.57 [0.36–0.89]), and surgical therapy (AHR = 0.48 [0.23–0.99]) were directly related to a good prognosis.

Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy were the best predictors of survival in PC patients. Moreover, it seems that resolving jaundice can improve survival in these patients. It seems that increasing social awareness, treating underlying diseases, and employing an appropriate therapeutic method may promise a better outlook, improve the survival rate of patients, and reduce PC risk.

Disrespect and abuse during childbirth is regarded as harassment of women and a violation of their rights. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the disrespect and abuse questionnaire in Iranian parturient women.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 265 postpartum women in both private and public hospitals in Tabriz, Iran. The scale was translated from English into Farsi. In the quantitative face validity, the impact score was determined for each item. Moreover, in the quantitative content validity, the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were assessed based on the comments of experts on the relevance, clarity, and simplicity of items (CVI) and the necessity of items (CVR). Construct validity was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.

In the face validity assessment, all items received a minimum impact score of 1.5. In assessing the content validity, all the items attained the minimum acceptable value of CVR (>0.69) and CVI (>0.79). According to the exploratory factor analysis, the Disrespect and Abuse Questionnaire has 23 items and five factors, including abandoning the mother, improper care, mother’s immobility, not talking to the mother, and mother’s deprivation. The construct validity of the scale was confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis, in which X</em>2</em>/df </em><5 and root mean square error of approximation <0.08.

The Farsi version of the disrespect and abuse questionnaire can be used as a valid tool for assessing instances of lack of respectful maternity care in the postpartum period.

 The quality of sleep has different physical and psychological consequences, and can affect students' academic achievement.

 This study aimed to explore factors associated with sleep quality in university students using panel regression.

 This study was conducted based on the data from a longitudinal study, namely the “Health and Lifestyle of University Students”. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a self-administered questionnaire containing general information about sleep quality, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), a questionnaire consisting of information about anxiety, Healthy Lifestyle Scale for University Students (HLSUS), and a questionnaire including information about lifestyle were completed by students during the first eight weeks of their first semester. The Panel linear regression and frontier model were used to assess the association of sleep quality with sex, unit, residency, marital status, teeth brushing, drug use, alcoholic drinks, age, anxiety, and healthy lifestyle.

 A total of 706 individuals (46.8%) suffered from poor sleep quality. Between the two models of panel linear regression and frontier, the former (i.e., panel linear regression) was determined to be a more powerful model with the Akaike information criteria = 3790.68 and Bayesian information criteria = 3899.712, suggesting that the dormitory students with a high level of anxiety and low level of healthy lifestyle had significantly poor sleep quality.

 Residency, drug use, anxiety, and healthy lifestyle scale were found to be closely associated with sleep quality of university students by using panel linear regression model. Our finding may have been of valuable help to policymakers and planners in their effort to improve the sleep quality of university students.

The concept of age-friendly cities has been introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in an attempt to pay more attention to the elderly. In Iran, this issue is more important due to demographic changes and age conditions. This study aimed to investigate the views of the elderly people living in Tabriz about the indicators of age-friendly cities.

In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 351 elderly people were selected from six age-friendly centers in Tabriz by simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was the standard questionnaire of the WHO in an age- friendly city. To analyze the data, both descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (analysis of variance and t-test) were used. Also, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16 was used and significance level was considered as 0.05.

Among the four studied indicators, the health component had the highest average (44.57 (11.81)), followed by the components of social respect (38.5 (11.5)), participation in social relations (34.8 (9.12)), and the cultural and recreational index (32.86 (10.54; range 1-100)). We also observed a significant relationship between gender and marriage with cultural and recreational component (P = 0.002).

Since none of the four indicators of age-friendly cities in Tabriz were standard, the managers of aging-related organizations should plan to standardize these indicators to achieve the desired conditions.

To assess psychometric properties of the European Quality of Life 5-Dimension 3-Level Version(EQ-5D-3L) commonly used tool for measuring road traffic injury (RTI) patients’ quality of life. The psychometric study assessed the reliability and applicability of EQ-5D-3L through phonesurveys, based on a national cohort platform. Data of 150 RTI patients recruited from the cohort study wereincluded as 50 patients per each follow-up phase (one, six, and twelve months after discharge). A 12- day-timespan was between test and retest. We measured psychometric properties (internal consistency reliability andstability reliability) and agreement using Kappa coefficients and percentages of agreement and Bland-Altmanmethod. Data were analysed using software STATA statistical package. The majority of patients were men (80%) with mean age (SD) of 41(14.7%), employed (78%) andeducated (86%). The Persian version represented high internal consistency reliability at total level (Cronbach’sα=0.81) and moderate to good reliability at phase levels (0.62-0.87). The stability reliability was excellent attotal (ICC=0.98, 95% CI: 0.97, 0.98) and phase levels (0.97-0.98. The kappa agreement coefficients were valuedmoderate to perfect (0.6-0.8, p>0.0001). The Bland-altman plot illustrated high agreement between test andretest scores. No floor and ceiling effects were found. The study revealed that EQ-5D-3L was highly reliable and responsive to be applied through phoneinterviews at three different times post injury and discharge, as no previous study considered its psychometricproperties at various phone follow-ups after RTIs.

In the presence of competing risks, patients with brain stroke (BS) experience death by various causes, such as diabetes, and heart disease, and other causes in the follow-up. This study aimed to model the survival in patients with BS in the presence of these competing risk of death using cumulative incidence function (CIF) and cause-specific hazard (CSH) models.

In the study, 332 patients with the definitive diagnosis of BS were followed up for 10 years, and their mortality status due to BS or other causes was evaluated. In addition, significance tests and parameters were estimated by using STATA 14 software by considering the CIF and CSH model.

The median follow-up time was 20.68 months for patients who died due to BS and 68.50 months for patients who died due to other causes. In the CIF model, Sex [BS: cumulative incidence hazard ratio (SHR) = 2.35, 90% confidence interval (CI) = (1.76-3.14)], Employment status [BS: 2.04(1.50-2.75)], History of blood pressure[BS: 1.64(1.25-2.14)], Heart disease[BS: 1.47(1.13-1.94)], Cerebrovascular accident type[BS: 0.77(0.69-0.87)]; age [Other case: 59-68 years, 2.61 (1.13-6.06) and ≥76 years: 3.03 (1.32-6.92)] were directly related to hazard of death. The CSH model resulted in similar estimates except for age [BS: 69-75 years; 1.31(1.18-1.45), ≥76 years; 1.37(1.23-1.53); other case: age 59-68 years 1.91 (1.22-2.99) and 69-75 years; 1.89 (1.21-2.96) and ≥76 years: 2.14 (1.36-3.37)], Sex[BS: 1.38(1.07-1.79)], History of blood pressure [BS: 1.57(1.20-2.05)], Heart disease [BS:1.44(1.09-1.91)] were directly related to hazard of death.

The estimation of CIF analysis, along with CSH one for the competing risks, is suggested to provide more precise information about patients’ status in order to support adopted clinical decisions when aiming at assessing health related to a specific cause economically and determining the probability of occurring an intended event among other causes.

Hospitalization induces anxiety and causes sleep disorders in children.

This study aimed to examine the effects of listening and reading a tale on anxiety and sleeping onset time (SOT) among hospitalized children with fracture.

This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 102 children with extremity fracture in Shohada Hospital of Tabriz in 2018–2019. Subjects were recruited consecutively and randomly allocated into three groups: control, storytelling, and simultaneous listening to and reading a tale. The data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire: questions on SOT, heart rate, and the Reynolds and Richmond Children’s Anxiety Questionnaire. One‑way analysis of variance, paired t‑test, Chi‑square and Fisher’s exact test, and analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data.

Mean SOT, mean anxiety, and mean pulse rate did not significantly differ between the three groups at baseline. After the intervention, the mean SOT and mean pulse rate decreased significantly in all three groups (P < 0.001); however, the between‑group differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.50). The mean manifest anxiety did not change significantly in any of the groups (P > 0.05).

Storytelling had no effect on anxiety, heart rate, and SOT of children with fractures. Further studies can help determine the best method of storytelling for children with fractures.

The aim of this study was to systematically review the existing studies to predict the next ten years of common diseases and to provide effective intervention to reduce risk factors, morbidity and premature mortality due to these diseases in Iran. .

A systematic review conducted in order to predict the next ten year of non-communicable diseases and review the proposed measures of the World Health Organization to prevent and control them.

According to the predictions made in the next ten years, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and lung diseases will be the leading diseases causing the most lost years of life or years spent with disability. The World Health Organization to respond appropriately to the growing trend of these diseases, intervene in 4 areas of governance, reduce people's exposure to risk factors for these diseases, strengthen the health care system to respond to these diseases and finally continuously monitor changes in risk factors and diseases Chronic, monitoring the causes of mortality from these diseases as well as continuous monitoring of executive, preventive and control measures for such diseases has suggested.

The basis of the proposed interventions is the integration of preventive and control programs in the health care system so that each individual at high risk of these diseases in the most environmental health levels are identified and preventive care

The comfort questionnaire for hand tools (CQH) is a subjective measure for exploring the starting points for improving hand tool design. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the CQH. 

In this cross-sectional study, which was conducted among 163 university students, the 17-question CQH was translated into Farsi with a translation back-translation procedure. Content validity was assessed by a panel of 10 experts. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied for determining construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were used for assessing internal consistency and test-retest reliability, respectively. Ceiling and floor effects were also estimated for evaluating the feasibility of the measure.

The CQH showed good content validity. Content validity index (CVI) ranged from 0.80 to 1.00 and content validity ratio (CVR) ranged 0.62-1.00. EFA led to extraction of two factors from the data. The first one was mostly related to functionality and physical interaction and the second one, was generally about adverse body effects. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.74 and test-retest reliability was 0.74 (95% CI= 0.58 to 0.86) which both were satisfactory. There were no (0%) ceiling and floor effects.

The Farsi version of CQH is an acceptable and useful instrument for evaluating hand tools comfort.

Today, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in both sexes. There are several risk factors for heart diseases; some controllable, others not. However, socioeconomic, technological, and environmental factors can impact CVD as well as exclusive risk factors. Accurate identification and assessment of these factors are often difficult. In the present systematic review, we aimed to explore factors affecting CVD.

Multiple databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane) and gray literature were searched. The included studies described at least one determinant of CVD. The framework method was applied to analyze the qualitative data.

A total of 64 studies from 26 countries were included. The contextual determinants of CVD were categorized into 45 determinants, 15 factors, and 4 main social, economic, technological, and environmental categories. The 15 potentially reversible factors were identified as sociodemographic, violence, smoking, occupation, positive childhood experience, social inequalities, psychological distress, eating habits, neighborhood, family income, rapid technology, environmental pollution, living environments, noise, and disaster.

Devolution and more efficient health policies are required to achieve further sustained reduction in CVD mortality, increase life expectancy, and reduce its associated risk factors. Policymakers should fully address the value of social, economic, technological, and environmental factors. In fact, a prevention agenda should be developed and updated collaboratively in terms of the determinant factors.

The present study systematically reviewed the literature on the effects of menopausal symptom management aids on knowledge, decision conflict, and satisfaction about menopause-related symptom management.

All clinical trial and quasi-experimental studies published in English-language from 1990 to 2021 were searched in CINAHL, PROQUEST, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases. In addition, we used the Ovid search interface for MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and Cochrane Library. The effect of interventions on continuous outcomes, including knowledge, decisional conflict, and decisional satisfaction, with a standardized mean difference (SMD), was reported in the present study. The included studies were assessed for statistical heterogeneity by using the I2 test and examining the P value.

The results indicated the limited effect of the decision aid-based intervention on the decisional conflict, satisfaction with the decision, and knowledge. However, it is worth mentioning that the findings indicated high heterogeneity among the studies reviewed in the present study.

In the previous studies, the decision aid booklets used mostly provided limited and incomplete information on the available strategies to alleviate the symptoms perceived in menopause, so design and conduct a study with a strong, robust methodology and a comprehensive decision

The style of children's education, especially children with intellectual disabilities during the Covid-19 pandemic has changed. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of face-to-face and virtual training of basic cognitive skills in mental rehabilitation daycare centers during the Covid-19 pandemic.

The method of the present study is a longitudinal study of the trend. The statistical population was all children in rehabilitation centers in Tabriz, Iran. 30 children undergoing training and rehabilitation at the age of 6 to 12 years were selected by availability and the scores of these children in the field of cognitive abilities related to basic skills were examined. The instrument used in this study was a checklist for assessing basic skills and the Wechsler IQ scale for children.

The results showed that in the first three seasons, the scores obtained by these children after receiving educational and rehabilitation services in a face-to-face course significantly increased. However, with the global prevalence of coronavirus and the virtualization of the training course, scores significantly decreased. Finally, with the combination of face-to-face and virtual education, the trend has risen again, but the slope and speed of increasing scores are still lower than face-to-face courses.

Face-to-face education compared to virtual education and the combination of the two, was more effective in improving cognitive abilities related to children's basic skills. The abilities of educators and parents in the field of virtual education and the production of electronic content should be tailored to the special needs of these children.

Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) during pregnancy and after delivery, and related risk factors are still debatable topics for research. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the probable risk factors associated with PFDs in Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in two state and private hospitals in Tabriz, Iran from the 1st of June to the 31st of August, 2018. The participants were 650 postpartum women, aged between 15 and 47 years six months after delivery. The type of delivery, type of hospital, history of episiotomy and induction, anesthesia, multiparity, the mother’s birth age, the infant’s weight and head circumference, the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy, and a wide variety of probably related risk factors were studied based on the study objective. According to their answer to the questions of PFDs, 147 women responded yes and completed the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 questionnaire.

Between the investigated risk factors, type of the hospital (OR: 0.27, CI: 0.126-0.564) and the amount of the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy (OR: 1.066, CI: 1.024-1.109) were significantly associated with PFDs. Finally, the number of PFDs and severity of dysfunctions according to PFDI-20 were higher in state hospitals, and excessive weight gain of the mother during pregnancy was related to the higher incidence of PFDs.

Type of the hospital and the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy are the only two related risk factors in this study. This study was the first one to discuss the type of the hospital in such related risk factor studies. Accordingly, it is predictable that better supervision of medical attends in state hospitals is highly important for decreasing the rate of PFDs after delivery

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world and is associated with a significant mortality rate. The survival rate in colorectal cancer is completely related to the time of its diagnosis and so screening is a valuable method for its early detection. This study was performed to determine the predictive factors for participation in colorectal cancer screening based on the BASNEF model.

This is a predictive correlational study that was performed on 576 subjects over the age of 50 in Tabriz in 2019. The sampling method was multi-stage clustering method. To collect the data, a demographic questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the constructs of BASNEF model were used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16 and descriptive and analytical statistical methods.

Only 20.4% of patients reported a history of performing fecal occult blood test and 9.5% of patients reported a history of colonoscopy. Based on linear regression modeling, among BASNEF model’s constructs, knowledge and subjective norm and also marital status, smoking and education were significantly related to colorectal cancer screening participation (p <0.05); and these variables can predict 23.9% of changes of variance of colorectal cancer screening participation.

The constructs of the BASNEF model are good predictors of participation in colorectal cancer screening. Regarding the importance of early diagnosis of colorectal cancer and the low rate of participation in its screening, it is necessary for policymakers to pay more attention to predictive/effective factors in participation of colorectal cancer screening and use interventions such as raising awareness and using important resources of subjective norms.

Due to the interruption of the EHC pathway in NAFLD patients, we hypothesized that parenteral vitamin D supplementation is superior to oral in vitamin D insufficient patients with NAFLD. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the efficacy of oral and parenteral routes of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels in patients with NAFLD.

In this prospective randomized trial, 66 NAFLD cases with vitamin D deficiency were studied. For 33 cases, oral vitamin D was supplemented, whereas the other 33 patients were given an intramuscular injection of vitamin D. Laboratory tests and liver ultrasound were performed at the beginning and the end of the trial for each subject.

Regardless of the drug administration route, at the end of this trial the mean of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level increased from 8.74±2.47 to 33.16±17.61 (P=0.00), and the mean±SD for serum triglyceride decreased from 191.46±92.79 to 166.00±68.30 (P=0.02), both were statistically significant. Liver ultrasound reported statistically significant changes in the grade of fatty liver disease (P=0.003). In the comparison between the two groups, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level changes were not statistically significant (P=0.788).

The intramuscular method of supplementation was not better than the oral route in improving serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels in NAFLD patients. In this study, the impaired EHC and vitamin D absorption inhibitor factors in NAFLD patients did not affect the final result of serum vitamin D levels significantly.