mohammad bagher hosseini

The aim of the current research was the effect of dark personality traits on the professional judgment of auditors, emphasizing the mediating role of moral values. The current research is one of the applied researches in terms of its purpose, and in terms of data collection, it is descriptive and survey type. To collect information from the standard questionnaire of dark personality traits of Jones and Palhes (2014), the standard questionnaire of professional judgment by Kaplan and Rickers (1995), the standard questionnaire of professional (individual) ethics by Paino et al. (2017) and also the standard questionnaire of corporate ethics by Hunt and Wood. and Chunko (2015) was used. The statistical population of the current research was all the certified accountants who were members of the certified accountants society of Iran and the auditing organization in 1402. Using Cochran's formula, the statistical sample of the research was 384 people, and the non-probability sampling method was used for sampling, and due to not receiving or completing all the questionnaires, first the questionnaires were sent online through email and WhatsApp messengers. Telegram was provided to the key respondents (community members with 10 years of experience) and these people introduced the next respondents (in a snowball way) and finally, 256 complete and usable questionnaires were received. Using structural equations and Smart PLS3 software, the research hypotheses were tested and the results of the hypothesis test showed that the dark characteristics of the auditors' personality have a negative and significant effect on their professional judgment. In examining the mediating role of ethical values on the effect of dark personality traits of auditors on their professional judgment, the results showed that 35% of the total effect of dark personality traits of auditors on their professional judgment is indirectly explained by the mediating variable of corporate ethics. 27% of the total effect of auditors' dark personality traits on their professional judgment is indirectly explained by the mediating variable of individual ethics. Similarly, the results showed that corporate ethics has a positive and significant effect on auditors' individual ethics.

 Sepsis is one of the most dangerous neonatal infections. Bacterial causes of neonatal septicemia are different.

 This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of microbial agents causing preterm neonatal sepsis.

 This descriptive study was performed on 1000 infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units 1 and 2 and the neonatal ward of Al-Zahra Medical Center in Tabriz, Iran, from March 2019 to June 2020. Sampling was completed through the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire after evaluating its validity and reliability. The questionnaire included personal information of neonates, causes of infection, antibiotic use, hospitalization time, and medication resistance pattern. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion technique according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. SPSS software version 22 was used for data analysis.

 Among all studied neonates, 78 cases (7.8%) had positive blood cultures. The most common cause of neonatal infection was preterm birth (80.8%), and the most common bacterial causes of sepsis were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (46.15) and Klebsiella pneumonia (28.2%). The highest antibiotic susceptibility of Gram-positive (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus) and Gram-negative bacteria was to ceftriaxone (47.3%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (100%), respectively, and the highest antibiotic resistance was to ampicillin and gentamicin (nearly 100%).

 Resistance to antibiotics used to treat sepsis has increased, which will cause irreparable problems in the treatment of preterm neonates if not addressed. Due to different microbial agents and drug resistance patterns in distinct regions, annual surveys should be conducted to determine drug resistance patterns, emphasizing preventive measures.

About 55% of extremely-low-birth-weight (birth weight < 1000 g) and 23% of very low-birth-weight infants (birth weight < 1500 g) suffer from metabolic bone disease (MBD). There are limited data on the use of calcitriol (1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) to prevent or treat MBD in preterm infants. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the preventive effect of calcitriol and cholecalciferol on the biochemical markers of MBD in preterm infants.

This study was a pilot randomized controlled trial conducted in the Alzahra teaching hospital of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. we randomized 72 very-low-birth-weight infants in two groups of calcitriol 0.25 μg/day and cholecalciferol 400 IU/day. Biochemical markers, including serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), phosphorus (P),calcium (Ca), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) levels were checked at baseline, three, and five weeks after medication, consecutively.

After three weeks of supplementation, infants in the cholecalciferol group had higher levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (P=0.001) and lower levels of urine phosphate (P=0.009); There were no significant differences in other biochemical markers. At the end of the fifth week, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of biochemical markers.

The study indicated that the use of cholecalciferol caused a lower urinary loss of phosphate in very-low birth-weight infants at a short time; however, these findings were not sustained during the study period.

The respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common pulmonary disorder that usually occurs as a result of preterm labor and is associated with lack of surfactant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of surfactant prescription in Alzahra teaching hospital in Tabriz, Iran. 

This drug use evaluation (DUE) study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Al-Zahra Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. The demographic and clinical data collection was performed using clinical records of patients. The pattern of surfactant replacement therapy was evaluated and compared with the European Consensus Guideline on the management of respiratory distress syndrome in 2016. 

A total of 252 premature infants who received surfactant between August 2017 and March 2018 were included. 80.8% of neonates were born by cesarean section. The most used surfactant was Curosurf®, which was used in 82.1% of cases. Only 34.9% of the infants received within 8 hours of birth. Moreover, 79% of infants received the standard dose of surfactant, while 9.5 % and 11.5% were given high and low doses of surfactant, respectively. 

The pattern of surfactant replacement therapy was not completely according to the guidelines, particularly regarding the time of administration.  Considering the importance of dose and timely administration of surfactant, providing strategies to decrease these errors are important.

Kangaroo mother care (KMC), as a complement to incubator care, is one of the ten recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the care of preterm infants. The KMC stabilizes the heart rate, improves oxygen saturation, makes weight gain better, and reduces crying in the infant. In order to launch KMC unit, the barriers for implementing this type of care should be recognized.

This qualitative research was conducted using a focus group discussion and individual semi-structured interview with nurses, doctors, executive and management staff of a neonatal unit of a third level teaching hospital in Tabriz, northwest Iran. The participants were selected using purposeful sampling. Content analysis was used for analyzing data. Data were analyzed by MAXQDA 10 software.

After analyzing data, four main themes were extracted including mother-related barriers, father-related barriers, physician- related barriers, and system-related barriers.

Based on the findings of the research, it seems that in order to facilitate practicing continuous KMC, much emphasis should be placed on training the parents and health care providers. Furthermore, in some cases, reforming the payment system for physicians, providing an instruction for performing continuous KMC, and continuous assessment of hospitals annually are necessary.

Hand hygiene is the first step in nosocomial infection control. However, most people have limited knowledge about proper hand hygiene.

This study aimed at comparing the effects of face‑to‑face education (FTFE) and video‑based education (VBE) on hand hygiene knowledge and performance among mothers in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Using a three‑group design, this randomized controlled trial was conducted in March–December 2019 in Al‑Zahra University Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. In total, 132 mothers of neonates in NICU were recruited to the study through convenient sampling and were randomly allocated to either an FTFE group, a VBE group, or a control group. Data were collected before and 3 days after the intervention using a Maternal Hand Hygiene Knowledge Questionnaire and a Maternal Hand Hygiene Performance checklist. Data analysis was performed using the Chi‑square test, paired‑samples t‑test, one‑way analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance.

The mean scores of hand hygiene knowledge and performance significantly increased in both the intervention groups (P < 0.05) but did not significantly change in the control group (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences among the groups regarding the pretest mean scores of hand hygiene knowledge (P = 0.24) and performance (P = 0.26), while the posttest mean scores of hand hygiene knowledge and performance in both the intervention groups were significantly greater than the control group (P < 0.05).

Both FTFE and VBE are effective in significantly improving hand hygiene knowledge and performance among the mothers of neonates in NICU.

The WHO and UNICEF have suggested pasteurized donor milk (PDM) as the best alternative for infants who do not receive enough milk from their mothers.

This study aimed to assess the short-term outcomes of launching the first mother’s milk bank in North-West of Iran.

The present retrospective study included 366 premature infants (181 pre-launch and 185 post-launch) who were hospitalized in Al-Zahra Hospital of Tabriz, Iran. The study included infants with birth weight ˂2000 g and/or gestation age ˂32 weeks who were born before and after the launch of mother’s milk bank. Frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), late onset sepsis (LOS) and mortality rate were compared. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 with the chisquare test, Fisher exact test, independent t test, and logistic regression test.

In total, NEC grade ≥2 was reported in 9 cases; 8 cases (4.41%) in pre-launch and one case (0.54%) in post-launch (adjusted OR=0.091; 95% CI=0.010 to 0.849, P=0.035). ROP was reported in 21 cases in two groups. Nineteen cases (10.5%) belonged to the pre-launch group and 2 cases (3.7%) to the post-launch group (adjusted OR=0.105; 95% CI=0.022 to 0.488, P=0.004). LOS was also found in 17 cases (9.39%) in the pre-launch group and 4 cases (2.16%) in the post-launch period, suggesting a significant difference between the two groups (adjusted OR=0.297; 95%CI=0.089 to 0.995, P=0.049). There was no significant difference in mortality of infants during hospitalization between the two groups (P=0.789); however, it was decreased from 15 to 8.

Launching the human milk bank significantly improved the outcomes of premature infants.

Potential yield of a specific crop cultivar is obtained when it is grown with water and nutrients non-limiting and biotic stress (pest and diseases) effectively controlled. In 2019, a study was conducted to estimate the potential Total Dry Matter (TDM) of forage maize and tomato under optimum growth conditions, using FAO growth model under climatic condition of Abhar region, Iran. The results showed that the potential yield of TDM and the grain in hybrid cultivars of maize which are tolerant to high plant density with leaf area index of 3.5, harvest index of 52% and growing season of 125 days, will be about 28.67 and 14.91 t.ha-1, respectively. The potential yield of tomato with leaf area index of 2.8, harvest index of 65% and growing season length of 148 days will be 212 t.ha-1.Considering the perennial nature of the latter; its yield might be increased by prolonging the harvesting period. According to the length of growth season of maize and tomato crops, the irrigation water requirement was estimated 703.9 and 830.1 mm, respectively. Findings of the study may be applied in improving the yield of study crops using revised management options under climatic conditions of the region.

Growing season is the part of a year with suitable temperature and sufficient moisture for crop normal growth. Whit recognizing the growing period in the region and crop water requirement can adopt appropriate management to better compromise crop with climate limitations in rainfed agriculture. In the research, the length of growing period in Abhar area using linear interpolation and climatic data was investigated. Besides that, crop water requirement, potential yield, and yield reduction in heavy, medium, and light soil texture for rainfed winter wheat and spring barley were studied using FAO method and long-term synoptic information. Results showed that the length of growing period in terms of moisture was estimated 179 days that its beginning and ending were 1st November and 28th April, respectively. But, considering air temperature and crop critical temperature, from beginning of December to end of February was not involved in the growing period. Therefore, the length of the growing period was declined to 89 days. The humid period was calculated 38 days that its begging and ending were 9th December and 15th January, respectively. Efficient rainfall, crop water requirement, and crop irrigation requirement during winter wheat growing cycle were 89, 611.2, and 522.4 and during spring barley growing cycle were 41.8, 390.3, and 348.5 mm, respectively. Generally, the average, minimum and maximum final yields were estimated for wheat by 1.26, 0.50 and 1.90 Mg ha-1 and for barley by 0.48, 0.18 and 0.80 Mg ha-1, respectively. To mitigate the negative consequences of the shortness of region growing period and its incomplete overlapping with crop growth cycle, measures such as optimum rainwater harvest, sowing in time, improving water use efficiency, selecting drought-resistant or short-season cultivars, and using conservation tillage practices to maintain water are suggested to reach sustainability in rainfed crop production.

Premature birth and subsequent admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) may impair the neurodevelopment of neonates. The present study aimed to determine the effect of developmental care on neurodevelopmental outcomes of newborns.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 105 premature neonates (in three groups of 35 newborns). The control group received conventional care, and the intervention group 1 received developmental care beginning since admission to NICU stay. In addition, the intervention group 2 received developmental care since entering the delivery or operating room. The developmental outcomes were evaluated based on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) and Bayley-III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging was performed to evaluate the brain myelination at the adjusted age of 12 months.

The obtained findings showed that the frequency rates of communication and language impairment were significantly lower in the intervention group 2, compared to those reported for the control group and intervention group 1, based on the ASQ. The comparison of the scores of the Bayley subscales (i.e., cognition, language, and motor) showed that the frequency of language impairment was significantly higher in the control group, compared to those reported for the intervention group 1 (P=0.012) and intervention group 2 (P=0.024). No significant difference was observed in terms of the neonates’ brain myelination (P>0.05).

The obtained results showed that developmental care, especially when initiated since birth, may improve some aspects of developmental outcomes in preterm newborns.

Based on recommendations from World Health Organization (WHO), hands hygiene is the first step for infection control. The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge and performance of mothers about hands hygiene in NICU.

This was a cross-sectional study. Participants included 132 mothers with preterm newborns hospitalized in NICU of Al-Zahra teaching hospital, affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Data was collected by two questionnaires for demographics and knowledge on hand hygiene and checklist to evaluate the techniques of hand washing as recommended by WHO. The results were analyzed by SPSS, V19.

The results of the present study showed that the majority of mothers considered that the frequent visits to the cause of infection and they stated that only reason for hand washing is dirty hands. Most of them only rubbed their hands together, in the process of washing hands and they did not follow the stages of hand washing as recommended by WHO.

The results of this study showed that maternal knowledge and performance in hand hygiene were not acceptable. Considering the developmental of family center care and involving mothers in the care of their infants, it's essential to pay attention to the mothers hand hygiene. By identifying the gap of between the standards and the actual performance, the opportunities for promotion and training are provided to them, until unknowingly and unwittingly, they do not transmit the infection to their infants.

Sepsis is one of the most important causes of death in infants. The pattern of bacterial agents responsible for neonatal septicemia changes over time. The main aim of the present study was to provide a clinical guideline adapted for treatment of neonatal sepsis based on the frequency of microbial agents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Alzahra Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. The clinical guideline adaptation is conducted based on the ADAPTE Resource Toolkit for Guideline Adaptation (version 2.0) from December 2016 to January 2018. For data collection, the specialized websites were identified, then an internet search method was used for gaining clinical guidelines and medical literature databases. A panel was established with members of multi-specialties and the obtained guidelines were examined and evaluated. In the end, the final guideline was selected and translated. Regarding the guideline, employing antibiotics should start when the neonate is < 35 weeks and premature rupture of membrane (PROM) happened < 18 h. Moreover, it could be employed when the neonate did not receive antibiotics, the gestational age (GA) is < 35 weeks with a PROM < 18 h or a GA < 37 weeks with a PROM ≥ 18 h. Implementation of the neonatal sepsis treatment guideline leads to a unified method of treatment, reduces the risk of antibiotic resistance, and decreases the mortality and morbidity associated with sepsis.

Breastfeeding is an important public health strategy due to its benefits in reducing the morbidity and mortality of infants and helping to control health care costs.
Breastfeeding with various macronutrients and micronutrients plays its nutritional and biological roles in optimal growth and development of the infant. Based on the importance of breastfeeding, this study aimed to determine the levels of macronutrients in mature human milk, and the affecting factors.

This case-control study was performed in Tabriz during September-February in 2018. A total of 102 women who were delivered by cesarean section or vaginal delivery were selected using convenience sampling. Breast milk samples were collected at 15 ± 1 day postpartum, and using the Lactoscan, milk macronutrients (lactose, fat, protein) and milk energy were measured.

Mean lactose, protein, lipid, and energy mature human milk’s in both groups were (7.30) g/ml, (2.78) g/ml, (3.65) g/ml, and (68.81) kcal/ml, respectively.
Factors affecting breast milk lactose and fat levels included mother's current weight, infant's birth weight, and delivery mode.

The results of this study showed that variables such as delivery mode predict the levels of macronutrients in breast milk. Due to the importance of macronutrients for infant growth and health, paying attention to these factors, especially promoting vaginal delivery, is important.

Neonatal sepsis is one of the most important causes of infant mortality in developing countries. The causative organisms for sepsis are various in different regions across the world. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of microbial agents and drug resistance pattern of the neonatal sepsis in newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Alzahra Hospital Tabriz, Iran. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2016 to January 2018 in the NICU at Alzahra Hospital Tabriz, Iran. The medical records of all neonates admitted to the NICU were investigated using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected using a two-part demographic form. Subsequently, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22.0). Out of 174 positive blood culture, 52.4% (n=92) and 46.6% (n=82) of Gram-negative (G) and Gram-positive (G) bacteria accounted for the cause of sepsis, respectively. The most common cause of early- and late-onset sepsis was Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS), and the most common G-negative and G-positive bacteria were Acinetobacter and CoNS, respectively. The G-positive bacteria showed the most antibiotic susceptibility to Vancomycin (81.45%), Ampicillin (52.15%), and Imipenem (47.32%). On the other hand, the highest drug susceptibility in G-negative bacteria was related to antibiotics, such as Amikacin (73.64%), Imipenem (56.36%), and Ciprofloxacin (52.44%). Moreover, the most antibiotic resistance was associated with Oxacillin (100%), Tetracycline (100%), and Ciprofloxacin (44.4%). The CoNS is the main cause of early- and late-onset sepsis among the neonates admitted to the NICU at Alzahra Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. G-positive and G-negative as causative agents of sepsis showed the highest susceptibility to Vancomycin and Amikacin, respectively.

Syntactic deviation is one of the techniques employed to enhance a literary text, because it derives from the poet’s intentional non-compliance with morphological or syntactic rules to achieve certain goals. Using this technique leads to eloquence of language so that it directs the reader’s attention to the text. Contemporary poets attempt to use this technique in their poetry to inspire the reader with new feelings and, disturbing the usual order of objects, they try to represent them in a brand new way. In this way, the modern Iraqi poet, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab—to whose literary genius contemporary Arabic poetry owes much—has devoted himself to the development of his poetic language and has evoked the reader’s contemplation on his poetry. In some cases, he offers a different language by breaking the norms and moving away from the prevailing principles of poetry. Under the influence of Western culture and literature, he had a critical look at the heritage of Arabic poetry and made a significant contribution to the development of Arabic poetic language. This research tries to examine the syntactic and rhetorical deviations of Sayab’s poems in a descriptive-analytical manner in order to elicit his techniques of defamiliarization and make the reader focus on the poet’s main intention and the hidden layers of his work. The results of the research demonstrate that hyperbaton, omission of letters and the use of new ones, conjunction and separation of words, and using far-fetched words are the most frequent examples of syntactic and rhetorical deviations in Sayyab’s poetry. Therefore, using such techniques, Sayyab gives his poetry a distinctive character so that the reader’s difficulty understanding his new form of expression and their sensual perception time are increased. The research also argues that the syntactic and rhetorical deviation is one of the aesthetic and stylistic qualities of all the free-verse poems of Sayyab.

Given the important role of ethics in organizations such as educational centers and the mission of educators for training of next generations, this study was conducted with the aim of presenting a causal model of moral competencies for high school teachers in Shiraz, Iran. In this descriptive-correlational study, 330 high school teachers were selected using Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling method in academic year of 2015-2016. Gregory's Occupational Work Ethic Inventory (1990), Ghahramani's Professional, Organizational and Individual Ethics (2010), Smith's Job Satisfaction (1969), Salzman & Anderkolk's Management Style (1982), Sedaghati Fard's Organizational Alienation (2007), Niehoff & Moorman's Organizational Justice (1993) questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using Path analysis method by SPSS and Lisrel soft wares. The variables of job satisfaction, organizational justice, leadership style and organizational alienation, interest in work, participation in work, perseverance and seriousness, healthy human relations and individual factors had a significant effect on teachers’ moral competences (p=0.01). 38% of the variance for moral competences was explained by exogenous variables and. The causal model of the teacher's moral competencies was well suited. The findings showed that the exogenous variables had a significant positive effect on the teacher's moral competencies with mediating role of individual factors. Since observance of moral behaviors in an organization depends first and foremost on the value of moral values in its general policies and management practices, school managers are advised to take appropriate measures to ensure the background to moral norms and competencies.

BackgroundBlood sampling is a usual and painful procedure on preterm infant. Repeating painful procedures may affect the process of normal brain development and Pain management is important for nurses. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare pain score in two sites of blood sampling in preterm infants.
Materials and MethodsBlood sampling is a usual and painful procedure on preterm infant. Repeating painful procedures may affect the process of normal brain development and Pain management is important for nurses. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare pain score in two sites of blood sampling in preterm infants.
ResultsThe pain score was significantly higher while sampling was conducted from hand veins compared to scalp veins (p=0.001).The pain score was significantly higher in preterm infants with lower gestational age (28-30 weeks) than the infants with 30-32 weeks of gestation(p=0.048).
ConclusionThe pain score in preterm infants according to ALPS-Neo method was significantly higher while sampling was conducted from hand veins compared to scalp veins. Preterm infants with lower gestational age had also higher pain score.

Premature neonates are hospitalized until they can get full mouth feeding and this often leads to increasing the hospitalization period. This study compared two neonatal care policies: early discharge of stable preterm infants with home gavage feeding and discharge when they reached to full oral feeding.
By a case-control study, all stable premature neonates admitted in Alzahra teaching hospital, Tabriz, Iran, who were not able to feed orally, were divided into two groups. Study group included 48 neonates who achieved full oral feeding through oro- gastric tube and were discharged for outpatient follow-up. Control group included 50 neonates with the same feeding conditions who remained hospitalized and fed up by their mothers. Within one month, early clinical criteria were compared between both groups.
The mean gestational age for the control group was (30.6 ± 2.5 weeks), study group was (30.2 ± 1.8 weeks) and average admission weights for control and study groups were 1409.0 ± 363.6gr and 1352.7 ± 272.3gr, respectively. Infants at the early discharge program, spent less time to reach the full oral feeding (13 days vs. 16 days) than the control group (p = 0.025), and had lower risk of sepsis and feeding intolerance compared to those in the control group and their difference for feeding intolerance was significant (p= 0.03).
This study showed that after an appropriate education for parents the early discharge of stable preterm neonates with home gavage feeding not only revealed a positive impact on their feeding and sucking improvement but also did not show any complication or negative impact on their growth parameters.

Premature birth and subsequent admission to the neonatal intensive care unit impair the mother-infant attachment process. The present study aimed to determine the impact of developmental care on the mother-child attachment at the adjusted age of 1 year.
In a quasi-experimental study, 105 premature infants born in Al-Zahra hospital of Tabriz at a gestational age of 26 to 32 weeks and a weight of 1500 g or less were assigned to three groups of 35. The control group, intervention group 1, and 2 received routine care, developmental care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and neonatal unit, developmental care in the delivery room or operation room, respectively. The mother-child attachment at the adjusted age of 1 year was measured using Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale.
The mean (standard deviation) score of the mother-child attachment at the adjusted age of 1 year in the control group, intervention group 1 and 2 was determined to be 83.8 (6.9), 81.7 (5.7), and 81.4 (6.7), respectively. The results indicated no significant difference between the three groups in terms of the score of mother-child attachment and its subscales.
In this study, high score of the mother-child attachment was observed in all three groups. Given the importance of developmental care and support to mothers of premature infants as well as the newness of developmental care in Iran, it seems necessary for authorities to pay more attention to this type of care and conduct further research on this subject.

The most common cause of admission to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) is respiratory distress syndrome. One of the respiratory assistance methods is using nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Regarding the importance of pain control which is one of the major priorities in neonatal nursing care, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of body position on pain due to nasal CPAP in premature neonates.
In this cross-over clinical trial, 50 premature neonates who were receiving nasal CPAP admitted to the NICU of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran, were included. The neonates were randomly placed at three body positions (fetal, supine, and prone positions). Pain was measured by Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital Pain Scale Neonates (ALPS-Neo) pain assessment scale. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS software (Version 22.0).
Significant difference existed regarding pain of nasal CPAP among body positions (p Body positioning in premature neonates under nasal CPAP in NICU can be effective as a non-pharmacologic method in alleviating pain due to nasal CPAP. Among the studied positions, the lowest pain score was seen in fetal position.

Technological advances in neonatal care have increased the survival rate of preterm infants, but they have not been able to reduce the risk of the multiple complications developing in them.
To determine the short-term effects of developmental care on preterm infants.
The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on 105 preterm infants (three groups of 35) born in Al-Zahra hospital of Tabriz, Iran, from September 2013 to November 2015. The sampling method was convenience, based on study’s eligibility criteria. The control group received no developmental care. Intervention group 1 received developmental care at the neonatal intensive care unit and the neonatal ward, and intervention group 2 received developmental care from birth in the delivery and operating rooms and continued to receive it at the NICU and the neonatal ward. Short-term neonatal outcomes were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics.
The overall duration of hospital stay was significantly shorter in intervention group 2 compared to the control group (mean difference: - 13.6; confidence interval: -24.8 to -2.4; P = 0.013) and intervention group 1 (-12.5; -23.7 to-1.3; P = 0.024), and the duration of NICU stay was also shorter in intervention group 2 compared to the control group (-12.4; -22.2 to -2.5; P = 0.009). The incidence of sepsis was significantly lower in intervention groups 1 and 2 compared to the control group, and the incidence of prematurity anemia and the need for blood transfusion were also significantly lower in intervention group 2 compared to intervention group 1 and the control group (P The results obtained showed that developmental care for preterm infants, especially when initiated as early as in the delivery and operating room, can improve certain short-term neonatal outcomes.

Postpartum depression is a serious problem with considerable effect on the mother and infant’s health, being more common in mothers of preterm infants. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) method is a cheap and convenient way to take better care of premature neonates. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of KMC on the incidence of postpartum depression in mothers of preterm infants.
In this prospective cohort study, 60 mothers of premature infants who were hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Tabriz Al-Zahra hospital, were selected. All the mothers gave birth through caesarean section and carried out KMC. Mothers were divided in to 2 groups: mothers with 3 times or more/day KMC and those with less KMC. All mothers were required to complete the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) on the 10th, 20th and 30th days after the delivery. The changes in mothers’ depression scale were evaluated.
There was no obvious difference between the 2 groups in terms of EPDS scores on the 10th day (P = 0.07). However, there was significant difference on the 20th and 30th days (P Considering the results of this study, it can be concluded that depression in mothers with KMC decreased during follow-up time. In fact, KMC is associated with a predictive effect on postpartum depression.

The widespread use of chemical fertilizers and their effects on agricultural products is an issue that is still being studied and discussed. An important subject for study is the replacing of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers and the application of integrated fertilizers to increase soil fertility in sustainable agriculture and for livestock (Wu, et al., 2005). Integrated fertilizing systems are more reliable than conventional fertilizers in producing better quality and higher quantities of whole forage in arid environments with water stress or a water deficit irrigation system. (Jahanian, 2012). On the other hand, drought stress is the most important abiotic factor that limits growth and development of plants in arid and semi-arid areas. Water stress conditions can also effect the root’s ability to uptake nutrients and leads to decreased forage quality. Evaluating new methods of irrigation and deficit irrigation systems can reduce the adverse effect of drought stress (Keshavarz Afshar et al. 2012). Therefore, the study of different fertilizing systems along with irrigation regimes is the main goal of this research in order to improve forage quality and trigonelline content in fenugreek plants.
A field experiment using a split plot on a RCB design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm of the College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, in Karaj, Iran during the 2012 growing season. Treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation protocols assigned to the main plots as follows: complete irrigation (providing 100%), moderate drought stress (providing 75%) and severe drought stress (providing 50% of weekly evaporation). Six levels of fertilizing systems assigned to the subplots consisted of: a control, chemical fertilizer, biological fertilizer (seeds inoculated by Pseudomonas and Azotobacter), and three different integrated fertilizers: bio흍% chemical, bio% chemical and bio% chemical
By increasing the drought severity, the percentage of CP, WSC, NDF, ADF, ash and trigonelline concentrations increased while the percentage of DDM, mineral contents and trigonelline yield followed a decreasing trend. By increasing NDF and ADF, forage quality was reduced. This reduction also came with a decrease in DDM. Drought stress caused an increase in the trigonelline, while most of the growth parameters in the fenugreek plant decreased. The highest values for DDM, mineral contents and trigonelline yield were achieved with full irrigation treatment accompanied by integrated fertilizer (Bio75% and Bio50%). The highest percent of CP, WSC and trigonelline was measured in severe drought stress together with Bio100%.
The results of this experiment indicated that the integrated fertilizers were more efficient than bio- and chemical fertilizers. They could mitigate the adverse effect of drought stress and produced the highest forage quality and secondary metabolite. These characters along with less use of chemical fertilizers produced the highest yield in quality and quantity compared to the other fertilization systems. Under the conditions in Karaj, it seems that application of integrated fertilizers along with moderate deficit irrigation (providing 75% of weekly evaporation), due to less water consumption and less negative effect on yield and forage quality, can be suggested for a sustainable agricultural system in arid and semi-arid areas like Karaj, Iran. Fenugreek, due to its dual positive characteristics, can be suggested as a medicinal-forage crop for livestock

Growth and development of preterm infants may be negatively affected by constant bright light in neonatal intensive care units ( NICUs ). It may also contribute to sleep pattern disorders commonly seen in in this group of infants. Reducing exposure to light by covering the incubators is recommended by guidelines of the Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP).
This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 60 preterm infants with gestational age of 28-32 weeks admitted at NICU of Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Preterm infants were divided randomly in 2 groups: In the first group (intervention), incubators were covered with a thick cover and the face was covered with a cloth (face cover). In the second group (observation), incubators were covered with a thick cover but the face was not covered. We darkened the environment of NICU by closing the curtain and turning off additional florescent lights from 19:30 pm till 7:30 am in both groups, then we compared sleep pattern in 2 groups of infants by using sleep diagram.
In the intervention group (face cover), the mean frequency of sleep during the 6 days increased by 2.96 times/observations and the mean amount of sleep increased by 59 minutes.
This study showed that light reduction with incubator covers and eye shield, increases the frequency and sleep duration in premature infants.

Context: Premature birth and the consequent neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission cause parents great distress, which makes them in need of support when their infant is hospitalized at the NICU.
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of creating opportunities for parent empowerment (COPE) program on parents’ mental health. This review emphasizes on mental disorders’ prevention.
Data Sources: This systematic review was performed by searching the databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Proquest, Science Direct, SID, Magiran and Iranmedex databases for interventional papers from 2000 to 2015.
Study Selection: The studies, which were considered for this review included, randomized controlled clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies on the impact of COPE program on the mental health of premature infants’ parents.
Data Extraction: For determination of eligible studies, two authors extracted the data independently and discrepancies were resolved through discussion or, if required, through consultation with a third author.
Only four studies conducted on the impact of COPE program on parents’ mental health were included in this systematic review. According to these studies, the implementation of COPE program for the parents of premature infants hospitalized at the NICU decreased stress significantly after the second phase of the COPE program (-1.72 (95% CI: -1.97, -1.47)) and state anxiety after first phase of program (-1.01 (95% CI: -1.48, -0.53)) in mothers.
The studies suggested the positive impact of COPE programs on parents’ mental health; however, more studies are recommended on all aspects of mental health along with further involvement of fathers.