فهرست مطالب mohammad hedayati

Power is still a challenging concept in sociological theories. Classic definitions of power are not sufficient and new approaches concentrated on resistance, also the latest one used in a large scope and faced with varieties of empirical and theoretical critiques. Moreover, in both classical and lately approaches there is a dualism around power configuration. This paper, in the first place, tries to scrutiny these theoretical challenges around power configurations, afterward, clarify the relationship of different concepts of power and dimensions of power, and at the end, go through of dualism. The results show that classical configuration of power, in the best state, is limited on power-acceptance or power-powerlessness; also, new approaches outstand power-resistance and discard acceptance of power and powerlessness, whiles, in a logical point of view, in relation to power we can go beyond of dualisms and think about a multiple configuration contains power- resistance- powerlessness- acceptance of power.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a period of combined training on the Body composition, Range of motion Upper limb, Shoulder pain rate, Glucose homeostasis in type II diabetic patients after breast cancer surgery. The sample of the study included 30 individuals who underwent breast surgery.the Experimental group had resistance exercises using band Pilates and aerobic exercises with 50-70% maximum heart rate(n=15), and the control group had the same exercise(n=15). the training sessions were planned as x 3 per week for a period of 8 weeks. the Body composition, Range of motion, pain, Glucose homeostasis of all individuals was evaluated before and after training. according to the measurements It was concluded that that there is a significant difference in the BMI between the two groups (P <0.05). The results also demonstrated that there is a significant difference in the Glucose homeostasis among the two research groups (P <0.05), however, this difference was not significant in Insulin resistance. After 8 weeks, the combined exercise showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P <0.05) and the flexion and extension limbs of the shoulder, the internal and external shoulder rotation, flexion and elbow exertion of the subjects. But the pain did not have a significant difference.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most important and common infections in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of qnrB and qnrS genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urinary tract infections of children in 17 Shahrivar Hospital in Rasht.

 In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 49 strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from 17 Shahrivar Hospital in Rasht and identified using biochemical methods. Sensitivity and resistance of strains to antibiotics were determined by Kirby Bohr and dilution broth methods. PCR method was used to evaluate the frequency of qnrS and qnrB genes in isolates.

In this study, the highest resistance was observed in piperacillin (81.5%) and cefazolin (88.9%) isolates from Escherichia coli and in Klebsiella pneumoniae (cefazolin (90.9%) and amoxicillin (95.5%) isolates from 49 Isolated, 73.4% had qnrB gene and 97.9% had qnrS gene.

It seems that one of the reasons for increasing multidrug resistance in hospital isolates of urinary tract infection (UTI) in Rasht is the increased transfer of plasmid genes between these isolates.

The axiological basics of nutrition ethics are propositions extracted from Islamic texts that show the concept and place of values in nutrition ethics, the types of values, their precedence and characteristics, and a general and comprehensive picture of desirable values. They present the ethics of nutrition. The purpose of this research is to introduce the axiological basics of nutrition ethics from Islamic perspective. The main question of this research is: What are the axiological basics of nutrition ethics from Islamic perspective? By collecting data from libraries and using first-hand religious sources and analyzing them, the present research came to the conclusion that the axiological basics of nutrition ethics are: axiological realism in nutrition style; Paying attention to the difference between intrinsic values and other values in nutrition; separation of instrumental values from the ultimate ones; absolute and fixed values, transtemporality and translocality of values; provability of real values in nutrition; the moral values of nutrition based on objective facts; the relationship between voluntary and conscious act of eating and its result; and dividing nutritional benefits into spiritual and material ones.

Today, in order to satisfy the inner feeling of wanting to be beautiful and to become beautiful and look beautiful in the structure and shape of the body, different methods and various changes are suggested. One of these methods is cosmetic surgery, which is performed in different ways. Ethical examination of this practice, which has become common among men and women and has become the concern of many people, can familiarize them with related norms and anomalies. The question of this research is that what values should the actor observe before and after doing this act in order to adorn it with virtues and be protected from its ugliness and moral damage. The first hypothesis of the research is that the value of this practice from the point of view of Islamic ethics depends on the observance of Sharia teachings and religious principles. The second hypothesis is that before proceeding with cosmetic surgery, one must have a pure and non-imitation intention and also have the right plan. The third hypothesis is that after taking action, he should avoid boasting and deception, as well as neglecting spiritual beauties. Research is done with Quranic and narrative information and ethical and jurisprudential analysis based on verses and traditions. The purpose of the research is the application of ethical values related to cosmetic surgery in this practice.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the common infections in children which is rapidly acquiring more and more resistance to antimicrobial drugs in the worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of SHV, TEM and CTX-M genes in Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae strains isolated from UTI in children in 17 Shahrivar hospital from Rasht city, Iran.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 49 strains of Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae were isolated from 17 Shahrivar hospital from Rasht city and identified by biochemical tests. The resistance and susceptibility of the strains to antibiotics was determined by both Kirby Bauer and Broth dilution methods. To evaluate frequency of SHV, TEM, and CTX-M genes in the isolates, the PCR method was used. To statistical analysis, χ2 test was used with SPSS software version 19.

In this study, the most resistance was observed to Ceftriaxone (88.9%) and ampicillin (81.5%) in Escherichia Coli and to ampicillin (95.5%) and Ceftriaxone (77.3%) in Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Of 49 isolates, 89.8% had SHV gene, 89.8% had CTX-M gene, and 100% had TEM gene.

We concluded that one of the reasons of increasing multi drug resistance in nosocomial isolates of UTI in Rasht may be an increase in horizontal transfer of plasmid genes between these isolates.

In this article, we try to examine the parallel between the form of Houshang Golshiri’s novel Christine and Kid and the social construction of consciousness in its time. At first glance, the novel seems to be a personal account that cannot be sociologically analyzed; however, this article seeks to show the inherently social nature of this novel’s form. The theoretical part is the historical formulation of Lukács’ thought based on his five major works on the sociology of literature. The article tries to show that the social construction of consciousness at the time of writing Christine and Kid was centered around the issue of “the encounter with the West”; In terms of this issue, we have distinguished three social groups in Iranian intellectual society: on the one hand, pro-Western and anti-Western groups, that have dealt with the issue through an “essentialist” approach, and, on the other, a third group that has tried to discard this dualism and consider the “contingent” nature of the issue. The purpose of this article is to explain how the form of this novel is connected with the construction of the consciousness of the third group. The findings show that the form in this novel is shaped by the combination and interplay of several components: the process of knowledge, contemporaneity, interruptions, compositional aspect, suspension and the dialectic of reception and rejection. Moreover, this form is in line with the main construction of consciousness in the third group, which considered the issue as “open,” “present,” “plural,” “subject of cognition,” and “in process.” Extended Abstract1.IntroductionThe present article studies the relationship between form and the social construction of consciousness in Houshang Golshiri’s novel Christine and Kid. While the novel appears to be a personal, formalist work, defying any kind of sociological analysis, attempt has been made to examine the inherently social nature of the novel’s form. Throughout the article, both in the theoretical and practical sections, the focus of discussion is on the ‘form’ rather than the ‘literary content’ or the ‘social content’ of the novel. 2.Theoretical FrameworkThe historical formation of Lukács’ ideas in the present article shows that he focuses on form, which, according to him, is the composition that directs how a work of art is received. Mimesis is based on the selection, assessment and formation of elements of reality, represented in form. The present article draws on Lukács’ ideas in this regard to study Golshiri’s Christine and Kid. 3.MethodologyThe present study adopts the qualitative methodology and is a case study of a literary work. It is based on Lukács’ methodology in the sociology of the novel and attempt has been made to analyze the relationship between this literary form and the social construction of consciousness. 4.Discussion and AnalysisIn Christine and Kid, the East/West dichotomy, as one of the most fundamental issues in the structure of the contemporary Iranian society, has been dealt with. A Lukácsian study of the novel reveals that there is a consistency between the form of the novel and the social construction of consciousness. 5.Conclusion The form of Golshiri’s Christine and Kid is made up of some major elements: the process of understanding ‘the other/the Western’ and consequently ‘the self/the Eastern’; the development of form in the present time based on the development of the present moment; the development of characters in the process of the development of ‘events’; the fragmentation of events, characters and ideas; and the endless suspension in ‘attracting/repelling’ the other and the self. The form of this novel is consistent with the construction of consciousness in the third group in dealing with the ‘issue of the West’.  In other words, the form of this novel, in its totality, reveals the construction of the third group and challenges the Western/anti-Western dichotomy. Select BibliographyAmanat, A. 1400 [2021].Tarikh-e Iran-e Modern. M. Hafez (trans.). Tehran: Faragard.Ashouri, D. 1387 [2008]. “Houshyari-e Tarikhi.” In: id. Ma va Moderniyat. Tehran: Serat: 13-43.Lukács, G. 1373 [1994]. Pajouheshi dar Realism-e Oroupayi. A. Akbari (trans.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi.Lukács, G.1377 [1998]. Tarikh va Agahi-e Tabaqati: Pajouheshi dar Dialektik-e Marksisti. M. J. Pouyandeh (trans.). Tehran: Nasl-e Qalam.Lukács, G.1380 [2001]. Nazaryeh-ye Roman. H. Mortazavi (trans.). Tehran: Qesseh.Lukács, G.1388 [2009]. Roman-e Tarikhi. Sh. Behyan (trans.). Tehran: Akhtaran.Lukács, G.1397 [2018]. Jan va Sourat. R. Rezaee (trans.). Tehran: Mahi.Nabavi, N. 1388 [2009]. Roshanfekran va Dolat dar Iran: Siasat-e Goftar va Tangna-ye Esalat. H. Fesharaki (trans.). Tehran: Shirazeh.Shadman, F. 1382 [2003]. Taskhir-e Tamaddon-e Farangi. Tehran: Gam-e Noe.Ziaebrahimi, R. 1397 [2018]. Paydayesh-e Nasionalism-e Irani: Nejad va Siasat-e Bijasazi. H. Afshar (trans.). Tehran: Markaz.

In the current dynamic export market environment, understanding the market and its developments and trying to meet customer needs in the face of changing it, is another key factor in strengthening the performance of export firms. Therefore, the proper use of dynamic export capabilities is one of the most widely used strategies for the internationalization of companies. Saffron is one of the strategic products and the most important agricultural product in Iran, which has a special importance in terms of non-oil exports. Iran has the highest potential for saffron exports in the world, but statistics show that the export of Iranian saffron in bulk and lack of saffron processing in the country has caused the low added value of this product. Therefore in spite of having a comparative advantage and even in some cases an absolute advantage for saffron production, because of not paying attention to export capabilities and using its advantages as a competitive advantage in exports, the share of exporters has reduced. Moreover, in this article, we have tried to investigate the effect of dynamic export capabilities of companies active in the field of saffron exports on creating a competitive advantage and improving performance. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. In terms of time horizon, it is cross-sectional and in year 2019. The statistical population is the commercial units active in the field of saffron export in Khorasan province. Morgan table has been used to determine the sample size, which according to Morgan table and the number of statistical population, the minimum sample size is equal to 120 managers of business units. The questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. In this study, the conceptual model was tested using the partial least squares method and SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data. The findings indicate a significant positive effect of export potential capabilities on competitive advantage directly and indirectly through export knowledge. Competitive advantage also has a significant effect on performance. The findings of this study show managers what components of dynamic export capabilities, export knowledge, competitive advantage and performance should be considered to improve their performance. This study explains to managers the fact that by investing in export dynamic capabilities, not only they do not lose, but they also gain a competitive advantage through improved performance. Given that the ultimate goal of most organizations is to improve the performance and satisfaction of their customers, and dynamic export capabilities, export knowledge, competitive advantage and performance lead to achieving these goals. The results of this research to the company's managers Export saffron exporters in particular and other managers in the country in general will help to take a step towards improving the dynamic export capabilities, and thus increase the competitive advantage of their organization and thus improve the performance of the organization. The findings of this study show managers what components of dynamic export capabilities, export knowledge, competitive advantage and performance should be considered to improve their performance. Today, growth of export is key for governments to recreate the economy. In almost all developing countries, the issue of export development is at the forefront of government priorities and policies. Saffron is one of the most strategic and important agricultural products in Iran, which is of special importance in terms of non-oil exports. Exports are the most important indicator in the global development of companies, as well as countries. Therefore, export market orientation and competitive advantage are important to increase export performance. So, managers and organizational officials with an emphasis on the relationship between dynamic export capabilities, export knowledge, competitive advantage and performance in export companies active in the field of saffron should be identified by recognizing customer needs to improve dynamic export capabilities. Managers must take steps to improve dynamic export capabilities and create a competitive advantage by identifying customer needs and requirements. In this regard, it is recommended to the active managers of export companies in the field of saffron, along with conducting research and identifying dynamic export capabilities, to strengthen them.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant transformation and proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells in bone marrow and blood, which is mainly found in children. Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is a thiopurine drug metabolizer enzyme that is prescribed for the treatment of ALL. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TPMT gene have been reported to be associated with the decreased and deficient activity of the enzyme, which disrupts thiopurine drug metabolization and results in severe hematopoietic toxicity, which could be fatal in the patients. Since genetic screening before the thiopurine drug treatment of patients could be helpful for dosage optimization and efficient chemotherapy, this study was conducted to evaluate the association of G>A 146 TPMT gene polymorphism (rs1800460) with ALL susceptibility in an Iranian childhood population from the province of Guilan. This case-control study was performed on 400 individuals including 200 patients and 200 healthy children. Allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) was applied to genotype the polymorphism of the TPMT gene. We found a significant difference in genotype distributions of G>A 146 TPMT polymorphism between patients and controls (p = 0.0001). Our results showed that individuals with the GA genotype had significantly increased risk of ALL (OR = 3.66, %95CI = 1.87-7.17, p = 0.0001), whereas individuals with the AA genotype were not associated with the increased risk of ALL (p = 0.2). This study may provide useful information for early diagnosis and an optimized strategy for the treatment of patients. However, more studies must perform for further characterization of this issue.

Since the formation of modern states, bureaucracies have become the main instruments of governments for achieving developmental goals. The existence of an efficient bureaucracy is considered necessary for realizing these goals.  However, in the literature of sociology, especially after the classics, the state bureaucracy has been neglected and it seems there is a kind of conceptual vacuum and confusion. This paper tries to give a critical discussion of the significant theories on the state bureaucracy and examine their reductionist attitudes, then give a clear formulation of this concept, and ultimately provide a conceptual model for its empirical study. Based on this model, the quality of the state bureaucracy in each country depends on its specific structural and institutional composition. The institutional context is the main determining factor of the quality of bureaucracy. Several variables, in the context of this institutional logic, are highlighted: the arrangement of power and the characteristics of political structure, the pattern of extraction of resources and the system of economic relations, the type of relationship between government and society, and ultimately the issue of the power and function/ agency of the elites. Each of these variables and their various dimensions is described regarding some empirical cases, and their implications for state bureaucracies are introduced.

Jurisprudence and ethics have responsibilities in relation to perfection. These two areas of science have similarities and differences. As yet, although many decision have been made about the relationship of “jurisprudence”, “ethics” and “mysticism”, it is hard to achieve the common conclusion through all these decisions, while the judgment of any of the researcher is based on their perception of the meaning of “Jurisprudence”, “ethics”. Therefore, understanding relationship, homogeneity and heterogeneity of jurisprudence and ethics, requires determining different aspects of these two areas. This study aims to explain the necessity to separate different meaning of “jurisprudence” term meanwhile, reveals the homonym of different application of “jurisprudence” term and eventually discuss the relationship among different meanings and the relation of “jurisprudence” and “ethics” and compare their role in human.

Ethics in geometry of Islamic civilization is like a basis which forms the foundation of the rest of the religious educations i.e. jurisprudence and beliefs. Being carried out by a deep and elaborate understanding of the collection of the religious educations and by aiming at managing human’s pure life and conducting him, prevalence of jurisprudence gradually became exclusive to the practical provisions and apparent behavior, then it became specific in Sharia and recognition of lawful from unlawful as well as regarding behavioral manifestations. Finally, an independent knowledge called the science of jurisprudence was established that by driving characteristics and based on the required action it supported the related provisions. It seems that if the ethical values and culture want to find its real status and necessary contribution within the ontological system and Islamic Sciences’ package, as well as cultural management and custodianship of the religious civilized society, recognition of the factors of this damage and pathology of its intra-religious barriers will be necessary i.e. the factors such as degradation from the main position to the rank of being redundant and ornamental, and exclusivity of jurisprudence to practical provisions and a tendency which is historically raised from separation of jurisprudence system from ethics.

In the Holy Quran and Ahl ul-Bayt’s narrations there are recommendations about timing and the manner of spending time. On this basis, there are several narrations about daily scheduling and some of them point out that this schedule is divided into three parts while some others believe that it is divided into four. According to this research being conducted by a narrative form and analytico-library method and aiming at explaining each four parts and the established relation between them, one can say that in the model proposed by Islam, a part of daily schedule is allocated to worship God, a part to earn livelihood and organizing the family, a part to have communication with others (such as having relationship with the blessed people and being present before the scholars with insights) and finally, a part is allocated to healthy recreations. Accordingly, all human needs could be answered properly within two material and spiritual parts and two general modes of life (this world and the hereafter). This paper deals with the ethical analysis of the above-mentioned topics based on the reported narrations.

This article seeks to explain the theory that moral knowledge and motivation depends on religion; despite the independent nature of religion. Also this article seeks to introduce servitude and obedience of god as an important principle to the dependence of morality to religion. This article is descriptive, analytical and attributive. The results of the research indicate that Morality is neither a part of the religion of Islam nor contradictory to it and each of Morality and religion has a separate identity nor there is a relationship between them. The author of the survey concludes servitude is not only a mean to be kept aside from prohibited acts but also is effective in achieving moral values.

On the base of literal meaning and root of manner, it is in a group of features which is fixed and determined and the person having this feature immediately does things according to it. But literally it is a knowledge which introduces good and bad sensual characteristics and practices according to them, and shows the ways to attain good characteristics and good acts and avoid bad ones. The subject of this knowledge is limited regarding self and is vast concerning feature and there are four commonalities. This knowledge cleans self and beautifies actions and knowledge of code of ethics and manners does the same.

There is not an explicit verse about the last Imam, his holiness the Imam Mahdi and Mahdaviat. But according to the abundant narrations which are in hand in farighain resources as interpretation and application, one could consider Mahdaviat and Monjigeraei as one of the epistemic manifestations of Quran which has been descended for human guidance and salvation. The 4th to 8th verses of Asra' surah are among the verses which deal with the advent of his holiness the Imam Mahdi, in an interpretive way and draw this concept out from the time of the children of Israel and Jewish religion to the similar events in Islam. These verses point out to ups and downs of the children of Israel 's history and their ascending and descending ethics as well as their corruption and punishment. These verses, along with the narrations which consider the trail of the last prophet's nation similar to the tradition in the children of Israel time, bring about more awareness and care against seditions before the advent of Imam Mahdi and also lead to loyalty, more intellectual preparation and expectation to the promised age of the savior and the emergence of the reformer and the government of his holiness.

A lexical analysis of the word 'courtesy' indicates that some concepts such as delicacy and novelty, acceptability and attractiveness, stability and lasting are included within this word. And various descriptions have been introduced for this word all of which refer to a kind of good aspect, proper form, accepted appearance, and an adorned state. Although some of them are made through social phenomena in the form of habit, custom and convention, they do not necessarily enjoy a moral reality and valuable truth. Although courtesy is risen from good characteristics and moral virtues and it causes infiltration of endogenous characteristics and provides deeply rooted moral abilities, their subject matter is only related to human behavior without including the characteristics. Since courtesy is introduced just in good forms and undergoes changes and upheavals in the manner of application, it is different with morality.

Reason”, hikmat, philosophy, knowledge, and psychic faculty, are divided, in Greek philosophy, into theoretical and practical ones. Muslim philosophers diverge on the nature and function of these two types of reason. Some of them consider them of the same nature, i.e. comprehension and reasoning. According to them, the difference lies in the fact that the object of first one is knowledge, and that of the second one is action. Still some others put the burden of both on theoretical reason. Some philosophers consider theoretical reason an instance of cognition and practical reason an instance of action, and they deem their cooperation as leading to a mixture of knowledge and action.According to the common view, practical reason gets to particular knowledge by deliberating on theoretical understandings, so that it can guide psychic powers to action. Theoretical reason enables one to understand facts, while practical reason guides one to manage one’s personal, as well as social, affairs. The author thinks that it is “heart”, and not practical reason, that motivates one toward a set of actions.