mohammad malekaneh

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is expanding to epidemic levels globally due to the progressing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, the association between factor V Leiden (FVL), MTHFRC677T, and FXIIIVal34Leu polymorphisms and diabetic retinopathy was investigated in Eastern Iran.

This case-control study enlisted the participation of 300 people (diabetic patients=100, diabetic retinopathy patients=100, healthy controls=100), and polymorphisms were examined by Tetra primer ARMS-PCR.

The frequency of FVL (p=0.294) and FXIIIVal34Leu (P=0.349) polymorphism showed no significant results between the genotype frequency in the mentioned groups. In contrast, MTHFRC677T SNP was significantly different in diabetic patients and controls (P=0.008). The MTHFRC677T polymorphism was found to be connected with increased systolic blood pressure in patients who had the TT genotype (130.96±11.92mm/Hg; P=0.011).

Our study recommended that the MTHFRC677T polymorphism may offer to DR development. Studies with larger sample sizes and a wider spectrum of populations are authorized to verify this finding.

In this study, molecularly imprinted Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots were used as nanosensors to determine diazepam and its metabolites. Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (QDs) capped with L-cysteine were prepared using a sodium thiosulfate precursor and characterized by various methods. Methacrylic acid was used as a precursor for the synthesis of MIP Mn-doped ZnS QDs and then used to measure diazepam in various samples. The linear dynamic range, coefficient of determination, and detection limit were found to be 0.3 - 250 µmol/L 0.989 and 8.78 × 10-2 µmol/L, respectively. The interference studies showed that the prepared nanosensor was selective for diazepam and its metabolites

Urinary tract stones are one of the most common diseases in the urinary tract. Lack of kidney stone treatment causes irreparable damages to the kidneys, which has many harmful effects. Date palm pits are recom - mended in traditional medicine as an effective drug in the treatment of kidney stones. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of date palm pits on kidney stones induced by ethylene glycol in male rats.

In this study, 40 rats were classified into five groups (n = 8), including the healthy group receiving normal water, the negative control group, the therapeutic groups with doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, and the prevention group with a dose of 300 mg/kg. In order to induce kidney stones, ethylene glycolated water (1%) was used as drinking water in the studied groups. Blood and urine of rats were collected on days 14 and 28 of the study to assess urinary parameters of calcium, creatinine, uric acid and phosphorus, and serum parameters of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, and phosphorus. Also, the kidneys of rats were removed from the body on day 28 of the study and were given to a pathologist for examination.

Results of serum parameters show that the use of date palm pits extract in the treatment and prevention groups with a dose of 300 mg/kg significantly ( P < .05) has reduced the levels of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, calcium, creatinine, and phosphorus. Also, the results of urinary parameters show that the use of the extract caused a significant decrease ( P < .05) in creatinine, uric acid, and calcium in the prevention group and a significant de - crease ( P < .05) in creatinine and uric acid in the therapeutic group with a dose of 300 mg/kg. Pathological results show a decrease in the number and size of calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubules in the treatment and prevention groups in a dose-dependent manner.

The results of this study showed that the use of aqueous extract of date palm pits has been effective in the treatment and prevention of kidney stones induced by ethylene glycol in rats.

One of the effective ways to control weight is to use regular exercise and benefit from herbal supplements. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in lipocalin-2 levels after resistance training (RC) and consumption of spirulina microalgae in overweight and obese men.

The present study was a single-blind, quasi-experimental and applied control clinical trial. 60 men with an age range of 30 to 55 years and a body mass index of more than 25 (kg/m2) overweight and obese, were purposefully selected and randomly selected (with alternatives) in four groups: Training + Spirulina, Training + Placebo, spirulina and placebo were included. The intervention and placebo groups took two 500 mg spirulina and placebo capsules daily for eight weeks, respectively. (RT) was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week.

Plasma lipocalin-2 and body weight showed a significant difference between the groups (P<0.05). Also, lipocalin-2 values ​​in training + spirulina group and fat percentage in training + spirulina, training + placebo groups, decreased significantly. Pure and net body mass increased significantly in the training + spirulina group (P<0.05).

It seems that spirulina supplementation combined with (RT) can be effective in controlling weight and obesity by reducing the amount of lipocalin-2 and some indicators of body composition.

Researchers have recently considered the impact of herbal supplements combined with exercise on weight control. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae consumption, and circuit resistance training (CRT) on lipid profile in overweight and obese middle-aged men.

This was a single-blind, quasi-experimental, and applied study. The study population included 60 overweight and obese men in the age range of 30-55 years with a body mass index of more than 25 (kg/m2). The participants were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of training plus spirulina (N=15); training plus placebo; spirulina; and Placebo. The intervention and placebo groups took two 500 mg spirulina capsules, and placebo capsules daily for eight weeks, respectively. The CRT was performed for eight weeks and three sessions per week based on a flexible timing pattern, with the observation of the principle of overload with rest intervals between stations and sets.

There was a significant difference between the study groups in terms of the levels of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of the participants (P<0.05). Moreover, in the intra-group investigation, there was a significant reduction in the values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG), in the groups of training plus spirulina and training plus placebo, cholesterol (TC), and (Aspartate aminotransferase) AST in the groups of training plus spirulina had a significant decrease, Moreover, a significant increase was observed in the levels of HDL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the group of training plus spirulina.

It seems that the consumption of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae combined with CRT can be effective in controlling weight and obesity and preventing obesity-related diseases through the improvement of some indices of metabolic profile and body composition.

One of the appropriate ways to control overweight and obesity is regular training and the benefit of antioxidant supplements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training and spirulina supplementation on plasma levels of Irisin and some body composition indices in overweight and obese men.

This quasi-experimental study was a double blind clinical trial. 60 overweight and obese men (BMI>25) aged 30-55 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups training + Spirulina, training + placebo, spirulina, and placebo. The intervention and placebo groups consumed two 500-mg capsules of spirulina and placebo for 8 weeks, respectively. Resistance training was performed for 8 weeks, three sessions a week, and 12 movements with 1,2,3,4 min rest intervals with 40,60,75,90% maximal repetition with the principle of overload. Body composition indices, body weight, BMI, and WHR were measured before and after training using a combination gauge. Subjects were fasted for 12 hours in two stages (pre- and post-test) of 10 ml blood from left bra vein. The data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way ANOVA, LSD and t-test at α <0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the plasma levels of Irisin in the intervention group and also in the Spirulina + training + placebo groups (p<0.05), but body weight, BMI and WHR showed a significant decrease only in the in-group study in  the Spirulina + training + Placebo and Spirulina groups (p<0.05).

It seems that eight weeks of resistance training with spirulina supplementation - the richest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herbal supplement - can improve body composition and abnormalities by increasing plasma levels of Irisin and decreasing body weight, BMI and WHR Linked to obesity.

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of E. campestre using the aqueous extracts, obtained from the aerial parts, on Ethylene Glycol (EG)-induced calcium oxalate kidney stone in rats.

64 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups. Group I was considered as negative control and received normal saline for 30 days, group II as kidney stone control received EG for 30 days, groups III to VI as prophylactic treatment received EG plus 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg extracts for 30 days and groups VI to VIII received EG as therapy from day one and 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg extract from the 15th day. On the 30thday from the start of induction, rats were euthanized. Blood was collected and the kidneys were immediately excised. Slides from each one’s kidneys were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin method. Also levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined in rat’s serum by competitive ELISA kit.

E. campestre reduced IL-1β and IL-6 levels, showing a significant reduction for both cytokines in all prophylactic groups, especially at the dose of 400 mg/kg (P-value < .001). Moreover, IL-1β (p = .011) reduced significantly in the therapy groups in 400 mg/kg dose. Crystal count reduction was seen in all prophylactic and therapy groups in comparison with group II.

These results suggest that the E. campestre extract has potent suppressive effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in rat. Also, E. campestre decreases crystal deposition in the kidney of the hyperoxaluric rat.

Some plant extracts can prevent kidney stone formation in a dosedependent manner. In our study, we aimed to investigate the protective role of Cannabis sativa aqueous extraction on calcium oxalate formation in ethylene glycolinduced rats.

To evaluate anti-urolithiasis, variations of the main risk factors (citrate, phosphorous, calcium, and Ph) have been evaluated in 24-hour urine samples of rats one day before the end of the experiment. Rats were divided into 4 groups: group 1 was administered regular drinking water; group 2 was administered 1% ethylene glycol in drinking water, group 3 was administered 100 mg/kg of Cannabis sativa extract for oral administration by gavage along with drinking water containing 1% ethylene glycol; and group 4 was administered 200 mg/kg of Cannabis sativa extract by gavage along with drinking water containing 1% ethylene glycol. Finally, histopathological slides from the kidney were also evaluated.

Results showed that 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses of Cannabis sativa extract significantly reduced the mentioned risk factors in comparison with ethylene glycol-treated rats (p<0.05).

Histopathological slides showed reduced calcifications with extract treatment at 200 mg/kg of Cannabis sativa. Thus, this antioxidant herb can prevent kidney stone formation. These findings pave the way for new therapy.

Inflammatory biomarkers such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and heat-shock proteins 27 (HSP-27) and 60 (HSP-60) may contribute to the development of type II diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to compare these inflammatory biomarkers among individuals with and without type II diabetes mellitus. This case-control study was conducted on fifty patients with type II diabetes mellitus and fifty individuals without it. None of the participants suffered from inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Patients in the diabetic group were matched with individuals in the non-diabetic group respecting their age and gender. Serum levels of IGF-1, IL-6, HSP-27, and HSP-60 were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (v. 15.0). The mean serum levels of IGF-1, IL-6, HSP-27, and HSP-60 in the diabetic group were significantly greater than the non-diabetic group (P < 0.05). This study shows that IGF-1, IL-6, HSP-27, and HSP-60 inflammatory markers play roles in the development of type II diabetes mellitus.

In type 1 and type 2 diabetes, oxidative stress increases in the body. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free oxygen radicals and the antioxidant defense in the body. Hyperglycemia elevated the level of glucose oxidation in the several ways that leads to more radical production. Levels of some pro-oxidants such as ferritin and homocytine increase in diabetes. The increaed production of free oxygen radicals play an important role in the induction of vascular damages in the diabetic patients.
Materials ad . The population of this cross-sectional study was the selected diabetic patients referred to Diabetes Clinic of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Blood samples were collected from 81 patients and 35 healthy subjects. Levels of hemocysteine and total antioxidant serum were measured by EIA and FRAP methods, respectively.
The mean of hemocystein for the neprhropathy patients was 13.8 ± 10.9, retinopathy patients; 11.7 ± 4.9, diabetic paitients;16.6 ± 9.5;control group; 13.2 ± 7.4, p= 0.153. The mean of antioxidant levels in the nephropathy, retinopathy, diabetic, and control groups were 848.9 ± 2.22, 860.8± 150.51, 812.1 ± 171, 986 ± 260 respectively, p= 0.007. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between groups.
Conclussion:This study showed that there is no relationship between homocysteine ​​level and type 2 diabetes, but the antioxidant level in type 2 diabetes is reduced.

Oxidative stress and atherogenic dyslipidemia are the main complications in type 2 diabetics. The present study aimed at comparing between serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and atherogenic index plasma (ARP) levels in type 2 diabetics and normal people.
In this study the relevant data of 50 type 2 diabetics ,who had referred to Emam Reza educational hospital and serum samples of random 50 healthy subjects, aged 27-70 yrs, was collected. The levels of 8-OHdG, AIP, and MDA in type II diabetics were measured by means of ELISA and TBARS, respectively. Their lipid profiles and plasma autherogenic indices were assessed through an autoanalyser.
The case and control groups were homogenized regarding some demographic components such as age and gender .It was found that serum levels of 8OHdG,MDA, and AIP were significantly higher in the patients compared to the healthy controls ,aged 27-70 yrs (P The lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation in diabetic patients were indicated high oxidative stress in these patients, which can cause post complications such as cardiovascular disease.

Due to the effects of herbs in the prevention of kidney stones, the present study aimed at assessing the effect of aqueous eryngium campestre on the prevention of pathologic alterations caused by calcium oxalate crystals induced by ethylene glycol in the cortex and medulla of rats’kidneys.
To conduct the study 40 male Wistar rats, weighing 200 – 250 gr were randomly divided into 5 equal groups; i.e. the healthy control group that just received water, the negative control group receiving water with 1% ethylene glycol, the prevention groups, which in addition to 1% ethylene glycol in water were daily gavaged with 100 mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of the plant extract. After 30 days all rats were killed and slides from each one’s kidneys were prepared. The slides were stained applying H/E method and the number of their calcium oxalate crystals was checked.
It was found that there was a significant difference between the number of their calcium oxalate crystals in the control health and negative groups (P0.05). However, in the 200mg/kg prevention group compared to the negative control one there was a significant difference in reducing the number of the crystals (P0.05).
It was discovered that aqueous extract of eryngium campestre is effective in preventing the accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney.

To investigate the therapeutic effects of the aqueous extract of Cerasus Avium stem on kidney calculi.
In this experimental study, forty-eight (48) male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into six (6) groups and were studied during a 30 day period. Group A served as normal control and Group B received 1% ethylene glycol in drinking water (EG group). C, D, E, and F Groups, received 1% ethylene glycol from day 1 and were used as prevention and treatment subjects. Rats in prevention groups of low dose (C) and high dose (D) extract, were gavaged with 200 and 400 mg/kg extract respectively from first day of the experiment and treatment groups of low dose (E) and high dose (F) extract, were gavaged with 200 and 400 mg/kg extract respectively from the 15th day of the experiment.
On the 30th days of the experiment, serum level of magnesium and potassium decreased significantly in EG group compared with A,C,D,E and F groups (P Cerasus Avium stem has a therapeutic effect on calcium oxalate stones in rats with nephrolithiasis and reduces the number of calcium oxalate deposits.

Along with the development of cardiac diagnostic procedures, new risk factors ,such as homocysteine role in cardiovascular disease, have been proposed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of homocysteine and total antioxidant capacity in patients with acute myocardial infarction compared with the control group.
A case-control study was conducted on 45 patients with myocardial infarction admitted to Vali-e-asr hospital in Birjand and 45 healthy people matched with the case group.Total antioxidant capacity applying FRAP method and homocysteine levels were measured using ELISA The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software at the significant level P There was no statistically significant difference in terms of age, sex, body mass index, lipid profile and fasting blood glucose between two groups. Total antioxidant capacity in case and control groups, respectively 837.86±175.07 and 981.91±276.57 µmol/L and average level of homocysteine in the case and control groups, 15.77±8.09 and 12.19±6.75 respectively.Statistical analysis showed that the antioxidant capacity in the patient group was significantly lower than the control group (P=0.004) and no significant difference in the levels of homocysteine in both groups (P = 0.11).
The study showed that oxidative stress and low antioxidant capacity can be associated with the pathogenesis of MI; and more studies are required to confirm the relationship between homocysteine and cardiovascular disease.

The common isoform of fatty acids in animal and herbal lipids are cis fatty acids, however in some sources such as milk and meat of ruminant, the trans fatty acids are more abundant as compared to the plant lipids. The trans fatty acids are very important because they increase the cardiovascular and heart attack. The heart disorders were increased by enhancing the concentration of omega-6 fatty acids and decreasing the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in ration and blood. The types of pasture cause alter the fatty acid composition of lamb meat. For evaluation of heart function and health of heart, the artherosclosis and thrombogensis were calculated by the concentration of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, the subject of this study, evaluation of the fatty acid profiles of sheep's fat-tail and meat at different places of South Khorasan Province.
Material and Five samples of meat and fat-tail from the animal's abattoir in Birjand, Sarbisheh, Asadieh, Ferdows, Saraian, Ghaen, Boshroieh and Nehbandan cities were collected and frozen (40 samples of meat and fat-tail). The samples were frozen in -80oc freezer. Then, the oils were separated and the fatty acids were extracted and methylated by the method of Morrison and Smith (1964). After that, the 0.5 µl of methylated fatty acids were injected to gas chromatography instruments (Varian 4200). The capillary column CPSill 88 was used. The type of each fatty acid was designated with compare to the retention time in the standard peak. The quantity of fatty acids was determined by internal standard method. To evaluation the fatty acids ratio for health, the artherosclosis and thrombogensis indices were calculated based on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The data were analyzed by SAS software, and the mean were compared by tukey test (α=0.05).
The analysis of data revealed that the percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was higher at fat-tail as compared to meat of sheeps. The meat had higher MUFA and PUFA (P This study revealed that sheep's meat had better fatty acids profiles as compared to fat-tail. The meat has higher ratio of PUFA/SFA and lower concentration of omega- fatty acids and the sheep's fat-tails had higher concentration of trans fatty acids and athrogencity index. Therefore the sheep meat may have a better quality as compared to fat-tail in south-khorasan. The natural pastures also may alter the fatty acid composition of meat and fat-tail's sheep.

Scorzonera Paradoxa (Asteraceae family) is an herbaceous plant traditionally used as a vegetable in the east of Iran. The amount of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins in five different extracts and composition of fatty acids in the root and leaves of Scorzonera Paradoxa (S. Paradoxa) were investigated. Besides, antioxidant activity of tissues was determined. Fatty acid compositions were extracted with n-hexane and analyzed by gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Total phenolic compounds, tannin and flavonoids content in the extracts were measured spectrophotometrically and free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by 2, 2-dipheny l-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The amount of total phenolic compounds was higher in leaves than roots. Besides, root extract showed lower DPPH scavenging activity compared with leaves. In addition, leaves were found to be rich in oleic and arachidonic acids, while roots were rich in linoleic and stearic acids. Further investigations are needed about favorable composition of unsaturated fatty acids and flavonoid content of leaves of S. Paradoxa. In addition, due to high phenolic content of the leaves, S. Paradoxa is a promising source of natural antioxidants and may play good antidiabetic activity.

Free living amoebae (FLA) are amphizoic protozoa that are widely found in various environmental sources. They are known to cause serious infections in human and animal nervous systems.. The aim of the current study was to determine the presence of Acanthamoeba spp in surface water sources in Birjand city employing microscopic culture analysis based on morphology features of the amoebae. In this cross-sectional study, 50 samples of surface water sources in Birjand city. including. parks pools, public squares, waterfronts, and water stations were collected and. transferred to the laboratory and were passed through nitrocellulose filter paper. The remained elements in the filters were cultured on non-nutrient agar (NNA) with 100μl Escherichia coli suspension. After a few weeks of using morphological features,the amoeba grown were identified. Out of the total of 50 samples cultured on non-nutrient agar (NNA), 19 (38%) samples.were morphologically polluted with Acanthamoeba spp,. In 2 samples (4%) a colony of Vahlkampfiidae were observed. The results indicated that a significant percentage of surface water sources in Birjand city was contaminated with Acanthamoeba spp. It is necessary for physicians, therefore, to take into account the diseases caused by these infectious agents. Besides, local regional health professionals should take into consideration the potential role of surface stagnant water sources in transferring these infectious agents. Placing warning signs in areas contaminated with these infectious agents seems a useful measure.

Kombucha tea is made through fermentation of sweet tea by Kombucha fungus. It has beneficial therapeutic effects in the treatment of many diseases. The present study aimed at examining the effect of Kombucha tea extract on blood sugar and blood lipid profiles in diabetes. Twenty-eight Wistar rats weighing about 250g were divided into 4 equal groups and then injected intraperitoneally (IP) with alloxan to induce diabetes. The administered concentrations were 20 and 80 mg/kg of Kombucha tea and 20 mg/kg of black ordinary tea for one month. The rats’ blood sugar and weight were tested before and after the intervention period but blood lipid parameters per either administration were also assessed at the end of the period. Mean blood sugar in the diabetic rats receiving Kombucha tea was reduced. Maximum reduction in blood sugar was observed in the group receiving Kombucha tea with concentration of 80 mg/kg. However, black tea significantly reduced blood sugar. Kombucha tea consumption for a month only reduced blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. But increased the weight and not have favorable effects on lipid profile.

Animal solid lipids contain considerable saturated and trans acids fats which are the risk factors for lipidemia and as a result, predispose men to cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the present study aimed at.determining the fatty acid profiles of tallow and meat of the cattle in different places of South Khorasan Province and assessing their decisive effects. on the occurrence of cadovascular diseases. In this descriptive-analytical study. 5 samples of meat and tallow from the cattles’ abattoirs in Birjand, Boshroyeh, Ferdows, Ghaen, and Nehbandan cities (i.e. from50 samples of 25 oxen. ) were gatheredd and frozen. The samples were frozen at -80oc. Then, the fats were separated from the samples, hydolized, and methylated. Then, the type and percent of each fatty acid were designated taking their respective retention time and standard peak into account. Atherogenesity and thrombogenisity features of the samples were accounted. based on the fatty acid profile. Finally, statistical analysis of the obtained data was done by SAS software. Analysis of the gathered data. revealed that the levels of saturated fatty acids were not differet between meat and tallow except for stearic acid. The percent of this acid was 18.2% higher in tallow in comparison with meat. The higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acid was observed in the meat than tallow (p<0.05). The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-6, and omega-3 fatty acids did not differ between meat and tallow. The percent of trans-fatty acid was lower in meat than in tallow(p<0.05). The hypocholesterolemic fatty acid was higher in the meat. It was found that the sum of trans and stearic fatty acids was more in tallow. The hypocholesterolemic fatty acids levels were higher in the meat in the whole province. The cattle’s meat had lower atherogenetic and thrombogenetic properties compared with the animals’ fat.The consumed cattle’s meat and fat in the province appear to have a proper condition.

Considering the multidimensional activity of herbal medicines and the usefulness of this drugs to treat complex disorders such as diabetes، this study was done to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Otostegia persica’s root on blood lipids and lipoproteins levels in hyperlipidemic diabetic type I rats. This experimental study was done on 48 male Wistar rats. All ethical issues related to the keeping and work with laboratory animals was observed. 40 rats with a single dosage of 90mg per each kilogram of body weight were induced type I diabetes by intraperitoneally injection of Alloxan. Rats were divided into 6 normal، control، metformin، 200mg، 300mg and 400mg/kg of Otostegia persica’s root aqueous extract groups each with 8 rats and they were gavaged once a day during a month. Levels of triglycerides، total cholesterol، LDL-C and HDL-C were measured in each group. The one-way ANOVA and Tukey''s tests were used to compare means of the groups. The mean of triglyceride، total cholesterol، LDL-C and HDL-C level in all three groups of Otostegia persica’s root aqueous extract compared to normal، control and metformin showed a significant decrease (p<0. 001). Using aqueous Otostegia persica’s root extract in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats decreases serum total cholesterol، triglyceride and LDL-C level.

Regarding the multi-dimensional activity of medicinal herbs in complex disorders like diabetes، the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of freezed and dried extract of black grapes juice on serum glucose and lipid profile of alloxan induced diabetic rats. The present study was performed on 48 male Wistar rats which included 6 groups، i. e. the control group and five alloxan-induced diabetics. The other five groups were the following: 1. The control diabetic group، which only received normal saline، 2. The diabetic group، which received glibenclamide and lovastatin، 3. 4.، and 5 At first، diabetes was induced in 40 cases through intraperitoneally injection of alloxan. After 2 days، fasting blood sugar (FBS) greater than 200 mg/dl was considered as diabetic condition. Diabetic rats were divided into 5 groups (group2to6) randomly. Groups1was included nondiabetic control. Group1and 2 (diabetic control) gavaged by normal saline. Group 3 by glibenclamide and lovastatin، group''s 4، 5and 6 received 100، 200، 300mg/kg black grapes juice extract، respectively for four weeks. Then، blood samples of the anesthetized rats were collected and blood glucose، cholesterol، triglyceride، HDL-C and LDL-C levels were measured، using standard kits and by of Shimatzu Autanalyzer. Black grapes juice extract at higher doses decreased weight loss of diabetic rats. Moreover، this extract reduced blood glucose level and the effect was dose-dependent. The extract increased the level of cholesterol and triglyceride (TG)، but by increasing the dose، the level of TG decreased. No effects on HDL-C and LDL-C were observed. Black grapes juice extract can improve diabetes and its complications.

Studies in the recent decade indicate that a high percent of cis and trans –fatty acids and omega 6 in man’s food sources increase the incidence of cardiovascular and atherosclerosis diseases One of animal protein sources used in human diet is the camel meat. Therefore، fatty acid profiles of the camel hump and meat in Birjand and Nehbandan cities، as two main camel meat sources of the South Khorasan province، were evaluated.

In this descriptive-analytical study، 5 samples of local camels were randomly selected، and after being slaughtered، five samples of their respective thigh meat، fillet<، and hump fat were collected and frozen at 80oc. Then، the oils were separated and methylated. After this، the type of each fatty acid was designated in comparison with retention time at the internal standard peak. Finally، the obtained data was analysed using SAS statistical software.

It was found that the amount of lauric، meristic، meristoleic، palemitoleic ''cis and trans''، oleic، linoleic، linolenic، eicosaenoeic، eicosatrienoic، arashidonic، eicosapentaenoic، docosapentaenoic acids SFA، and MUFA of Omega 6 were not significantly different in the two cities، nor in the hump and meat of camels in the two places. The amount of palmitic، strearic، conjugated linoleic acid، eicosamonoenoic، eicosadienoic and docosahexaenoic acids were significantly different between hump and types of meat mentioned in different areas of the province; i. e. the amount of trans fatty acids was less in the hump، but totally more in Nehbandan compared to Birjand (P<0. 05).

Although there is no difference in the total amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids derived from the camel meat or hump in the two areas، the amount was less in the hump of the camel; and also lower in Birjand. Therefore، it is probable that the camel''s products in Birjand have a better quality regarding the incidence of atherosclerosis.

One-hundred-sixty-eight 28-wk-old Hy-line layers (W-36) were used to evaluate the effect of different levels of linseed (LS) and safflower seed (SS) on antibody titter, blood and yolk cholesterol, yolk fatty acid content and the ratio of omega-6/ omega-3. Hens were randomly assaigned in a compeletly randomised design each 3 replicates of 8 hens. They were fed diets contained 0, 4, 7 and 10% LS or SS for 12 wks. As a result, antibody titter, mean yolk and blood cholesterol content were not affected by dietary treatments. Dietary linseed or safflower seed did not significantly affect saturated fatty acids (meristat, palemitat and stearat), ω-7 (palemitoleat) and ω-9 (oleat), arachidonat and long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentanoeic and docosahexaenoic acid) in egg yolk. The linoleic acid in yolk was reduced when LS was included in diet, whereas they were significantly increased when fed diets contained SS. The yolk linolenic acid was increased linearly as the level of LS increased from 0 to 10%, but not affected by SS treatment. Although yolk ω -6/ ω -3 ratio content increased to 21.87 when 10% SS diet was fed, but it reduced from 1.86 in those fed 10% LS diet. It seems that inclusion of SS and LS in laying hen dits can increase the polyunsaturated fatty acid; however, the inclusion LS in laying hen dits increase and decrease the yolk sum of ω -3 fatty acids and the yolk ratio of ω -6/ ω -3 respectively.

A rapid, sensitive, specific and high through-put enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) method for determination of morphine in urine samples using penicillinase as label enzyme has been developed. No extraction or chromatography was included in this assay procedure. Immunoglobulin (Ig) purified polyclonal anti-bodies against a C6-hemisuccinate derivative of morphine (M-C6-HS) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was coated onto the wells of microtiter plate. A morphine-C3-hemisuccinate (M-C3-HS) was also prepared and the two derivatives were conjugated to penicillinase (M-C6-HS-P and M-C3-HS-P). The heterologous combination of antibody prepared against M-C6-HS-BSA and enzyme conjugate prepared for M-C3-HS-P showed better properties in term of sensitivity, reproducibility and slope of standard curve. The assay was sensitive from 20 pg/ml and detected up to 100 ng/ml of morphine in urine samples. The affinity of antibody in homologous assay was found to be 6.61010 l/mol and for heterologous assay was 3.2 1012 l/mol. The assay was completed within 4 h. The homologous assays performed under different conditions of coating, concentrations, duration, pH, etc. did not end up with a suitable standard curve. Hence it seems that the ability of morphine to displace the hapten enzyme conjugate dependds on the position of the enzyme coupled to the hapten molecule. This ELISA techniqu showed 100% correlation with immunochromatography (IC) and 90% percent correlation with latex agglutination inhibition (LAI) test in the results obtain with urine samples declared positive by authorities. ELISA also showed approximately 90% correlation with LAI-negative urine samples.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for progesterone measurement in serum or plasma samples using penicillinase as label enzyme is reported. A C3 and C11 derivatives of progesterone were prepared and conjugated to bovin serum albumin (BSA). Polyclonal antibody against these two immunogens were prepared in New Zealand white rabbits. Purified Ig fractions of antibodies were immobilized onto the wells of microtiter plates. Progesterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl ) oxime was linked to penicillinase and used as tracer (enzyme-conjugate). The standard assay completed within three hours had a low limit of detection, from 5 pg/well (50 pg/ml) covering up to 1 ng/well (10 ng/ml). For the first time in this assay the color development in case of penicillinase as enzyme label was measured in the wells directly. Recoveries were measured to be within the range of 95-98%. Percent Coefficient of variations (CV%) obtained between and within runs of several assays were 3% and 7% respectively. When compared between values of progesterone measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and present ELISA method, a correlation value of r = 0.9 was obtained. Freeze-dried progesterone-enzyme conjugate was found stable for at least three months at 4° C without using any other preservative.