mohammad mashhadi

Patients recovering from COVID-19 have reported a variety of problems, including physical, cognitive and functional disorders. Pulmonary rehabilitation can be considered as a strategy for these disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of selected respiratory and core stability tele-exercises on postural control and fatigue and quality of life in survivors discharged from COVID-19. Thirty patients participated in this study voluntarily and were randomly divided into two groups. Eventually 27 patients in two exercise groups (13 patients) and control (14 patients) completed this study. The exercise group performed respiratory and core stability training for 8 weeks via tele-exercise. Before and after the exercise program, Postural control indices, fatigue and quality of life in both groups were assessed. Mix Repeated Measures, Mann-Whitney U and the Wilcoxon test in SPSS27 software were used to compare the mean of pre-test and post-test information of the groups. The significance level for this study was set at 0.05. The results showed that in medial/lateral sway (P=0.047), fatigue (P=0.000), total quality of life (P=0.000), physical health component (P=0.000), and mental health component (P=0.000), as well as subscales of pain (P=0.000), physical function (P=0.001) and limitations due to physical function (P=0.007). Significant differences between the two groups were observed before and after the intervention. Respiratory and core stability exercises by tele-exercise method can be used as a useful method in the rehabilitation of post-acute symptoms especially fatigue and quality of life, in COVID-19 Survivors.

Patients who have recovered from COVID-19 suffer from lasting symptoms such as numerous physical and mental disorders. It seems that these conditions can disturb the activities of daily living. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare fatigue, quality of life and pulmonary function in recovered COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals.

This experimental study was conducted on 25 recovered COVID-19 patients, discharged from Qom hospitals, Iran, in 2022, and 25 healthy people. The inclusion criteria for healthy people were a negative PCR test result and the age range of 35 to 59 years, and for recovered COVID-19 patients were at least one week of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Fatigue severity was assessed using the Fatigue Severity Questionnaire (FSS), quality of life through 36-question questionnaire (Sf-36) and pulmonary function through spirometry. The comparison of the mean data of the two groups was done using Mann-Whitney U test and independent t-test by SPSS-27 software.

Factors including fatigue (P<0.001), Overall Quality of Life (P>0.001), physical health (P<0.001), mental health (P=0.002), physical function subscale (P<0.001), limitation due to physical function (P<0.001), energy and vitality (P=0.000), social function (P<0.001), pain (P<0.001) and also a pulmonary function of FVC (P<0.001) and FEV1 (P<0.001) were significantly different between the recovered and healthy groups. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the FEV1/FVC ratio (P=0.170) and the limitations due to emotional problems (P=0.816) and mental health (P=0.159).

Compared to healthy people, recovered COVID-19 patients are more likely to have reduced quality of life, increased fatigue, and impaired pulmonary function.

Various complications, including physical, cognitive, and functional disorders, have been identified in patients discharged and recovered from COVID-19. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) can be considered a strategy for these disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of respiratory and core stability tele-exercises on pulmonary function and functional capacity in survivors discharged and recovered from COVID-19.

This randomized clinical trial study was performed in Qom Province, Iran, in 2021. Thirty discharged patients voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into two groups of 15 patients. Eventually, 27 patients in two groups of exercise (13 patients) and control (14 patients) completed this study. The exercise group performed respiratory and core stability tele-exercise for 8 weeks. Before and after the exercise program, pulmonary function, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, and six-minute walk test (6MWT) were assessed in both groups. Mixed repeated measures test in SPSS software v. 27, was used to compare the mean of pre-test-post-test information of the groups. The significance level for this study was considered 0.05.

In the exercise group, a significant improvement was observed in FVC, FEV1, and 6MWT after the intervention (P≤0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the FEV1/FVC ratio (P>0.05). Furthermore, a significant interaction was observed in 6MWD, FVC, FVC (predicted), FEV1, and FEV1 (predicted). However, in FEV1/FVC ratio, no significant interaction was observed between the two groups (P>0.05).

The results of the study showed that in the new crisis resulting from persistent complications of COVID-19, respiratory and core stability exercises by the tele-exercise method could be used as a helpful method in the rehabilitation of patients discharged and recovered from COVID-19 disease.

We aimed to investigate school-aged students' physical activity behaviors and overweight status during the COVID-19 quarantine.

In this cross-sectional study, an online questionnaire was utilized to measure participants' physical activity behavior and overweight status during the COVID-19 quarantine in Iran (May of 2021). Participants self-reported their physical activity levels, types, amounts and locations, as well as whether or not they became over-weight.The chi-square test was used to determine the differences in the distribution of the participant responses.The statistical significance level was set at P<0.05.

The questionnaire was completed by 43,660 school-aged students (15,532 boys and 28,128 girls). The age, weight, and height ranges were 8–17 yr, 18–144 kg, and 75–198 cm respectively. Half of the students reported changes in their body weight and became overweight during the COVID-19 pandemic (χ2=25514.4; P=0.001). Forty-one percent reported doing very little or no physical activity, 32% of students reported doing less than one hour of exercise per day (χ2=8547.7; P=0.001). The majority of students (72%) reportedparticipating in physical activity at home (χ2=78851.2; P=0.001). Flexibility was the main kind of exercise performed, followed by walking or running, during the COVID-19 pandemic (χ2=24328.9; P=0.001).

During the COVID-19 pandemic, half of the students became overweight, and the majority did not engage in regular physical activity. These findings can help guide efforts to protect and promote children's health during the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as influence policies to reduce the risk of future pandemics.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) Acute Respiratory Syndrome has spread around the world. Various persistent complications and symptoms, including various physical and mental disorders, have been observed in recovered and discharged patients. The purpose of this review article was to study the persistent symptoms in patients recovering from Covid-19 and the importance of rehabilitation in the post-acute phase.

In this review study, related articles from databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, SID, Inlm, Web of Science, Scopus, Springer from 2019 to August 2021, were reviewed. The following keywords were also used in the article search process: Covid-19 (and similar) recovered, survivors, discharged, Persistent symptoms, consequences and post-acute.

A search of articles in databases identified 10,227 articles. After removing duplicate articles, articles in non-Persian and English languages, non-research articles and non- related articles, 61 articles were obtained that examined the persistent symptoms of recovered and discharged patients. The most persistent symptoms included dyspnea, fatigue and acquired weakness, psychological problems, and decreased quality of life.

The results showed that due to the persistent symptoms and clinical condition of Covid-19 disease, motor and pulmonary rehabilitation is necessary for the recovering. These programs should be continued in specialized departments or through home rehabilitation with the aim of regaining motor skills and improving mental health.

Mentally retarded children, because of special mental conditions are more sedentary than healthy people. Their physical inactivity leads to motor and body weaknesses. Physical education is one of the key areas of education plays an important role in achieving the goals of education. This paper presents the results of various researches about the effects of exercise on various factors, physical fitness, postural control and physiological characteristics, mental health and learning skills. The results of researches show that exercise is beneficial in many dimensions for students with intellectual disability. These indicators include improving physical fitness, especially cardiovascular and muscular fitness, balance, posture such as spinal angles and lower extremity anomalies, adaptive behavior, social adjustment, cognitive development, motor learning and the reduction of aggression. Exercises can also be training programs or different sports, direct and indirect methods including physical education classes in school or regular exercise and weight resistance exercises, corrective exercises or Play Therapy. As a result, this people with an appropriate exercise program will have the opportunity to be trained physically and mentally and dexterity. And therefore they can have an active and healthy life when entering adulthood and this shows the importance of physical activity and physical education among these people.

Shin splint is one of the common injuries in most athletes. Although the relationship between abnormal foot posture and shin splint has been reported previously but، the relation between foot posture and shin splint has not been well documented. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between foot postures in basketball players and the history of shin splint. Thirty Iranian male basketball players who had experience of shin splint during last three months were participated in this study. Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) was used as the measure of foot posture. Talar head palpation، curvature at the lateral malleoli، inversion/eversion of the calcaneus، prominence in the region of the talonavicular joint، congruence of the medial longitudinal arch، abduction /adduction of the forefoot on the rear foot were 6 items which were assessed with FPI in the standing position. Foot posture was defined as ‘normal’، ‘supinated’ or ‘pronated. Data were collected and analyzed by SPSS، version16. Most participants showed abnormal foot posture (%80). Fifty-three percent of subjects had pronated foot (%53) and 10% did hyper-pronation. The foot postures of 17% of participants were in supination. The results of this study did not show a significant difference in foot posture between right and left foot (P > 0. 05). abnormal foot posture were common (%80) in basketball players with the history of shin splints. These findings could support this idea that the footwear and orthotic prescription both can prevent and treat basketball players with history of shin splints.

Physical fitness is an important aspect of life which can generally be achieved by exercise, appropriate nutrition and enough rest and it has a lot advantages. Proper physical fitness will reduce the risks of having vascular diseases, early death and obesity. It will also improve the bones and the muscular skeleton structure and it will affect the psychological variables such as depression, anxiety, stress and self-confidence (Khalaji, 2009). It has also been indicated that physical fitness is more important for mentally-retarded people than the normal ones. Taking into account this fact, there is an attempt in this article to study the previous researches by analyzing the quality of different physical fitness factors in mentally-retarded individuals.

Due to special condition of people with mental retardation and their need to have an independent life، muscle strength، is very principal. Various studies have been reported sedentary life style is one of the main causes of physical weakness and health-related problems in these individuals. The purpose of this study was to comparison of hand and trunk muscles strength in athletes and non-athletes mental retarded students and healthy students. Sixty adolescent students (mean age ± SD، 16. 58 ± 1. 13 years) were randomly recruited in this study. This sample is included thirty mental retarded (mean IQ ± SD، 62. 87 ± 5. 15) and thirty healthy age matched students. They were divided into four groups: Non-Active adolescent with Mental retardation (MR)، Active adolescent with mental retardation (AMR)، Non-active Healthy adolescent (HA) and Active healthy adolescent (AHA). The inclusion criteria for mental retardation were IQ between 50 and 70 and for being athletic having more than one year experience in sport fields. Hand grip and trunk muscle strength (back، chest، and shoulders) was assessed by manual dynamometer. MANOVA test was applied to analyze the data at the significant error of 0. 05. All data were analyzed by SPSS، Version 17. The MANOVA results showed a significant difference in hand grip strength between MR and other three groups: AMR (P = 0. 023)، HA (P = 0. 016) and AHA (P < 0. 001). Also in trunk muscle strength significant difference was observed between MR and other groups: AMR (P = 0. 008)، HA (P = 0. 002) and AHA (P < 0. 001)، But no significant difference was found between two groups of AMR and HA in both hand grips (P = 0. 871) and trunk muscle strength (P = 0. 597). Also there is no prominent difference between two groups of HA and AHA in both hand grip (P = 0. 090) and trunk muscle strength (P = 0. 056). The findings identified that sport activities could be an appropriate factor to improve muscle strength in people with mental retardation.

Compared to healthy individuals, those with mental disability are physically less active and this may expose them to the risk of physical and motor dysfunctions. It might be possible to decrease such risks by encouraging them to participate in exercise programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an 8-week program of combined exercise training on thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis of adolescents with mental retardation. In this quasi-experimental study, 30 mentally retarded adolescents (mean age, 16.9 ± 1.21 years; mean height, 172 ± 9 cm; mean weight, 63.4 ± 16.76 kg, mean IQ, 63.07 ± 4.79) with thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis were randomly assigned to one of two matched groups of control (n = 15) and experimental (n = 15) according to their IQ scores. While the controls were asked to continue their routine life as usual, subjects in experimental group participated in a combined exercise training program which was held three times a week for eight weeks with each training session last for 60 minutes. The program was consisted of physical fitness and corrective exercises. Pre and post measures of kyphotic and lordotic curves were obtained using a flexible ruler. Data were statistically analyzed via repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS software version 17. Post-test scores of lordotic curves in control and experimental groups showed +1.0 and -3.4 degrees of change, respectively. This can be interpreted as a significant statistical interaction between two groups (F (1, 28) = 35.6, P = 0.000). Kyphotic curve also showed the same interaction, and post-test score changes of +0.2 and -2.6 were respectively observed in control and experimental groups (F (1, 28) = 9.6, P = 0.014). In this study, mentally retarded adolescents were engaged in a combined exercise program consisted of physical fitness and corrective exercises. Findings revealed that the program had therapeutic effects and decreased thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis. It is concluded that similar fitness and corrective exercises are possibly recommendable for mentally retarded adolescents.

Previous studies have shown that physical activity improves learning and memory. Present study was performed to determine the effects of short term and long term treadmill exercise on learning, memory consolidation and retrieval of passive avoidance learning in an animal model. In this study fifty male Wistar rats with 3-4 months of age were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 in each group). Control group was trained in passive avoidance box and was tested 10 min, 24 hr, 10 days and 3 months later. Two groups exercised on treadmill one hour at 17 m. min for 10 days and 3 months respectively and then were trained in passive avoidance box and were tested 10 min and 24 hr later. The other two groups were trained and were tested 10 days and 24 hr later and then exercised on treadmill as same as other exercised groups. Obtained results showed that short-term (10 days) and long-term (3 months) treadmill running before training by passive avoidance test had significant (P = 0.006 and P = 0.001 respectively) effects on memory consolidation. However, no significant difference was observed between latency time of rats before and after exercise in exercised groups retrieval (P>0.05). Our results showed that physical activity promoted learning and memory consolidation but it did not affect retrieval memory performance.