mohammad mehdi ahmadi

The use of renewable energy, particularly shallow geothermal energy, for heating and cooling various spaces during both hot and cold seasons has received considerable attention. Therefore, investigating the natural factors affecting the efficiency of this system, especially the groundwater flow, is of particular importance. The presence of groundwater flow significantly increases the efficiency of shallow geothermal systems. It has been found that the existence of groundwater flow significantly improves the efficiency of the shallow geothermal energy system. However, the assessment of system efficiency under the influence of groundwater flow is often subjected to error and has been inadequately addressed in the literature. In this study, an energy pile was modelled for a period of 90 days using COMSOL Multiphysics software and the finite element method, taking into account surface groundwater flow. The modelling assumes constant soil and inlet fluid temperature. The analysis was carried out for heating and cooling scenarios with various U-shaped pipe existence of groundwater flow. The results indicate that the presence of surface groundwater flow due to natural convection, independent of soil temperature, leads to a significant reduction in system performance.

The behavior of soil-pile systems subjected to earthquake loading depends on many parameters. These parameters can be categorized into three main groups: geometrical parameters of the pile, soil mechanical properties, and loading characteristics. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of pile geometrical parameters on the seismic response of soil-pile systems considering soil nonlinear behavior. To this aim, a set of fully nonlinear three-dimensional analyses in the time domain was conducted using the finite difference computer program FLAC3D. The focus of the paper is on the seismic response of the floating single pile embedded in clayey soil and the parametric study was performed to investigate the effect of pile geometrical parameters on its seismic response. To consider soil nonlinear behavior during seismic events, an elastoplastic constitutive law was applied to the soil medium. Also, soil shear modulus reduction with the increase in soil shear strain level was simulated. The results of this study showed that an increase in pile diameter causes an increase in the maximum kinematic bending moment. This increase is proportional to the pile diameter powered by a value. Also, the results showed that effect of pile length on the magnitude of maximum bending moment in pile was not significant. However, the shape of the bending moment distribution diagram and location of the maximum bending moment are strongly affected by pile length.

Accurate forecasting of runoff and flooding to avoid human and financial losses is one of the most challenging tasks in hydrological studies of a given locale. Therefore, researchers have paid more attention to the development of accurate flood forecasting models, including the use of artificial intelligence methods.

In this investigation, the efficiency of 3 models, ANN, GMDH and ARIMA, has been investigated in order to simulate the flood of a part of Halil river basin in Kerman province. ANN model is a non-linear modeling method that improves its performance over time. The GMDH composed code is an artificial intelligence model with exploratory self-organizing features, at the conclusion of which a complex system with optimal performance is formed. Composed ARIMA code builds a model to describe the structure of the data and then predict the time series. The input data to the above models included discharge, precipitation, temperature, wind and monthly humidity, and the simulated runoff values ​​were compared with the observed values.

In order to evaluate the accuracy of the models in this research, statistical indices were used and the results showed that the ANN model (RMSE=0.042, MSD=0.001, MAE=0.027) had the possibility to estimate the runoff with higher accuracy compared to the GMDH model (RMSE=0.068, MSD=0.005, MAE=0.056) and the ARIMA time series (RMSE=0.096, MSD=0.009, MAE=0.063) in the studied basin. The mean error in runoff estimation with ANN model has been reduced by 38.23% and 56.25%, respectively, compared to the values estimated with GMDH and ARIMA models. According to the results obtained in this study, the artificial neural network model has been able to show a better performance than the other two models in predicting the outputs due to its suitable structural ability to find the nonlinear relationship between the input and output data.

The science of the judge is sometimes the science of persuasion due to Shari'i evidence. This type of sensory science is placed during proofs and is used in the phase of checking evidence or valuing evidence. After proving the reason, there is no more room for not sticking to the reason and the judge issues a verdict based on the legal reason. The knowledge of the judge is sometimes derived from the judicial emirate. This type of sensory science is an independent reason, in other words, it is placed in front of other reasons. The validity of this type of evidence in the crimes of divine right and human right is always one of the disputed issues between the jurists, including the early and late jurists, in the light of comparative jurisprudence, which is of the type of acquired knowledge and extracted from the contents of the case. In European criminal law, the judge's knowledge is derived from judicial emirates and scientific evidence is basically positive for all types of crimes. Currently, Iranian criminal law is a combination of jurisprudence and European thought. The purpose of the current research is to revise the epistemological foundations of the science of the judge in the measure of comparative comparative studies in order to identify the legal gap and provide new solutions.

The current research is of descriptive and analytical type and data analysis was done in the form of libraries and flash sampling.

This research shows that the legislator's lack of attention to the patterns and principles governing comparative law in the adaptation of each of the concepts in terms of legislation and rule-making has led to contradictions that innovation in the system of objectivity of evidence with the acceptance of science contrary to it and worshiping Shari'i evidences in proving penal crimes are among them.

A comparative study has shown that in Imami jurisprudence, even though the possibility of a mujtahid judge's departure from neutrality is considered unlikely, the judge can rely on his personal knowledge. In Iranian criminal law, the judicial procedure is based on the validity of the judge's knowledge and it is based on They have considered the principle of preference over other evidences. In European law, the system of persuasive evidence is the principle and the judge's positive knowledge of all crimes, and the judge's appeal to personal knowledge is against the principle of impartiality. In common law, it is accepted exceptionally in cases where the judge has expertise in that field, and in Roman Germanic law, it is the standard. Proving a crime is persuading the judge's conscience.

One of the main issues in the field of Islamic economics is to identify the role and mechanism of Islamic financial instruments on macroeconomic variables and business cycles. If it is possible to determine how and the extent of this impact based on scientific studies, it is possible to influence the control and guidance of cycles of recession and prosperity through the appropriate use of Islamic financial instruments, and this issue is very important and effective for policy makers in making economic policies and decisions. will be. Based on this, in this research, using the econometric methodology based on dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, the role of Islamic financial instruments on Iran's business cycles during the period 2001-2021 has been investigated. To estimate the parameters, calibration and first-order vector autoregression model were used, and the effects of economic shocks were investigated through modeling in two cases, including Islamic financial instruments in the model and without Islamic financial instruments. The results of the research show that if Islamic financial instruments are considered, the effects of economic shocks are different from the case of not considering the aforementioned instruments in the model, which indicates the effect of the role of Islamic financial instruments on business cycles in Iran's economy. Also, an important achievement of this research can be considered moving towards an economic system in accordance with Islamic economic principles.

Considering the environmental pollution resulting from the consumption of fossil fuels, replacing clean energy with fossil fuels has become one of the most critical issues in the world. In order to exchange the heat between superstructures and the ground, the use of energy piles can be considered as one of the approaches of taking advantage of clean energy. In order to maintain safety and serviceability of structures built on energy piles, it is necessary to properly study the effects of heat exchange between energy piles and the ground on the mechanical response of energy piles and the influence of various parameters on the interaction between piles and the soil. In this paper, a 3D finite difference model was initially created using FLAC software for the thermo - mechanical analysis of energy piles, and it was validated by comparing the results of the present model with those of field tests and numerical models Performed by other researchers. Using the present numerical model, the effects of changing the thermal expansion coefficient of energy pile and clayey soil on axial stress, shaft friction, and axial displacement along the energy pile under cyclic thermal loading have been investigated. The results indicate that changing the thermal expansion coefficient of pile materials causes significant changes in the behavior of energy piles under heating and cooling conditions; however, changing the thermal expansion coefficient of the soil has little effect on the mechanical behavior of the energy pile only during heating thermal loading.

Side sluice gates, side weirs and side orifices are commonly used flow diversion structures provided in the side of a channel to spill or divert water from the main channel. They are widely used in irrigation engineering, wastewater treatment plants, flocculation basins, sedimentation tanks, aeration basins, etc. Flow through a side orifice is similar to the flow through side weirs and side sluice gates. When water level is lower than upper limb of a slot, the slot behaves as side weir. When water level in the main channel is above the upper limb of the slot, the flow behaves like an orifice. For orifice spillway Hussain et al., 2014 reported orifice flow condition required head over the crest 1.5-1.7 times the height of the orifice opening. In the literature no study was found about the transition flow condition requirement of side orifice. In this paper, an experimental study has been carried out related to transition flow zone of side orifice which have not been taken up earlier.

In this study, first, the variables affecting the transition flow zone are listed and then, non-dimensional parameters extracted using dimensional analysis. The experiment was carried out in a rectangular channel of 8 m length, 0.8 m width and 0.6 m depth at the Hydraulic and water structure Laboratory of department of water engineering, Shahid Bahonar university of Kerman. The channel was fitted with a sluice gate at the end of the channel to regulate the depth of flow, and a rectangular side orifice in the right side of the channel. Experiments were performed for four size of side orifice length (L) equal to 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 m and width (b) 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 m. The channel consists of a smooth horizontal well painted steel bed with a vertical glass sidewall. The collection channel is 1.2 m wide and 2 m deep, and situated parallel to the main channel. Each size of orifice installed in two different height equal to 0.09 and 0.14 m above of channel bed. For each experiment used nine flow in main channel with different Fr number in such a way that water level changes from lower to upper than limb of side orifice. For each run, the output discharge of side orifice, water surface profile along main channel were measured. The non-dimensional stage discharge of side orifice calculated and for each run output discharge from orifice calculated by Hussain et al.,(2011) and Embroiled et al., (2009) equations for side orifice and side wire respectively. To evaluate the accuracy of the equations, the average percent error (APE) were used.

The non-dimensional stage-discharge curve and water surface profile along the main channel are plotted in order to estimate the transition flow zone in side orifice. The results of non-dimensional stage-discharge curves (figs 3-6) reveals that the length to width ratio of orifice b/L is, indeed, the predominant parameters which affect the transition zone. For values b/L smaller than 0.2 the transition zone not clearly detected. The results show that the distance of lower limb of orifice to the bottom of channel, W, is other effective parameter in forming of transition zone. When the lower limb of orifice is closer to the channel bottom the ratio b/L becomes insignificant parameter. Based on water surface levels along the channel and the side orifice, figures 7 and 8, for values b/L smaller than 0.2 the transition zone happen only in very small area below upper limb of a side orifice, but for b/L greater than 0.2 the transition zone occurs above and below of the upper limb of a side orifice. The calculated and observed output discharge in different situations were used to check the accuracy of discharge equations of side weir and side orifice when the transition flow occurred. The results (figure 9) shows that in transition zone the accuracy of exiting side and orifice discharge equations is well.

The present study provides an experimental examination of the transition flow of a rectangular, sharp crested side orifice. As a result of dimensional analysis, the results indicate that the dimensionless parameter b/ L is the predominant parameters which affect the transition zone. The transition flow zone occurred when the b/L is greater than 0.2, but in these situations transition flow zone depends mainly on the distance of lower limp of side orifice to the bottom of channel. The average percentage error of exiting discharge equations showed that these equation can be used to estimate the discharge of side orifice in transition flow zone.

Uncertainty in the planned water demand and changes in the roughness values ​​of the pipes are among the common cases of unfavorable performance of water distribution networks. In this research, a model has been developed to optimize networks that have been implemented but need to be strengthened under conditions of uncertainty. In this model, the EPANET simulator model was combined with optimization genetic algorithm in MATLAB programming environment. In such a way that it is first created using the concept of fuzzy logic, fuzzy membership functions of the input parameters(nodal demand and pipe roughness coefficient), then by considering the relationship between demands and pressure head requirements at nodes and using (Gupta and Bhave 2007) impact method The fuzzy optimization model is converted to a deterministic model and finally, the diameter of the pipes that should be installed parallel to the existing pipes is obtained by using the genetic algorithm. The method created for a typical network from past researches is checked by changing the uncertainty level, the results indicated a 28% increase in the cost of the network with a 50% increase in considered uncertainties and a 7.5% decrease in cost by applying a tolerance of 0.75 meters in the desirable pressure head. The proposed method based on the genetic algorithm is completely suitable and creates a solution that provides the required pressures in the worst situation variables.

Understanding the Stage–Discharge relationship is of great importance in the management and planning of water resources, as well as the design of hydraulic structures, the organization of rivers, and the planning of flood warning systems. With the advancement of science and increasing the speed of computing, new methods called intelligent systems have been introduced, the use of which can be a better option for modeling. In this research, Fuzzy-GMDH, RBF and ANFIS combined intelligent methods have been used, respectively. The Fuzzy-GMDH method, which is a combination of two techniques of fuzzy logic (Fuzzy) and Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) for flow-prediction. To study the proposed model, real and normalized data of Mand River located in Bushehr province were used and the results were compared with two methods of RBF and ANFIS neural networks. First, important parameters were determined using sensitivity analysis and then the mentioned methods were evaluated and compared with statistical indicators such as Nash coefficient (NASH). The results showed that the raw data in the Fuzzy-GMDH method with a value of NASH = 0.8822, offers higher accuracy than normal data (NASH = 0.8888). On the other hand, the Fuzzy-GMDH model has a better performance in predicting discharge daily than the other two methods with flow coefficient values of 0.8555 and 0.8776, respectively.

The piezocone penetration test is commonly used to measure pore water pressure, identify a soil’s profile and estimate its material properties. Depending on the soil type, ranging from clay to sand, undrained, partially drained, or drained conditions may occur during cone penetration. In silt and sand–clay mixtures, the piezocone penetration is characterized by partially drained conditions, which are often neglected in data interpretation. The effect of drainage on piezocone measurements has been mainly studied experimentally. Numerical analyses are rare because taking into account large soil deformations, soil–water and soil–structure interactions, and nonlinear soil behavior are still challenging tasks. In this paper, using advanced hypoplastic constitutive model and ABAQUS finite element software large deformations and nonlinear behavior of soil during penetration was modeled and behavior of firoozkooh saturated sandy soil in different drainage conditions and relative densities was analyzed. Then, using the obtained results, the range of influence of cone penetration on the surrounding soil and the range of partial drainage conditions for Firoozkooh sandy soil were investigated. It was also shown that drainage condition and density had a significant effect on the affected soil area and the trend of changes in excess pore water pressure.

Constipation as a common disease in children can cause significant complications for this age group, so that one third of children have chronic symptoms which may continue into adulthood. The causes of chronic functional constipation are largely unknown; and it may be a multifactorial disorder. Gallbladder dysfunction in chronic idiopathic constipation may be an underlying cause of idiopathic constipation. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the gallbladder mobility ultrasound in children with chronic functional constipation in Imam Khomeini Hospital of Ahvaz. Children between the ages of 3 to 13 years in Imam Khomeini Hospital of Ahvaz, who suffered from functional constipation, were visited by a pediatric digestive and liver subspecialty physician after referring to the pediatric gastroenterology clinic of the hospital and were referred to us for conducting gallbladder ultrasound. In this study, 50 patients with chronic functional constipation and 50 healthy individuals (control group) were studied. The mean age of the participants in this study was 6.96 with a standard deviation of 2.44 years. In this study, 40 patients (40%) were boys and 60 patients (60%) were girls. The mean volume of gallbladder in fasting mode (preprandial) and after meal (postprandial) in individuals of the case group were 5.66 and 4.17 cm3 with standard deviations of 0.80 and 0.64, respectively, and in the control group were 6.08 and 3.06 cm3 with standard deviations of 0.97 and 0.75, respectively. The thickness of the gallbladder wall in the fasting mode (preprandial) and after meal (postprandial) in the case group was 1.50 and 1.67 mm with standard deviations of 0.24 and 0.29 mm, respectively, and in the control group, it is equal to 1.39 and 1.69 with standard deviations of 0.22 and 0.28, respectively.A significant relationship was observed between case and control groups (P <0.05) in terms of gallbladder volume after meals, but no significant relationship was found between gallbladder volume and the gallbladder wall thickness in the fasting mode and after meal in neither of the case and control groups (P> 0.05). Due to the slow mobility of the gallbladder in patients with chronic functional constipation, it can be concluded that gallbladder dysfunction can be a cause of chronic functional constipation.

During the past earthquakes, the formation of plastic hinges in columns has given rise to global structural damage in moment resisting frame structures. If the plastic hinges are formed in the beams, the most suitable energy dissipating mechanism in structure will happen. The kinked rebar has locally curved regions (usually near the inflection points in beams) which can be gradually straightened under tension. Due to lower initial yielding flexural capacity compared with that of a cross section reinforced with traditional straight bars, the beam section reinforced with kinked rebars will yield first when the RC frame is subjected to seismic loading, and thus, the strong column-weak beam hierarchy can be realized. In this study, first the load-deflection behavior of a reinforced concrete beam was numerically simulated by ABAQUS software, and the reliability of the finite element model was verified by comparing with the experimental results of other researchers. Then, the load-deflection response of the RC beams with kinked bars which has two-step behavior were investigated and described in steps by using finite element modeling results. Finally, the control beam was used for further analyses to investigate the effect of important parameters including: concrete compressive strength, reinforcement ratio, and the ratio of beam span to depth on load-deflection curve of beams. Results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity of RC beam increases as the reinforcement ratio increases, however, it doesn’t have an important effect on the first yielding point. The increase of concrete compressive strength also contributes to greater initial yielding. In addition, the increase of beam span can have negative effects on the flexural behavior of RC beams with kinked bars, and reduce initial strength and stiffness of beams.Finally, the behavior of an internal connection including a beam with kinked rebar to the column was evaluated.

Pile foundations are widely used to ensure the stability of structures subjected to seismic excitation. Numerous structures and foundations in soil-pile-structure systems have been destroyed during occurrence of earthquakes. Because of complexities involved in soil-pile interaction problems and the lack of precise methods, it is necessary to use numerical methods for analyzing soil-pile interaction problems. There are several factors affecting the dynamic response of a pile in soil-pile system. These factors can be divided into three main categories: geometrical factors, material properties, and load characteristics. Studying the effects and importance of these factors in the response of the pile will help geotechnical engineers to optimize their design. In this research, three-dimensional modeling has been developed using FLAC3D computer program, and the effects of various soil and pile properties on the dynamic behavior of a single pile in clayey soils are evaluated. One of the most important subjects in the numerical modeling of soil-pile system dynamic response is the constitutive model considered for the soil. This strongly affects the accuracy of results. In this study a softening model has been used for the behavior of the soil under dynamic loads.Sinusoidal harmonic loading has been applied to the model base as the acceleration time history, and the variations of bending moments, shear forces, and displacements along the pile are obtained for all analyses carried out in this study.The results show that kinematic interaction coefficient depends on the loading characteristics and in the high frequencies head pile response is lower than free field.

Local scour involves removal of material from around piers and abutments as the flow accelerates around the obstructed flow area. Various methods have been suggested for the control and reduction of local scour around the bridge piers and abutment. Using submerged vanes is one of these methods. Vanes change the regime of bed load movement that led to control place of deposition and erosion. The function of vanes to reduce scour around the bridge piers and sediment movement in the region of vanes due to down flow in front of them are affected by arrays of the vanes. In the present study, Different lay out of arrangements (Parallel rows, two parallel rows, and two zigzag rows) Flat Submerged vanes with the ratio of length to height at an angle of 20 degrees relative to the direction of flow on protection of local scour around abutment and piers group with rectangular debris were laboratory investigation. All experiments conducted in uniform flow with clear water were be done. The results showed that the zigzag arrangement of the two three rows had the greatest effect to protection of local scour around abutment. In this case, vane distance from abutment and the row spacing with the relative spacing is 0/5 and 1.(The distance of the vanes from the abutment was La and the distance of the rows was 2La) that reduced the scour depth by 81%.

New tools play an important role in proving crimes in criminal law. This article examines the status of judicial instruments of new tools in Iranian criminal law. The main question that has been raised and examined is what is the place of new tools as judicial statistics in Iranian criminal law? The present article is descriptive-analytical and examines the question using the library method. The results of the article indicate that in the criminal law of Iran, the judiciary is used, new methods such as fingerprinting, DNA testing are effective in creating the knowledge of the judge. Legally in Iran, the calculation of new methods as evidence is not legally challenged. However, due to the lack of sufficient facilities, the courts are usually less considered and their value is reduced to statistics. It seems that due to the high percentage of certainty of some new methods such as DNA testing or even phonology in the criminal law of Iran, the UAE needs to be considered by the legislature more than before. In order to benefit from the expertise and new methods of modern scientific discovery of crimes, the judge must observe all the principles governing other evidence to prove the case. Therefore, in addition to the principle of freedom of reason, in which the judge uses any reason to convince his conscience, other important principles such as the principle of "honesty and legitimacy" or the principle of transcendental examination of reason and the principle of rule of unity of reason. Give.

Climate change has an impact on discharge in rivers by changing temperature and precipitation. Iran is much more vulnerable to climate change compared to other countries because of the limit water sources and its heterogeneous distribution. Simulation of runoff play an significant role in some environmental and engineering issues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts of climate change on runoff in Halilroud basin in Kerman using IHACRES model in two time periods (2020-2050, 2070-2100). In this respect, daily data such as rainfall, temperature from 1995 to 2017 were collected.Then, the outputs of CanESM2 model which is a general circulation model (GCM) under two middle emission scenario (RCP4.5) and pessimistic scenario (RCP8.5) using SDSM model were down-scaled. The average temperature in the stations in the present and next periods decreased by 5.6 and 4.6 percent, respectively, and the precipitation in the stations increased by 42.5 percent and in the next period by 40 percent compared to the observation period (1989 - 2017). The predicted values of temperature and precipitation were entered into the IHACRES model by the SDSM climate model and then, the discharge changes were predicted in two periods of time. The average monthly discharge shows an increase in the most warm months of the year in both stations (Kenaruyeh, Cheshmeh ). The results indicated that that the reduction of the temperature and the increase of precipitation in warm months of the year lead to increase in runoff and intensity of flood events in studied area.

Bank erosion consists of two processes: basal erosion due to hydraulic force and bank failure under the influence of gravity. Because riverbank resistance force varies with the degree of saturation of bank material, the probability of bank failure is the probability of the driving force of bank failure being greater than the bank resistance force. . The degree of saturation of bank material increases with river stage; therefore, the frequency of bank failure is correlated to the frequency of flooding. Consequently, the rate of bank is a probabilistic phenomenon. In this research, a mathematical model was developed to predict riverbank erosion rate. This model is based on Duan (2005) approach. The model was used to compute riverbank erosion rate of a meander reach in the Zayande Rud river. The model result indicates that the rate of bank erosion at the ZayandeRud river is approximately 0.4 m/year, and bank surfaces are not stable

Optimization of water distribution networks, regardless of uncertainties of effective variables in design of network is unrealistic. Therefore, developing method based on uncertainties variables in water distribution network design is necessary. In this research, a model based on simulation-optimization approach (combination of genetic algorithm and EPANET software) with fuzzy variables has been developed. Also, water distribution networks without causing disruption in their Performance with level-1 redundant have been optimized. In this model, fuzzy nodal demands and fuzzy available nodal heads are characterised by triangular membership functions. Furthermore, desirable nodal heads are also considered as fuzzy and relationship between fuzzy available nodal heads and fuzzy desirable nodal heads is used to convert fuzzy constraints to crisp constraints. For validation of model, the program has been implemented for optimization of level-1 redundant water distribution single network with fuzzy demands then paid to the optimization Jangal water distribution network with fuzzy demands (under one pipe failure condition) as a case study. The result of this model shows the cost of optimal design of Level-1 redundant water distribution networks model with fuzzy demands regard of scale of network 30% to 70% is increases due to providing nodal heads to offset the one pipe failure condition from network.

The geomorphological changes of the bed and bank of rivers can affect the migration and expansion rate of the meandering rivers. A knickpoint in the bed slope is one of the most common geomorphologic changes in the river. Measuring the migration and expansion rate of meandering rivers, in addition to taking the necessary actions in order to protect the structures located along and over the river are considered as engineering measures in the field of river engineering. In this regard, to study and measure the rate of migration and expansion of meandering rivers with knickpoint in the flow at downstream, experiments were carried out in a laboratory flume with an erodible bed. The channel was carved on the sedimentary bed, and was studied and evaluated the migration and the expansion rate in to two experimental groups in the presence and absence of the knickpoint (control tests) for three different widths of the channel (different wavelengths of the initial bend), three discharges, and three different bed slopes. Results showed that the flow began to create meandering bends at a very high rate in order to modify the knickpoint at downstream, and as a result, the migration rate of meander has increased compared to the control experiments and decreased the expansion rate. An increase in the rate of migration up to 32% and the decrease in the rate of expansion up to 36% are achieved by comparing the results of experiments with presence of the knickpoint at downstream and its absence.

Alluvial rivers always change their hydraulic geometry to achieve a balance between water discharge, input and output sediment. Hydraulic geometry focuses specifically on the evolution of the river form and how the bed and channel influence this evolution. The morphology of alluvial rivers has led to the creation of two concepts: (1) at-a-station hydraulic geometry and (2) downstream hydraulic geometry (Julien, 2015). Downstream hydraulic geometry is defined by the top channel width (W), average flow depth (h), mean flow velocity (V), and slope of the flow energy (S) under bankfull conditions. Downstream hydraulic geometry as a function of hydraulic parameters and bed conditions, including flow rate, median size of bed particles and the Shields parameter is paramount to determine the state of a river. Therefore, various relationships have been derived based on various methods to estimate the channel hydraulic geometry, include: empirical relationships based on collected fields observation and theoretical relationships based on governing equations such as flow rate, resistance to flow, secondary flow and sediment transport in alluvial river. Result of theoretical derivations indicated reasonable agreement with field observations and regime equations. In recent years, intelligent data driven methods is used as new methods for predicting and estimating the parameters of complex hydraulic models. One of the common methods is the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) with self-organization approach, which has the ability to solve complex non-linear problems with higher accuracy and simpler structure. In GMDH method the coefficients of the polynomial are found by a Least Square Estimation (LSE) method. It is possible that combined the GMDH methods and optimization algorithms. By doing this, a hybrid method will be created. In this method an optimization algorithm used to calibrate the weights of each neuron in GMDH rather than LSE method and so the hybrid methods may have better performance. The GMDH method is combined with artificial intelligence and optimization techniques such as harmony search (HS) optimization method. Harmony search algorithm (HS) is one of the optimization methods that used to solve nonlinear problems, which was introduced in 2001 by Geem et al. based on a metaheuristic technique. The advantages of this algorithm are less computations to find a solution, fast convergence and significant ability to achieve the optimal solution due to the appropriate structure. HS algorithm has become one of the most used optimization algorithms because can be used for both continuous and discrete problems. Since the GMDH algorithm has a self-organizing approach and its structure is initially unclear, the Harmony search algorithm is used to train and optimize the weights in the structure of each neuron in the GMDH network. In fact, the objective of HS sub model is to determine the optimal weights in short time to achieve the optimal GMDH structure and minimize the cumulative error between the measured and computed data sets.

In this study, to predict and improve the accuracy of the relations of the downstream hydraulic geometry in alluvial channels the GMDH model and a hybrid intelligent model based on the combination of GMDH and HS optimization algorithm that called GMDH-HS developed in the MATLAB software. Before using the developed models to predict and improve the accuracy of downstream hydraulic geometry in alluvial channels, it is necessary to check the accuracy of their results. Typically, researchers use the Mackey and Glass standard time series to verify the accuracy of developed models. Therefore, the validation of the developed models was done using the Mackey-Glass time series and calculated the verification results of the models for the two prediction methods by the CE, RMSE, MSRE, MPAE and RB criteria. To evaluate the developed models, 880 data series were collected from previous research. This data set include a wide range of field and laboratory measurement data. From this collection, 498 series were used to train and 382 remaining data series employed to test models. The results of GMDH and GMDH-HS are compared with observed data. Also, the intelligent models results are compared with theoretical equations proposed by Lee and Julian (2006).

Evaluate the performance of developed models using statistical indices CE, MSRE, MAPE, RMSE, RB and R2 indicate satisfactory performance of both models in predicting the downstream hydraulic geometry alluvial channels. A closer examination and comparison of the results of the two models showed that the hybrid GMDH-HS model had a much higher performance in predicting hydraulic geometry. Also, the comparison of the statistical indices obtained from the results of both developed models with the theoretical relationships presented by Lee and Julein (2006) suggests the very satisfactory performance of the hybrid intelligent model GMDH-HS in predicting the downstream hydraulic channel geometry in alluvial channels.

Estimating of the peak velocity of pollutant in a flow using hydraulic and geometrical parameters is very important in predicting the pollution transport in rivers. Suitable empirical equations are developed, none of which is reliable enough in estimating the peak velocity of pollutant before a thorough calibration. So, in this research artificial intelligence methods are used for this purpose. The objective of this research was to predict the peak velocity of pollutant by Group Method Data Handling (GMDH) methods and an intelligent hybrid method (GMDH-HS). The result of these methods were compared to the best regression equation. The dimensionless relative discharge (Q'a), dimensionless drainage area, the ratio of discharge at the section at the time of measurement to drainage area (Q/Da) and the reached slope (S) were taken as input parameters to these models. These data were collected from several different rivers in the United States. Mackey-Glass standard function was used to evaluate the performance of the GMDH and GMDH-HS models. The results indicated that the proposed models predicted the peak velocity of pollutant precisely (CE GMDH =0.9328, CE GMDH-HS =0.9038 & CE Vp Equation=0.3802) and these models are more accurate compared to the best nonlinear regression equation..

An important concerns pertaining in water resource management is the deposition of sediment in dam reservoir. The importance of implementing reservoir sediment management techniques to preserve reservoir storage space is evident. In this research, the effect of submerged single circular jet was experimentally investigated on flushing efficiency. The results showed that the best position of jet respect to the outlet positon in a given jet velocity and the outlet discharge ratio between 46 and 83 is twice the outlet diameter. The best position of jet for outlet discharge ratio between 120 and 157 is 2.5Doutlet.

This study numerically investigates the bearing capacity of drilled shafts (bored piles) in clay using FLAC2D. The results obtained in this study are compared with centrifuge test results. The results of the empirical relationships available in the literature are compared with the results of the present numerical study. A series of analyses is also conducted to assess the effects of various soil and pile parameters on the magnitude of tip and side resistance of bored piles embedded in clay. These parameters include the soil elastic modulus, pile length and diameter, undrained shear strength, unit weight, and Poisson’s ratio of soil. Furthermore, the coupling effect of soil undrained shear strength and elastic modulus of soil on tip resistance are investigated. The results show that the lower value of soil elastic modulus results to lower effect of soil undrained shear strength. The effect of soil undrained shear strength on tip resistance is approximately constant (about 83% for a change of soil undrained shear strength between 25 to 200 kPa) for the range of elastic modulus between 20 and 180 MPa. Also, a new equation is proposed to estimate the bearing capacity factor of N*c.

Climate change, with effects on temperature and rainfall, has a great influence on dry period. Therefore, it is very important to study this phenomenon in the analysis of dry period length. In this study, we used GFDL-ESM2M and four RCP scenarios to simulate precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature and used CCT with statistical methods to downscale the results. The data used in this study were obtained from synoptic, rain gauge and evaporation stations. The result were evaluated for the base period (1990- 2012) and near future (2020-2050). The model results were evaluated using R2 and NS. In all stations R2 and NS for precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures were between 0.67- 0.99 and 0.61-0.98, respectively. After evaluating and ensuring the suitability of the model, we simulated precipitation, and maximum and minimum temperatures and analyzed drought periods. The results indicated that precipitation increased in all scenarios, except in the southern areas in Kerman Province. This increases reached up to 60 percent in some areas. In the south however, a decrease of between 10% and 40% was predicted. Also, maximum temperature increased in all scenarios. In RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios we predicted temperature increases of 2 and 4 degrees on average. Despite lower temperatures the northern region will experience longer drought periods. Drought periods of more than 200 days will become more frequent in the south. Thus, this area requires special attention to the use and storage of water resources.

Nowadays, purchase decision making is much more complicated and even more important than in the past. Consumers’ decision-making style is a constant and effective pattern of responses influenced by culture. National culture and subcultures have significant impacts on consumer's values, attitudes and decision making. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of subcultures on consumer's decision-making styles in Tabriz and Sanandaj. In terms of data collection and analysis, the research method is descriptive and correlational. To test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling and Amos22 are used. The results show a difference between the consumers in Tabriz and those in Sanandaj in terms of the relationships among brand loyalty, brand sensitivity and hedonic shopping styles.