mohammad reza hamedi nia

The regulation of energy balance in humans is a complex and ambiguous issue. Various studies have shown the relationship between physical activity and creating a negative energy balance in the body. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the different exercise types on appetite, calorie intake, calorie consumption and food liking in girl students.

Based of this semi-experimental study,10 girl students were randomly and voluntarily chosen among all university students. The subjects performed two protocols of swimming and running (80% of the maximum heart rate up to exhaustion), and one protocol of resistance training (80% of a maximum repetition up to exhaustion) during three sessions. Appetite, calorie intake and food intake were recorded by a standard questionnaire. Energy intake also was recorded by 24-hour physical activity form. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and LSD tests were applied to analyze the data at the significant level of p < 0.05.

The tendency to food had a significant increase immediately after the resistance training compared to running (p= 0.001). Feeling hungry had a significant increase (p = 0.001) compared to running training immediately after swimming training, while the feeling of satiety and the ability to eat at four times, did not showed any significant difference between the three types of exercise (p < 0.05). Moreover, between the effect of one session of swimming, running, and exhaustive circular resistance training there was no significant difference in the tendency to food, calorie intake and calorie consumption (p < 0.05).

There was no significant difference between different training activities in terms of calorie intake, calorie consumption and appetite. This means that regardless of the type of activity, exercise can causes a negative caloric balance; a change that probably cannot be compensate during short term.

The most common cause of polyneuropathy is diabetes. Very few studies have investigated the effects of combined training on diabetes and diabetic-peripheral neuropathy complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four months aerobicresistance training on glycosylated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women with diabetic-peripheral neuropathy .

For this purpose, 21 patients with diabetic neuropathy, were divided into two groups of control (n =10) and experimental (n =11). The experimental group performed resistance - aerobic training three sessions per week for four months. Subjects’ fasting serum samples were obtained before the start of the study and after the first, second, third and fourth months of training. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA .

Total cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin resistance and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, as well as weight and fat percentage in the experimental group did not change significantly (P> 0.05) .

Stabilized glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic-neuropathy patients and no increase in total cholesterol, insulin resistance and triglyceride levels within four months is clinically important and indicate that regular resistance - aerobic training can delay progression and complications of the disease.

The purpose of this study  was the investigation of obesity prevalence and some related factors in Bojnord female.

The samples consisting of 380 females of 3050 years of age, were selected based on random cluster sampling method. A researcher made questionnaire was prepared for gathering data about breeding and obesity. The Beck questionnaire was used to measure the physical activity level.

The results showed that the prevalence of obesity and overweight in the female aged 30-50 years of the city of Bojnord were 21.8 and 43.4 percent, respectively.   

The results also showed that age of the first Parturition (P=0/06), lactation duration (P=0/26), the age of the first menstrual period (P=0/24), TV watching duration in 24 hours (P=0/61), physical activity index during job (P=0/36) and exercising (P=0/21) among three groups were not significantly differnece. Age (P=0/00), children number (P=0/01), pregnancy number (P=0/00), duration of consumption of Oral contraceptive pill (P=0/03), sitting and physical inactivity in female normal weight in comparison with obese female (P=0/01)were significantly lower, and physical activity index in leasure time (P=0/00) and marriage age (P=0/03) were higer. Considering the high prevalence of obesity and overweight in Bojnord, it is recommended that women do more physical activity and  further information be made for women about obesity-related risk factors, recognize symptoms and illnesses caused by obesity and ultimately prevent and reduce chronic diseases and their costs resulting from treatment programs should be done

Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common and severe complications of diabetes. Very few studies have investigated the effects of resistance-aerobic training on diabetic-peripheral neuropathy. This study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of combined exercise (Resistance - Aerobic ) on neurotrophic changes, neuropathic pain, aerobic endurance and lower body strength in postmenopausal women with diabetic peripheral neuropathy

This practical and semi experimental study was performed on 21 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Sabzevar in 2017. The subjects were assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed resistance-aerobic exercises for four months. In fast condition, serum level of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor were taken before the start of the study and after the first, second, third and fourth months after the study. The neuropathic pain was measured with visual analog scale. Six-minute walking test (Rickly Jones) and sitting and standing test were used to estimate aerobic endurance and lower trunk performance, respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and Repeated Measure variance analysis and one-way ANOVA. P

Serum neurotrophin levels were not significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (P> 0.05). Pain index significantly decreased compared to the control group (P< 0.05). Aerobic endurance and lower trunk functional strength significantly increased compared to the control group (P< 0.05).

two months of combined exercise (Resistance - Aerobic ) reduces pain index and strengthens aerobic endurance and lower trunk functional strength. Probably, to increase serum neurotrophin levels, the training period should be longer than four months.

Regular exercise training has been shown to be a useful option to treat and prevent type 2 diabetes. Correspondingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate effects of 12 weeks of combined aerobic-resistance exercise training on levels of chemerin, omentin and insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes.

In this clinical trial research, 20 male patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into two groups combined aerobic-resistance training (n=10) and control (n=10). Subjects in training group performed 12 weeks aerobic-resistance training, 3 weekly training sessions with given intensity (aerobic: intensity of 60-70% maximum heart rate resistance: intensity 60-70% repetition maximum). Blood sampling was taken measurements of for chemerin, omentin resistance, fasting glucose and insulin resistance in the beginning and after 12 training protocol weeks were conducted.

After 12 weeks, in the combined training group chemerin (p=0.01), resistance insulin (p=0.01) and fasting glucose (p=0.001) decreased significantly and Vo2max increased significantly (p=0.001) than the control group. Significant change was not observed at the levels of omentin (p=0.37).

12 weeks of aerobic-resistance training in men with type 2 diabetes decreased the levels of chemerin, insulin resistance and also fasting glucose, but did not affect the level of omentin.

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory and chronic central nervous system with unknown etiology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined exercise training on the serum levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in women with MS, considering the positive effects of exercise in these patients and the lack of information on combined exercises.

Twenty 20-50 years old women participated and were divided into 2 comparable groups of control (n=10) and experimental (n=10) based on their multiple sclerosis and the disability grade of 2-5 (EDSS). Afterwards, the subjects participated in the training programs for twelve weeks, 3 sessions/week.

Data were analyzed using dependent and independent T-tests (α=0.05). The results revealed no difference on body weight and fat percentage. Although, exercise training significantly decreased the disability grade (P=0/002). Furthermore, exercise training did not illustrate any change in the biochemical factors such as TNF-α (P= 0/34) and TGF-β1 (P= 0/46) serum.

Comparison between the control and experimental groups revealed that the combine training would be a good option to enhance disability grade in multiple sclerosis patients. However, it revealed no effect on the inflammatory and biochemical indicators associated with this disease.

Background and Considering the positive effects of exercise in multiple sclerosis patients and the effect on the elements and components of the immune system and the lack of information in the field of combined training, The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12-week resistance and endurance training program on the serum levels BDNF, hematological factors and some immune system indices in women with multiple sclerosis Twenty four 20-to-50-year-old women with multiple sclerosis and a disability level of 2-5 as measured by EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale) were randomly assigned to two groups of control (12 patients) and experimental (12 patients). The participants received exercise training three sessions a week for 12 weeks (two sessions of aerobic training and one session of resistance training). The results showed a significant increase in Lymphocytes (p=0.0001), Monocytes (p=0.0001) and Neutrophils (p=0.003) in the experimental group but there was no significant change in the number of platelets (p = 0.19), red blood cells (p=0.34), hematocrit (p=0.08) and BDNF (p=0.10). Also no significant changes was observed in the control group. The combined exercise training, including aerobic and resistance training, in three non-consecutive days per week is helpful for women with MS. However, it seems that a more intensive exercise training is more effective.

Increasing the cost of energy in obesity preventing and treating and reducing its complications can be achieved by stimulating the factors including Irisin and FGF21 associated with browning of the white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of light and heavy interval exercises on the level of irisin and FGF21 in obese and overweight women. This clinical traial study was done on 35 overweight and obese women (39.8±3.85 years old and body mass index 27.1±3.37 kg/m2). The subjects were divided randomly into three groups of interval exercises including Heavy (n=12), light (n=12), and control (n=11) groups. The training program included 12 weeks of heavy and light interval exercises for 25 to 60 minutes per session and three sessions per week. Before and after the training period, irisin and FGF21 serum indices were measured for each subject. Serum level of FGF21 increased only after 12 weeks of heavy interval training (P<0.05). However, there was no change in serum irisin levels after both heavy and light interval exercises. Body fat percentage, waist to hip ratio, and BMI Subjects of light and heavy interval exercises reduced and VO2max increased significantly compared to control group (P<0.05). 12 weeks of low and heavy interval training without altering serum levels of irisin have a beneficial effect on increasing VO2max and improving body composition. Also, heavy interval training has a significant increase in FGF21, Which can be effective in weight loss through the browning of white adipose tissue.

The purpose of this study was to compare the white and gray matter of the brain, cognitive function and some physical fitness factors active and low active elderly women. This study was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population was the elderly of the members of the Jahanideh Shahr club. Among them, 25 elderly women aged 60-86 years were volunteered (average height 155.63 cm, weight 65.64 kg, and BMI 28.27 kg / m2).. Subjects completed the Mental Status Questionnaire (Feltin et al., 1975) for assessing dementia and measuring cognitive performance score. MRI images were obtained from the subjects to examine the white matter and gray matter content. The analysis of the images was done by Voxel-based morphometric method (Ashbourne and Fristo 1997). In addition, physical activity score of Beck (Baecke & et al 1982) was measured and the subjects were divided Purposefully into active and low active groups. Functional tests of upper and lower muscular endurance and strength and lower extremity flexibility were performed. There was no significant difference between the two groups (active and low active) in density of the white and gray matter of the brain and the cognitive performance score. However, the mean score of physical activity and physical fitness indices, muscular endurance, upper strength and upper flexibility in the active group was significantly more than that of the low active group. There was no difference between the two active and non-active groups in white matter and gray matter of the whole brain. However, if there was a possibility of a regional comparison between the components of the brain, probably, a significant difference could be observed.

One of the most common conditions for challenging the human physiological system is exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic, anaerobic and resistance training on some agents of endocannabinoid system, serotonin, beta-endorphin and BDNF in young men. Thirty-two young men (19-25 aged) who did not have regular physical activity were randomly divided into four groups of eight and completed different sports exercises for eight weeks. A group for aerobic exercises (practice running with 65-70% maximum heart rate, 3 sessions a week), an anaerobic exercise group (practice running with maximum heart rate, 3 sessions per week), a group for circular resistance exercises (6-8 stations that were repeated 8-12 times, 3 sessions per week) and finally a group was selected as a control. ELISA method was used to measure endocannabinoid, serotonin, beta-endorphin and BDNF system factors. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and ANCOVA and dependent t-test at a significant level of 0.05. The data showed that eight weeks of aerobic training resulted a significant increase in serotonin (P = 0.008) compared to the control group and resistance training (P = 0.03). Eight weeks aerobic training (P = 0.005) and anaerobic exercise (P = 0.01) resulted in a significant increase in BDNF. Aerobic, anaerobic and resistive exercises had no significant effect on arachidonyl glycerol (P = 0.19) and beta-endorphin (P = 0.45). Eight weeks resistance training resulted a significant reduction of anandamide compared to control group (P = 0.05). The happiness level in all three training groups was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.04). The results show an increase in mediators associated with happiness, it is difficult to conclude definitely about especial effect of long-term exercise on endocannabinoids system. Aerobic exercise seems to have increased happiness in the subjects than other exercises.

The elderly, despite their need to resistance training, usually abstain from these types of training especially at high intensities. One of the alternative methods is resistance training with blood flow restriction. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the effect of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on muscle strength, muscle endurance and serum concentrations of CAF and P3NP in elderly women. 40 elderly women (mean age of 62±3 years) were selected for this study. Then, they were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=10 for each group): resistance training with blood flow restriction (4 sets of 30,15,15,15 repetitions, 20–30% 1RM), resistance training without blood flow restriction (4 sets of 30,15,15,15 repetitions, 20–30% 1RM), traditional training (4 sets of 8-12 repetitions, 80% 1RM), and control. Blood samples and tests were taken before and after 12 weeks of training. ANOVA with repeated measures was used to assess the effects of training. Lower and upper extremity muscle strength and endurance significantly increased in three training groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference among three training groups (P>0.05). Also, none of the training protocols had a significant effect on plasma levels of CAF (P=0.94) and P3NP (P=0.94). Therefore, no significant difference was observed among the three training groups in improving the effects of resistance training so it can be asserted that low intensity resistance training with and without blood flow restriction, similar to traditional training, resulted in desirable changes in physical factors of the elderly women.

The purpose of this study was to predict the time to exhaustion based on some physiological and anthropometric parameters in young men. A total of 75 male students (20.74±1.22 years, 67.25±10.78 kg, and 174.3±0.06 cm) were selected using convenience (availability, maximal oxygen uptake 47/1±3/29 ml/kg/m-1) sampling. Firstly, anthropometric variables and physiological parameters involving lactate threshold, aerobic and anaerobic power, resting heart rate, physical activity, velocity at maximal oxygen uptake, lower-body endurance as well as strength and lower-body explosive power were measured. Also, to measure the heart rate, O2 saturation and running time, all subjects participated in a bout of treadmill running to exhaustion at four different speeds (8, 10, 12, and 14 km/h-1), with slope set at zero. The results show the velocity at maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate, resting heart rate, physical activity, and lower-body explosive power predicted time to exhaustion at a speed of 8 km/h-1(P≤0.05). The velocity at maximal oxygen uptake, running history, resting heart rate, V. lactate, and weight predicted time to exhaustion at a speed of 10 km/h-1 (P≤0.05),V. lactate, running history, weight, resting heart rate and maximum power time to exhaustion at a speed of 12 km/h-1 (P≤0.05), Thevelocity at maximal oxygen uptake, physical activity, weight, maximum power, and running history were the prediction factors of time to exhaustion at a speed of 14 km/h-1 (P≤0.05). The velocity at maximal oxygen uptake, resting heart rate and running history were common at most speeds. According to the results of time to exhaustion, the velocity at maximal oxygen uptake, running history, resting heart rate, and lactate thresholds can be used.

Aerobic exercise is the most popular sport activity in cardiac rehab center for increase aerobic ability and decrease in fat mass of cardiovascular disease , the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks aerobic exercise on LXR gene expression and lipid profile in middle aged men after CABG. The subjects were 20 CABG middle aged male patient were randomly assigned into two group : control (N=10), and aerobic training (n = 10) groups. Exercise group performed aerobic exercises for 8 weeks with an intensity 60% to 80% of heart rate. 48 hours before exercise and 48 hours after the last training session, all subjects blood samples were taken and plasma and monocyte isolation were performed to measure the indices. Data analysis were performed by using t-test and independent t-test, and non-parametric Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were performed at a significant level of p≤0.05. Significant increase in expression of LXR gene value and HDL and significant decrease in total cholestrole, apo A and B ratio, LDL,TGS in experimental group compared to the control group compared to the control group has seen. Improvement of lipid profiles levels and enhancing the expression of LXR gene after 8 weeks of aerobic exercises showed that Performing regular aerobic exercises as part of the cardiac rehabilitation can be effective in reducing the incidence of atherosclerosis and preventing recurrence of the patient

Imbalance and disruption in daily functioning (sitting, standing up and walking) are major clinical symptoms of MS, while physical activity and exercise is an important non-pharmacological method in the rehabilitation and control of clinical signs of the disease.

Combined exercise + Q10 and combined exercise groups performed a combined exercise program including two sessions of aerobic training (50 to 60 max HR at the beginning to the end) and one session of resistance training (50-60% 1RM from beginning to end) three sessions per week. Daily 200 mg of CoQ10 supplement was prescription in capsule form and starch was also used as placebo. Endurance and speed of walk were measured by using of up & go, 25 foot walking, 6 min walking and chair stand test before and after training protocol. Data were analyzed with analysis of covariance and t-test at a significance level of P<0.05. Findings: The results showed a significant decrease in the time of the standing and sitting tests, also a significant increase in endurance and speed of walking in combined exercise training + Q10 supplementation and combined exercise training groups versus Q10 supplementation and placebo groups.

Combined exercise training with coenzyme Q10 supplementation or alone can lead to improved muscular function such as sitting, standing and walking in patient with MS. Therefore, this method can be used as a complementary tool in addition to drug therapy for the improvement of clinical symptoms of these patients

There is disagreement about transmitting the effects and the kind of strength- power training for making optimal neuromuscular adaptations in soccer players. The aim of the present study was the effect of 12 strength-power training weeks with different loads on neuromuscular adaptations in college soccer players. In this Quasi-experimental study, 36 subjects from 4 universities were divided into 3 equal groups based on a random sampling. Strength-power training program were carried out for 12 weeks (3 sessions per week) for all groups. In stages of pre test and post test were taken electromayographic amplitude and mean power frequency of vastus lateralis and medialis muscles, lower body muscular strength, anaerobic power, explosivepeak and average power. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and LSD Post hoc of and paired t- test in significant level of p<0.05. The load of 80-90 % of 1RM caused a significant increases in vastus lateralis mean power frequency compared to the loads of 60-70 % and 70-80 % of 1RM (p=0.01 and p=0.02 respectively). Also the load of 80-90 % of 1RM caused a significant increases in vastus lateralis (p=0.01) and medialis (p=0.006), electromayographic amplitude and lower body muscular strength (p=0.01) compared to the load of 60-70 % of 1RM .
The loads of 80-90 and 70-80% of 1RM caused a significant increases in lower body anaerobic power (p=0.0001 and
p=0.02 respectively) compared to the load of 60-70 % of 1RM. It's advisable to use the load of 80-90 % of 1RM with high speed and low repetition in planning the strength- power training form taking optimum neuromuscular adaptations

Physical activity and exercise are as the methods stimulating the secretion of nerve growth factors in MS patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combined exercise training with aerobic dominant and supplementation of coenzyme Q10 on serum BDNF and NGF levels in patients with multiple sclerosis.

In the semi-experimental research, twenty-eight MS patients (EDSS=3-5) were selected by using available sampling method and randomly divided into three experimental groups (combined exercise training Q10 supplementation, combined exercise training placebo, and Q10 supplementation) and one control group. two experimental groups performed a combined exercise program include two sessions of aerobic training and one session of resistance training three sessions per week for eight weeks. 200 mg of Q10 supplement was prescribed per day. Blood samples (after 10 hours fasting) were collected 24 hours before the first and 24 hours after the last session of exercise for evaluation of serum levels of BDNF and NGF. Data were analyzed with analysis of covariance at a significance level of pFindings: The results showed no significant changes in serum levels of BDNF and NGF in the three experimental groups compared to the control group (p≥0.05).

Combined exercise training with coenzyme Q10 supplementation cannot lead to changes in serum concentration of nerve growth factors (BDNF, NGF) in patients with MS. Therefore, it is necessary to change the duration and severity of this type of training as well as dose of Q10 supplementation.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the barriers and restrictions of the handball development in Sabzevar and providing strategies development solutions. The research was a descriptive – survey study. The research tool was a researcher made questionnaire which was used after determining superficial and content validity and reliability(α= 0.95). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the tool validity. The research society were all the handball specialists and coaches in Sabzevar (220 persons). The statistical sample selection was purposive. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of data distribution, as well as Welch test was used to determine a significant difference between the respondents’ views and Dunnett post hoc test was used to consider the respondents’ views. Confirmatory factor analysis test was used to prioritize the barriers. Lack of industry in Sabzevar and limitation in financial support from the industrial, weakness of the management in the Handball Association of Sabzevar, lack of experienced coaches and experts in Sabzevar, absence of a mechanism to encourage and appreciate the people and fans involved in handball in the city and lack of efficient use of available facilities were the most important barriers for handball development in Sabzevar.. Profiting of private sector, benefiting of competent, skillful and experienced staffs, protecting local sport publications and initiation of websites exclusively for handball and suitable utilization of sport facilities are some of the suggested strategies in current research which perhaps are keys for raising interest and revitalization of handball in Sabzevar.

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was the investigation of the published articles in sport and Persian peer- reviewed journals in the field of exercise metabolism during 2011 to 2015 years.
In this regard, 9 out of 27 published journals on sport sciences were selected and were extracted by referring to the related websites, Jahad Daneshgahi and the country Information Database for Articles. 766 articles were investigated during the process.
According to measured indicators, 223 articles were placed in the field of exercise metabolism. The Most articles have been published in the Journal of Metabolism and Exercise. 53.57% of the published articles in this journal were in the field of exercise metabolism. The average number of authors for each paper was 3.28. State Universities’ share in the production of the articles was 78% alone and 17% in partnership with Azad University. The Most independent variables used in the studies, were aerobic training (endurance) which 29.09% of all variables used in the study were included. From of 223 investigated papers 89 papers have been investigated the responses to exercise and 134 papers have been investigated the adaptation to exercise Training. The most of the study subjects were students and mice, with 16.5 and 16.14%, respectively. The number of the study subjects used in each article was 23.62 people on average. Almost 60% of the articles did not investigate on any performance or physical indicators. Among the measured metabolic markers, the oxidant and antioxidant markers was in the first place (16.69%).
Regarding the above-mentioned results, coordination, prioritization and policy making in the field of exercise metabolic researches seems necessary.

Cardiac rehabilitation is the most important proceeding to reduce the effects of heart surgery and its effects on cardiovascular disease. Exercise training because of low cost and being attractive can be a motivation for patients with cardiac rehabilitation programs.Exercise has influence on blood cellular components, especially the number of white blood cells, metabolism, metabolites, peptides and different type of gene expression.The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic training on monocytes gene expression ABCG5 in middle-aged men after heart bypass surgery.
In this semi-experimental study, 20 middle-aged malepatient who had coronary artery bypass surgery, were subjected to the study and were randomly assigned into two groups: control (N=10) and aerobic training (N = 10) groups. Blood samples were taken from subjects before and after training sessions.Monocytes isolated by centrifugation and m-RNA purified by Real-Time PCR was performed.Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures (SPSS version 16).
Results showed that, as a result of exercise training, there was significant increase in mRNA expression of gene ABCG5 in the experimental group than control group.
It seems that exercise training as part of the cardiac rehabilitation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting can improve the reverse cholesterol transport process in the patients by impressing the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism.

The purpose of this study was to determine the Effect of ischemic Preconditioning (IPC) in upper limb, lower limb and Combination lower and upper limb on specific judo fitness test (SJFT) and Anaerobic performance in judo athletes. In a randomized, crossover study, 13 judo athletes participate in this study and Performed two SJFT with 90 second between trials and a RAST test after 15 min rest, in four Condition: IPC Treatment in arms, legs, arms and legs and a sham Intervention. IPC treatment consisted of 3, 5 min bouts of ischemia, followed each by 5 min of Reperfusion. One-way Repeated measures ANOVA and Benferroni post-hoc test was used. IPC treatment in arms and legs resulted in an improvement in total throws and index of SJFT2, peak power and mean power than in other status (P≤0.05). IPC treatment in arms and legs also decreased rate of Perceives exertion than other condition (P≤0.05). In conclusion, if ischemic preconditioning applied in more limbs and with greater muscular tissue, it Improves SJFT and anaerobic power in judo athletes.

Hormonal response to training is dependent on various factors. However, A few studies have examined the effects of plyometric training on hormonal changes. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of different periodization of plyometric training on hormonal changes, muscle hypertrophy and leg muscles elastic property. For this, thirty six male athletes (age 21.58±2.64, height 174.42± 6.01, weight 69.05±9.68) volunteered to participate in this study. Pretest was including measurements of anthropometric variables, thigh muscles CSA, leg muscles elastic index and fasting blood sampling. Then, the participants divided into three training groups include traditional, Daily undulating and weekly undulating groups and one control group. The Training program performed in 6 weeks with 3 sessions per week. 48 hours after the last training session posttest was performed. Intragroup changes analyzed by ANCOVA statistical method and LSD post hoc test. As well as, intergroup changes analyzed by paired t-test. The significant level set P˂0.05. The findings showed that daily undulating and weekly undulating periodization of plyometric training significantly improved resting concentration of testosterone, testosterone to cortisol ratio, and thigh muscles CSA than the pretest and control group. But traditional periodization of plyometric training only improved than the pretest. All three periodization models of plyometric training weren’t significant effect on leg muscles elastic index. According to the results and Percent change it seems that non-linear periodization of plyometric training has to more efficient than the traditional periodization in improvement of hormonal changes, anabolism status, muscle hypertrophy, and leg elastic muscles property.

In the present study two types of endurance training as, high intensity interval training and circuit resistance training on pulmonary function and body composition were studied among some overweight females.
In this research forty-five qualified females volunteered and were randomly divided into three groups including circuit resistance, high-intensity interval and control groups. Subjects in the training group were trained for 8 weeks with 3 time intervals. The resistance group practiced 2 circles, each consisting of 7 stations; each station included 2 sets of 8-15 repetitions, with an intensity of 65-85% 1RM. In the interval group subjects performed training at intensity of 85-95% of maximum heart rate with 8-11 repetitions including 2 minutes running and 2 minutes active resting time between intervals (30-40% HRmax). Before and after the end of the training sessions,spirometry, body composition, muscular strength and endurance and VO2max were taken. Data were analyzed byone-way ANOVA, LSD post hoc and dependent t-test.
The results showed no significant difference between study groups concerning forced expiratory volume (FEV1), force vital capacity (FVC), FEV /FVC, forced expiratory flow 25-75% (FEF25-75%), body weight, body mass index and wait to hip ratio (p The results of the present study suggest that training with period of intensity interval training and circuit resistance, do not affect on most dynamic respiratory indices, but it seems that resistance training have been the more improving in FVC and on some of the indicators of body composition in overweight females.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks of Combined (resistance and Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) training on Muscular performance and Functioning, and the degree of disability of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. To this end, thirty-seven male and female subjects with Multiple Sclerosis were randomly- purposefully assigned to the experimental (n=19, age=34.53±6.51, Weight=67.02±13.14, EDSS=2.55±1.21) and control (n=18, age=36.78±4.93, Weight=66.92±10.13, EDSS=2.88±0.97) groups. The experimental group received a combined (resistance and Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) training program for 8 weeks. In the experimental group, the Muscular performance and Functioning, and the degree of disability of the subjects were evaluated before and after the training protocol. The obtained Data were analyzed using independent T-test and paired sample T-test. The Results showed that 8 weeks of Combined training caused a significant increase in lower body strength (P=0.001), upper body strength (P=0.001), Dynamic balance (P=0.001), flexibility (P=0.001), gait speed and endurance (P=0.001) factors. But there was seen no statistically significant gain in the degree of disability factor (P=0.32). Therefore, a period of 8 weeks of Combined training (resistance and PNF) caused a significant increase of strength, balance and speed and distance of walking, without lowering the degree of disability factor. Therefore, it is suggested that this type of training be considered as part of the intervention in the rehabilitation program and improvement of patients.

the purpose of present study was investigating an effect of different periodization of plyometric training on electrophysiological adaptations of leg muscles in male athletes.
Material and thirty six male athletes volunteered to participate in this study. Pretest was including measurements of anthropometric variables and record electrical activity of leg muscles. Then, the participants divided into four groups include traditional, Daily undulating, weekly undulating and control groups. The Training program performed in 6 weeks with 3 sessions per week. 48 hours after the last training session posttest was performed. Between-group changes analyzed by ANCOVA statistical method and LSD post hoc test, as well as within-group changes analyzed by paired t-test.
Results of present study were indicated significant increases in neuromuscular activity of hamstring muscles, gastrocnemius and gluteus major muscles in the jump phase and hamstring and quadriceps muscles in the landing phase with all three periodization models of plyometric (p˂0.05). As well as, quadriceps to hamstring, quadriceps to gastrocnemius and quadriceps to gluteus coactivation ratio had a significant decreases with all periodization models (p˂0.05). There are no significant differences in coactivation ratio among plyometric training periodization models (p˃0.05).
all three periodization models of plyometric training were improved in neuromuscular adaptations and there are no significant differences between periodization models. Therefore, total volume load of plyometric training is more important than the variation of training volume and intensity for improvement in neuromuscular adaptations.

Introduction and Aims: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that affects motor pathways, leading to muscle weakness and muscle fatigue. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of 8 weeks of combined (resistance and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) training on the muscle strength, the balance and functional capacity in patients with MS.
To this end, thirty-seven male and female subjects with Multiple Sclerosis were randomly-purposefully assigned to the experimental (N=19, Age=34.53±6.51, Weight=67.02±13.14, EDSS=2.55±1.21) and control (N=18, Age=36.78±4.93, Weight=66.92±10.13, EDSS=2.88±0.97) groups. The experimental group received a combined (resistance and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) training program for 8 weeks. In the experimental group, the muscular strength, balance and functional capacity of the subjects were measured before and after the training protocol. The collected data were analyzed using paired sample T-test at α = 0.05 level of significance.
The results of the study showed that there was a significant increase in general strength (P=0.001), upper strength (P=0.001), dominant leg balance (P=0.003), non-dominant leg balance (P=0.001) and gait endurance (P=0.001) factors, while there was observed no increase in the gait speed factor (P=0.12).
Based on the findings of the present study, a period of combined training produced a significant increase of strength, balance and distance of walking. Therefore, it is suggested that this type of training be considered as a part of the intervention in the rehabilitation program to improve the physical condition of the patients.