mohammad reza jalilvand

Recently, professional and fashion styles of clothing have become prevalent among religious and veiled women. Alongside their concern for modest dressing, religious women in society are also coordinating their headscarves, sleeves, handbags, and shoes. Sometimes, this phenomenon takes on an extremist form. Its roots can be traced back to trends in hijab styles and hijab bloggers, leading some religious groups to distance themselves from the philosophy of hijab. Additionally, hijab styles and bloggers pursue political goals. Based on this, the aim of this study is to explore the actions and challenges of hijab styles on the social media platform Instagram.

This study adopts an interpretive approach and utilizes netnography to investigate the actions and challenges of hijab styles on Instagram. Comments and posts from the last 6 months by 5 Instagram hijab style influencers were collected and analyzed through purposive judgmental sampling. Additionally, unstructured interviews were conducted with 6 activists in the field of hijab and modesty.  

Themes identified for the damage of hijab styles on Instagram included changes in the concept of hijab, instrumental use of hijab, incitement to irrational consumption, inappropriate standardization, and the formation of confrontation and division. Additionally, topics identified for solutions to effectively address hijab styles on Instagram included presenting a suitable pattern of hijab in accordance with Islamic values, developing social and cultural infrastructure, and implementing appropriate legislation for the virtual space.

Initially, hijab bloggers aimed to introduce the social dimension of the hijab. However, this aim was not achieved, and instead, an erroneous promotion of hijab coverage emerged within society. Hijab styles aim to normalize this form of attire by transforming the hijab into a fashion statement and substituting the chador with the abaya. However, the activities of these bloggers have not only positively influenced hijab acceptance but have also negatively altered hijab values

Policy-making with the aim of changing the behavior of citizens is carried out by governments in various economic, social, environmental, etc. fields. These policies are in the three areas of creating order and social security (such as preventing crime, improving traffic behavior, preserving the environment, etc.), creating beneficial behaviors (such as education, parenting behaviors, etc.) and improving The individual and social lifestyle of the citizens of the society (such as quitting addiction, maintaining personal health, improving eating habits, etc.) have been revealed in many interventions of the government of new governments. Also, special attention to the behavioral dimensions of all policies has been demanded by some political systems in the world. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to analyze the executive mechanisms of public policy with a behavioral approach. Systematic literature review and theme analysis were used. A total of 376 researches/articles were screened during 4 stages and at the end, 191 researches remained. These articles were extracted from 6 valid international databases. In response to the research question, 134 meaningful propositions, 181 initial codes, 57 final codes and 16 themes were identified as behavioral policy components: 1) social marketing, 2) providing information, 3) social norms, 4) incentives, 5) use of emotions and feelings, 6) combination of behavioral and non-behavioral mechanisms, 7) formulation of rules and regulations, 8) creation of attitude-preference-behavior chain, 9) framework/patterning, 10) highlighting, 11) default , 12) simplification, 13) networking, 14) environment design, 15) scheduled notifications, and 16) commitments.

Failure plays a crucial role in entrepreneurial learning and is a common issue among entrepreneurs. However, in ecosystems like Iran, insufficient attention has been given to this matter. Understanding the causes and mental underpinnings of failure, particularly among serial entrepreneurs, can guide the scientific and business communities towards solutions that facilitate the recovery of entrepreneurs' identity and emotion after failures. This lack of scientific and practical knowledge prompted this study to investigate the cognitive origins of learning from failure to gain a deeper understanding.

In this study, we adopted an inductive-deductive approach and, specifically, employed a meta-synthesis of 40 articles to identify the cognitive factors that influence learning from failure. We then prioritized these factors through a survey of 10 serial entrepreneurs selected using a purposive sampling method. Expert survey data were used to analyze the quantitative data and comprehend the key factors affecting learning from failure among serial entrepreneurs, utilizing the best-worst method.

The results, based on the theoretical foundation, reveal that learning from entrepreneurial failure is influenced by 24 distinct factors. After prioritizing these factors, "previous experience" emerged as the most significant (best) factor, while "opportunity temptation" was identified as the least important (worst) factor. According to the findings, failure can serve as a valuable capital for entrepreneurs, provided they confront their mistakes and learn from them. Factors like the fear of failure, entrepreneurial Alertness, and entrepreneurial humility also play essential role.

The results suggest that post-failure achievements are influenced by new experiences and information. Entrepreneurs' prior experiences and their fear of failure have a substantial impact on learning from failure. Prior experience and knowledge help entrepreneurs identify new opportunities realistically, reducing their fear of failure and leading to subsequent success. Additionally, entrepreneurs' learning is influenced by entrepreneurial humility. In general, individuals who are humbler are more willing to face failures realistically, accepting areas that need improvement and subsequently enhancing their chances of success in future endeavors.This paper introduces a cognitive approach to understanding the process of learning from the failures of serial entrepreneurs. This fresh perspective highlights the significant role of prior experiences in shaping entrepreneurs' attitudes towards failure. Furthermore, comprehending the relationships between these factors can greatly contribute to the success of entrepreneurs in re-entering the entrepreneurial arena after Failures, as well as aiding in their emotional and identity recovery.

Cognitive warfare is the art of using technological tools to alter the cognition of human targets, who are often unaware of any such attempt - as are those entrusted with countering, minimizing, or managing its consequences, whose institutional and bureaucratic reactions are too slow or inadequate. Cognitive warfare is to weaponize or weaponize public opinion, through a foreign institution, in order to influence public and government policies and destabilize public institutions. Cognitive warfare, such as psychological warfare and information warfare, relies heavily on new communication and information technologies, especially artificial intelligence. This study has been carried out with the aim of compiling a cognitive war road map in technological media, and in this regard, answers to four basic questions in the field of goals, basic activities, tactics and tools as well as the necessary key infrastructures are provided.

Philosophically, this research is interpretive, inductive approach, and strategy based on narrative literature review. A narrative review is the type first-year college students often learn as a general approach. Its purpose is to identify a few studies that describe a problem of interest. Narrative reviews have no predetermined research question or specified search strategy, only a topic of interest. They are not systematic and follow no specified protocol. No standards or protocols guide the review. Although the reviewers will learn about the problem, they will not arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the state of the science related to the problem. The reason for using a narrative review was the lack of richness of existing literature in the field of war science in cyber space. In total, 30 research reports, including articles, book chapters, dissertations and treatises, and case reports published by organizations related to warfare, were identified and analyzed using thematic analysis technique.

According to the results, the important goals of cognitive warfare in the cyber space are: infiltration, instability, delegitimization, destruction of social capital, loss of trust, division, discrediting, destroying the opponent and manipulation of the public's cognition and Elite. In the second level, cognitive operation planning, cognitive monitoring, cognitive engineering, cognitive campaign planning, cognitive campaign design, cognitive analysis and resilience, containment and defense against cognitive attacks were found to be the key and fundamental activities in a cognitive war. In the third level, that is, cognitive war tools and tactics, eight themes were extracted from the literature, which are as follow: cyberspace and social media, production and dissemination of unrealistic negative content, exploitation of cognitive biases, propaganda, psychological operations, data distortion and cognitive invasion. Finally, three topics including cognitive war technologies, neuroscience and operational experts were identified as basic cognitive war infrastructures.

A war that requires a weapon called media literacy for all members of the society to be able to recognize and stand against such a war of inequality. Media literacy, in the sense of an act of thinking, whose main role is to recognize the situation, criticize, analyze and understand media messages. For example, cultural differences as well as ethnic differences are phenomena that can be improved with media literacy. In some countries, due to discrimination, cultural differences and political conflicts, they are placed together with false facts and information, which are reduced by media literacy training and training people with an analytical perspective. If the masses of people know media literacy and can distinguish between false and true messages, they can defeat the enemy and thwart his plans for chaos and subversion from within. In addition, with regard to the destructive goals of war science, it is possible through training after the end of the attack, to remove the effect of impressionable people, to protect the psyche against emotional stimulation and correct cognitive errors, as well as legal encounters, in order to find and punish the perpetrators of cognitive warfare, the security forces effectively countered cognitive warfare in order to teach the next elements of the enemy in the society.

Based on statistics and predictions, it has been determined that by 2025, the number of social network users will reach 4.4 billion people. The average duration of users' use of social networks is about 144 minutes per day. This trend, which has caused a change in consumer behavior due to the potential of social media to attract users, is well-known by marketers. The importance of examining social networks doubles as a tool that people in different groups or demographics, whether consciously or unconsciously, are involved in for many hours of the day; because people's social identity is formed by the norms of these groups, and based on their social identity, people decide to engage in different social networks and rely on this social identity to determine their usage of social networks, and finally, according to consumer behavior, people's reactions to brands are formed. It is worth mentioning that so far, few studies have examined these relationships and there is a research gap in this regard. This research seeks to help and complete the literature in this field. According to what has been stated, the research question is raised as follows: Does the social identity of the users affect the reaction to the brand regarding the use of electronic word-of-mouth advertising in social networks?

The research model is based on the studies of Wang (2017) and George et al. (2013). From the perspective of research philosophy, the current research is positivist (environmental authenticity). The survey strategy has been taken to investigate the causal relationships between the research variables. The statistical population of the research included all graduate students of Tehran University in the academic year 2018-2019. In order to collect data, 448 people were sampled using the stratified sampling method according to the volume. The tool for collecting data from the statistical sample was a standard questionnaire. The questions were designed based on the scales considered for social identity constructs (emotional, cognitive, and evaluative), user's willingness to buy the brand, use of social networks, and spread of electronic word of mouth. The questionnaire consisted of 21 questions, which were designed based on the questionnaires of previous studies and adjusted according to the purpose of the research, forming the foundation of the work. A five-point Likert scale was used to measure the research variables.

The results showed that: a. The social identity (emotional, cognitive, evaluative) of users is effective in the use of social networks; b. The social identity (emotional, cognitive, evaluative) of users is effective on the spread of electronic word of mouth advertisements; c. The social identity (emotional, cognitive, evaluative) of users is effective on the reaction to (purchase intention) of the brand; d. The use of social networks plays a mediating role in influencing the social identity (emotional, cognitive, evaluative) of users on the brand purchase intention; e. The spread of electronic word-of-mouth advertising plays a mediating role in influencing the social identity (emotional, cognitive, evaluative) of users on the intention to buy a brand.

Based on the findings, suggestions can be made to social media managers and digital marketers: First, it is suggested that the managers of social networks, by providing unique facilities and features for users, create favorable feelings in them and a sense of emotional belonging and dependence on the network. This work can be achieved through measures such as easy and wide access, and also by using data analysis, it is possible to gain more knowledge about the interests of the audience and, accordingly, create more facilities and access in the social network. Second, it is suggested that managers of social networks create a favorable mental image in the minds of their users so that they feel more aligned between their personal identity and what is perceived by other users in social networks. This can be done through measures such as creating a safe space in the network, after which users share their real identity. This process leads to the feeling of alignment of the audience's identity with the social network. Third, it is suggested that managers of social networks seek to create a sense of importance in their network members. This work can be done through measures such as using users as opinion leaders and playing the role of influencers by them, arranging the influence of users' opinions to improve the level of satisfaction in the social network. Fourth, it is suggested that digital marketing managers should create dynamic, attractive, and useful advertising content for social network users. Additionally, they can take actions such as considering the needs of users in using networks, such as the need for entertainment, the need for knowledge and information, etc., in content production, involving users in the production of the content.

News organizations are among the service organizations in which employees are trained to provide various services to the beneficiaries and with proper service delivery, they meet the needs of the beneficiaries. Beneficiaries should focus. However, employees of news organizations face psychological tensions in their work environment. The employees of news agencies, due to the need to provide diverse services to different stakeholders as well as the pressures of promotion and receiving job benefits according to the volume of their activities, are prone to be affected by the effects of job challenges. For example, when the workload is high and budget cuts occur, employees are forced to perform a large number of tasks with minimal budget. In such a situation, there is a lot of pressure on the employees and they may not be able to deal with this situation. For this reason, in order for employees to be able to deal with problems and issues in their career path in uncertain conditions, it is necessary to equip them with new personal and psychological capacities that help in stressful situations. Resilience causes employees to use their capacities to achieve individual success in difficult situations and despite risk factors. Considering the importance of job resilience in media organizations, including internet news agencies, identifying and strengthening factors affecting it as a psychological capacity is very important. Media resilience means the ability of media organizations to maintain survival and performance during disasters and stressful events. Media resilience of news agencies as media organizations is of particular importance due to the prominent role, they play in crisis management. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of transformational management and distributive justice in improving the level of job resilience of employees, which was conducted in the form of a case study on the employees of Internet news agencies.

The current research is considered "applied" in terms of its purpose, "descriptive" in terms of research design, and "survey" in terms of research method. A conceptual model was designed based on research literature. The data collection tool was a questionnaire taken from the experimental background of the research. The statistical population of the research includes all the employees of three internet news agencies in Tehran. With the help of available sampling, a sample consisting of 184 employees of these news agencies was considered. In addition, for the statistical analysis of data, Pearson's correlation test and linear regression analysis were used using SPSS statistical software.

Results showed that the occurrence of transformational behavior of managers and supervisors and the current distributive justice in the organization can improve the level of job resilience of internet news agency employees. According to the results, the transformational leadership of the managers of Internet news agencies and the establishment of distributive justice in the news agency explain about 76% of the variance of the job resilience of the employees of these news organizations.

Since high resilience increases media employees’ ability to cope with work stresses and increases their job satisfaction, it was vital to study media employees’ resilience and perceptions of transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is one of the leadership paradigms to improve the performance of Internet news agencies in a turbulent environment with the ability to motivate employees and develop an organizational culture in which ethical procedures are considered a behavioral norm, tries to predict environmental changes. And they form an image of a clear and needed future vision. Transformational leadership is a style of leadership in which the leader influences the beliefs, values and goals of the followers, is recognized as a hero, and has a great impact on his followers. Transformational leaders motivate subordinates by providing the necessary ground for the emergence of their abilities and skills and by increasing their self-confidence.  Distributive justice by establishing justice in different job outcomes including income, job schedule and job responsibility, will lead to increasing the resilience of news agency employees in turbulent and difficult conditions. Distributive justice refers to the understanding of the fairness of the results in the organization and it is judged in this way whether the rewards are suitable for the costs. Do the results meet expectations? Is the ratio of people equal compared to others? Distributive justice refers to the attitudes and thoughts of employees regarding the appropriateness of outputs and receipts. Distributive justice is predicted according to values. Resilience is the ability to successfully adapt to threatening conditions. It shows that organizational justice can affect increasing the level of organizational resilience. To our knowledge, no studies in Iran have investigated the relationship between self-reported resilience among employees of media organizations and their perceptions of transformational leadership as well as distributive justice.

Ethnic tourism plays an important role in the development of community-oriented tourism. Due to the diversity of different ethnic groups in Islamic Iran, the strengthening of ethnic tourism can lead to the all-round development of these regions from social, cultural and economic landscapes. The composition of races and ethnicities in Iran is not uniform and the diversity of the population that has been created for centuries due to the mixing of races and migrations has led to the emergence of Persian, Azeri, Kurdish, Ler, Baloch, Bakhtiari, Talshi, Turkmen, Qashqai, Shahson and It has become Arab that each of them has different rituals and customs in fields such as music, celebration (birthday, circumcision, obligation celebration, etc.), wedding ceremony or mourning and mourning, prayer, hospitality, handicrafts, food , setting up a tent, hunting, etc., which have many capabilities to attract tourists. Turkmen Sahara is one of the rare and pristine regions in the northeast of the country, which attracts and welcomes thousands of travelers every year with its unique tourist attractions. The reason for the popularity of this area is its attractive geographical location and the nature of tourists. In this research, an attempt is made to look at the phenomenon of ethnic tourism with an ethnographic perspective, focusing on the Turkmen region of the Sahara.

This research is interpretive from the perspective of philosophy, inductive from the perspective of approach, ethnographic from the perspective of strategy, qualitative single-method from the perspective of method selection, and cross-sectional from the perspective of time horizon. In the ethnographic research, the researcher will deal with the scientific description of ethnic tourism in the Turkmen Sahara region in order to determine the attractive cultural features and components of this region to attract ethnic tourists. The tool used was unstructured interviews with 38 indigenous people and ecotourists of the Turkmen Sahara region. The sampling method is a combination of convenience and snowball and it was carried out up to theoretical saturation.

412 meaningful verbal statements from the interviews, 312 codes were extracted, after discarding the duplicate codes, 246 concepts and eight organizing themes were extracted. The themes identified include eight components of ethnic tourism in the Turkmen Sahara region, including ecotourism due to the presence of numerous and unique natural attractions in the region, food tourism due to the variety of local foods, art tourism due to the works and creative industries of the region, heritage tourism to The reason for the existence of numerous historical monuments was sports tourism due to the existence of traditional games and sports of the region, and cultural tourism due to the existence of cultural components and special and unique customs of the Turkmen Sahara region.Despite the presence of special components and features in the Turkmen Sahara region that can lead to the attraction of more and more tourists, due to various reasons such as the lack of special attention of the government to the ethnic tourism sector, lack of economic infrastructure, lack of adequate advertising of the culture of the Turkmen people, etc., has not been able to use these components in line with the economic development of Golestan province

Maintenance Involves looking after staff well-being, health and safety, effectively managing communications and complying with legal responsibilities. HR maintenance is the process of designing safety, medical care plans, and welfare actions for employees. It works to meet employees' tangible and intangible needs and expectations that naturally vary from one organization to another, which in turn enhances job commitment. Most of the research conducted in the field of human resource maintenance has pointed to internal organizational factors that make employees stay in the organization, but few researches have examined the impact of non-work relationships on the work environment. This research has been conducted to develop a model for maintaining human resources in media organizations, which has investigated the effect of non-work factors as well as work factors on the intention of employees to leave the service.

The statistical population of the research included the news staff of the Broadcasting Organization. Philosophically, this research is positivist, comparative in terms of approach, survey in terms of strategy, and in terms of method selection, it is somewhat single-method and in terms of time horizon, single-section. The data collection tool is also a standard questionnaire taken from the research literature. A 15-minute pen-and-paper survey was conducted in a face-to-face strategy to collect data from the news staff of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting using a convenience sampling plan. The sample size was determined based on the Morgan table and was considered equal to 127, and to analyze the data from the questionnaire, the structural equation modelling technique with the partial least squares approach was used.

The results of the research hypothesis test are as follows: family ties have a significant and direct effect on social cohesion. In social integration, it has a significant and opposite effect on the intention to leave society. The intention to leave society has a significant and direct effect on the intention to leave the service. Organizational intertwining has a significant and opposite effect on leaving the service. In addition, the hypothesis related to the effect of friendship ties on social entanglement among the news staff of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting was not confirmed. The variables of employees' gender, employment status of employees' spouses, home ownership status, and length of stay of news department employees of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting Organization were considered as moderator variables. According to the results, these variables do not moderate the relationship between social entanglement and intention to leave society. Therefore, there is no difference between female news workers and male news workers in their entanglement, and the same for the job status of the employees' spouses. That is, it cannot be said that employees whose spouses are employees are more intertwined with society and are less likely to leave society. Based on the obtained results, the state of home ownership is similar to other moderator variables. In the sense that there is no difference between those who own houses and those who are tenants in their social entanglement. In other words, it cannot be claimed that the employees who own a house are more intertwined with their society and are more likely to leave the society and ultimately leave the organization.

The majority of studies carried out in the field of measuring intra-occupational factors or organizational entanglement and extra-occupational factors or both factors leading to displacement have been carried out on employees who were not known as employees of creative industries. Therefore, in the present study, a model was presented and tested to analyze the factors affecting the intention to leave the service of employees of creative industries. The results of this research were aligned with some of the previous research results and inconsistent with others, and the reasons for achieving such results have been discussed in detail. The media industry is known for its high turnover rates, making it essential for HR departments to work hard to retain top talent. HR should create a positive work culture that promotes work-life balance, job satisfaction, and employee engagement. Broadcast media organizations should also provide competitive compensation packages and benefits to attract and retain top talent. HR departments should conduct regular employee surveys to get feedback from employees and identify areas where improvements can be made. Finally, HR departments should also have a succession plan in place. Succession planning ensures that the organization is prepared for any changes in key positions. It also ensures that employees are aware of their career progression opportunities, which can increase employee retention rates

Rapid urbanization has led to changes in land use in urban areas. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of urbanization on land use change in Tehran using systemic thinking in order to gain a better understanding of the consequences of urbanization. The city is a complex, open, and dynamic system, the study of which requires an interdisciplinary approach. The system dynamics approach provides these requirements to address the city. Therefore, a dynamic model will be designed, which will be quantitatively evaluated using the system dynamics approach. This study showed that with the increase in the population of Tehran, the use of agricultural and open land gradually changed until 1404 and it is predicted that the land used for construction will increase. This is the first study that examines the relationship between the phenomenon of urbanization and land use change in Tehran metropolis and is innovative in this respect.

Using the Internet and its developing facilities has become intertwined with people's lives so that many things are done only through this space. Data storage on different servers is another aspect of using the Internet and social media, which requires building trust between internet users and implementing data protection policies. This paper investigates the influential factors in data protection regarding social media's trustworthiness for users.

The participants consisted of 27 cyberspace and social media experts, who were selected through judgmental and snowball sampling. The method of data analysis is Grounded Theory with Clark's situational analysis approach. In this method, all data is obtained from coding interviews with media industry professionals.

The components of data protection in social media and human/non-human factors of data protection affecting the trust of social media users were identified. As a result of code analysis, social media will be able to take this path with the support of the technical and hardware components. Poor quality and usability, access of the information and security institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran to users' data, unequal marketing of Iranian social media platforms in comparison with international peers, and monopolization of Iranian social media through extensive governmental filtering of some international social media platforms are some of the crucial factors that have led society to distrust social media. This study has identified the factors affecting data protection on the trust of social media users with the grounded theory approach, which is innovative in terms of method.Undoubtedly, studying different aspects of social media extension has been got vital. One of these aspects which recently has been highlighted in social studies is user personal data protection. Social media platforms request their users to create a profile at first and this would result in sharing personal information. Users give data usage permission to social media companies voluntarily to communicate with others worldwide. Although social media expansion has developed social communications, it can put users in danger. Considering the previous studies, no research was found about recognizing the effective elements of users’ trust, and problems regarding user rights protection. Furthermore, identifying the elements is useful for creating a new social media or understanding the cause of the prevalence of a particular social platform among users in comparison with others. In this research, we are evaluating the data protection policies in social media to gain an in-depth understanding of the reasons behind trusting social networks. The research results can contribute to the research literature in the field of trust in social networks.According to studies, there are several key suggestions for active players in the field of social media. First, the social media managers are recommended to pay special attention to enhancing the quality and performance of these networks, regularly developing and updating the server’s security, and providing proper support for a significant amount of registration. Second, several interviews have pointed out the creativity in national social networks’ terms of service along with equal marketing opportunities and preventing monopolization. Social media managers are recommended to focus their efforts on creativity, updating their knowledge, and creating equal marketing opportunities. Finally, some of the participants stated that the clarity of the amount of access of social networks to users’ data and building mental trust regarding the data protection in these networks are among the other important factors that social media managers must consider.

In this research, some other factors related to the components of protection of social media users also human and non-human factors that affect social media users' trust were identified using grounded theory and Clarke's approach. If social media management takes steps to develop secure servers, it can create operational assurance for users to ensure the protection of servers. The ease of use and desirable quality of social media can automatically increase the trust and acceptance of users towards that media.The key factors decreasing the trust in Iranian social media can be blamed on the lack of desirable quality, user-unfriendliness, and access of Iranian government security agency to users ' data and unfair marketing of Iranian social media with extensive filtering of some foreign social media. Creating trust for users in a society is a long-term process and requires practical persuasion with diverse methods. One of the consequences of selling user data for advertising is the lack of faithful representation of information by the user that it can disrupt the full and accurate protection of data and support and counter criminal action. The universality of social media and global trust is the other component of data protection. that is, on the one hand, when social media is global or pervasive in society, and the trusted people of the community and the celebrities are social media members, the possibility of data protection is reinforced increase in their minds and make it possible to select that social media. On the other hand, creating a framework by the user to limit access to personal data, the relationship between user trust and the amount of data value, and the type of social media usage of data and authorization to use user’s data affect their trust. Whatever the extent to which the number of users in social media is greater; causes more value, then acceptance by other people will be easier. Whether which social media belongs to which country as owned, and where it is managed, is an indication of who has access to users' data or at least has easier access. For this reason, users have less willingness to use some social networks that increase their concern over stakeholders about accessing their data.

The present study aims to provide a model for branding tourist destinations with emphasis on digital marketing. Therefore, 45 articles between 2010 to 2020 using the systematic review method and Delphi technique have been reviewed. The statistical population included 25 experts in this field. In the first round of the Delphi method, the average of the experts' opinions out of 57 questions, 11 questions were lower than the mean of the spectrum, which was recognized as a minor criterion and was removed from the questionnaire. In the second round of the Delphi method, the questionnaire had 46 questions, which based on the average opinions of experts, out of 46 questions, 6 questions were removed from the questionnaire. In the third round of the Delphi method, the questionnaire had 40 questions that the average opinions of experts on the fuzzy value of all questions are higher than the average of the spectrum. So all the remaining questions are very important. According to the opinions of experts, the achievement of questions to the community level and the lack of removal or addition of new indicators to the research, it was determined that the condition for stopping the research has been provided.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of intense continuous and interval training on the levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) in hippocampus of old rats.

30 old male Wistar rats (18 weeks old) were divided into 3 groups of interval training, continuous training, and control. Continuous training was performed for 8 weeks with 65% to 70% VO2max and interval training was performed 8 weeks with 5-8 repetitions of 2 minutes of working with 80%-100% VO2max and 2 minutes active rest with 50% of VO2max. Hippocampal samples were extracted 48 hours after the last training session to measure protein levels of BDNF and TNF-α. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for data analysis.

Hippocampus BDNF levels in continuous (P = 0.002) and interval training (P = 0.003) groups were significantly higher than the control group. But no significant differences were found in BDNF levels between continuous and interval training groups (P = 0.361). TNF-α levels in continuous and interval training groups were significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.001 for both). But no significant differences were found in TNF-α levels between continuous and interval training groups (P = 0.639).

Intense continuous and interval training increase BDNF levels in the hippocampus of the elderly rats through increasing TNF-α levels; thus, intense continuous and interval training can prevent aging of the nervous system by improving BDNF levels.

Binding of mature brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor leads to cell survival, while proBDNF binding to p75 receptor leads to cell death. Thus the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks pre-conditioning endurance training on BDNF, TrkB, proBDNF and p75 levels in the hippocampus male rats following ischemic reperfusion.

40 male wistar rats (12 weeks old and 236.56 ± 16.98g) were divided into four groups, including: ischemic control, ischemic training, healthy control, healthy training. Training groups (healthy and ischemic), trained with 30m/min (70% VO2max), 30min/day, and 5 days/week for 8 weeks on the treadmill. To induce ischemia (in ischemic groups), carotid artery is clamped with microsurgery clamp for 45 minutes. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were performed at a significance level of P ˂ 0.05.

The results showed that BDNF levels in hippocampus of ischemic control group were significantly lower than healthy control group (P = 0.001). Also BDNF levels in hippocampus of ischemic training group were higher than ischemic control group (P = 0.002). TrkB levels in control group were significantly lower than healthy control group (P = 0.026). But despite increasing in TrkB levels of ischemic training group than ischemic control group wasn’t significant (P = 0.556). proBDNF levels in ischemic control group were significantly higher than healthy control group (P = 0.001). No significant difference were found in proBDNF levels of ischemic training group than ischemic control (P = 0.418). No significant difference were found in p75 levels in difference were found in different group (P = 0.071).

Based on these results, it seems that pre-conditioning endurance training can have neuroprotective effect through improving BDNF, TrkB and proBDNF levels in hippocampus and can prevent apoptosis and neuronal death following ischemic reperfusion and can be studied as a complementary therapy in ischemic disease.

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have neuroprotective effect through binding with tyrosine kinase B (TrkB). Thus the Aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks endurance training on BDNF and TrkB levels in the hippocampus of ischemic induced male rats.

40 Male wistar rats (12 weeks old and 228.19±21.18g) were divided into four groups, including: ischemic control, ischemic training, healthy control, healthy training. To induce ischemia, carotid artery is clamped with microsurgery clamp for 45 minutes. Training groups (healthy and ischemic), trained with 30m/min (70% VO2max), 30min/day, and 5 days/week on the treadmill. BDNF and TrkB levels of the hippocampus were measured using ELISA method.For data analysis, one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were performed at a significance level of P˂0.05.

The results showed that BDNF levels in hippocampus of ischemic control group were significantly lower than healthy control and healthy training group (P values 0.001, 0.002 respectively). No significant differences were found between BDNF levels in ischemic training with ischemic control and healthy control group (p values 0.54, 0.091 respectively) and No significant differences were found between TrkB levels in ischemic control with healthy control and ischemic control group (p values 0.675, 0.821 respectively). TrkB level in healthy training group was significantly higher than healthy control, healthy training groups (P=0.001).

Based on these results, it seems that endurance training can have neuroprotective effect through increasing the level of BDNF and TrkB level in hippocampus of ischemic rats and can be studied as a complementary therapy in ischemic disease.

Poor epistemological beliefs are among the reasons which will lead a person to tiredness, lack of motivation and distrust to personal abilities. This is usually resulted from the fact that individuals with such beliefs image the knowledge as unrelated and confusing elements which surrounded by references and they will never try for learning it. In the recent years, there are high interest for studying the relation between the epistemological beliefs and self-regulated strategies. In the current study, the possible relation between epistemological beliefs and Self-regulating learning strategies among students in North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences was investigated.

In this descriptive-analytic study, a group of volunteer NKUMS students (n=625) whom selected based on the census results were investigated. Data on demographic information, Schumer's Epistemological Beliefs and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies (MSLQ) collected by using three questionnaires. SPSS software (version 18) was used for running descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.

In the current study, a significant statistical relation between the epistemological beliefs and Self-regulating learning strategies among NKUMS students was observed. There was a positive significant statistically relation among Self-regulating learning strategies and simplicity of Knowledge (r=0.160, P<0.001). There was statistically significant negative relation among component like the inborn talents(r=-0.361, P<0.001) and fast learning ability(r=-0.266, P<0.001) with self-regulating learning strategies, while no statistically significant relation among source of knowledge and certainty of knowledge with self-regulating learning strategies was determined (P>0.05).

The results of the current study on NKUMS students showed that epistemological beliefs have a positive influence on self-regulating learning strategies among students.

In recent years, food manufacturers have taken a lot of attention to the use of natural preservatives instead of chemical preservatives in their products, which has led consumers to prefer to use processed food without preservatives or even with natural preservatives. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of ethanolic extract of Biebersteinia multifida on the growth of food-borne bacteria on white cheese. After the plant gathering, the ethanolic extract of plant prepared, after ensuring the milk is not microbial contamination, Bacterial inoculation, Calcium chloride, extract and Enzyme added to milks and divided to five groups (control negative, positive and treatment). Survey of growth rate of bacteria did in 60 days. The results indicated that in the specimen containing the extract, the number of bacteria decreased throughout the study period compared to the non-extracting specimen. The most antibacterial effect of the extract was observed in removing or inhibiting bacterial growth in the first 24 hours. But over time, the antibacterial properties of the extract decreased and the number of developed bacteria increased. Despite the fact that the effect of inhibiting bacterial growth of the Biebersteinia multifida extract in the first 24 hours was positive, the observation of the instability of the effect of the extract of the cheese in the next stages of the experiment led to the growth of food-borne bacteria and could not be used as substitutes for chemical preservatives.

This paper empirically explores how whistle-blowers, as members of a collective or as individual actors, are motivated to report a wrongdoing in public service organizations of Iran. Whistle-blowing in the service organizations of public sector utilizes the mass media to call the attention of public to corruption activities that are associated to the misuse of public funding in a direct way. The current research provides the empirical evidence that whistle-blowing can be motivated with personal and cultural orientation regarding organizational corruption. Drawing on existing literature, this paper examines a structural model of whistle-blowing determinants. A paper-based survey was employed and the statistical population are the employees who work in three anonymous public service organizations in Tehran, Iran. The sample size was estimated at 287. A convenience sampling approach was utilized to collect the required sample. The results of structural analysis indicated that cultural orientation, personal traits and ethical position are significant antecedents of whistle-blowing behaviour. This research suggests that the whistle-blowers have contributed to the disclosure of illegitimate, immoral, and/or illegal practices under their employers’ control that may affect action through their participation in the politicization of whistle-blowing and through their communal and personal transformations.

Futures Studies are transdiciplinary research field that explain social phenomena and change processes، and provide a broader perspective on them. Further، it develops various fields of human activity. Futures studies thematic territory is all sectors of culture، economics، politics، technology and the arts، and in the view of the changes ahead، its topics are rising. It is believed that human societies are able not to control the future، but the future is able to influence the path of history. I this study، we reviewed books and papers published in futures studies to illustrate American sutures studies movement in 1960s and 1970s. We start with World War II and Cold War. Then، organizations and future thinkers affecting futures studies would be discussed. Finally، the paradigms that have formed after World War II and the Cold War in the field of futures studies would be defined. Generally، futurists believe that so far there have been two paradigms in the evolution of futures studies and there are signs of the emergence of a new paradigm.

Over many years professors and experts have been done many efforts for the development of Islamic management thought. These efforts are available in the form of books and articles. But it has been proved that without establishment of theoretical bases consistent with the theories of management re-designing practical systems of managing organizations based on Islamic principles is not possible. For this purpose combination and examination of Islamic approaches with the prevailing point of views of management theories is necessary. This article by classification of the prevailing approaches of management theories aimed to show the results of the combination of Islamic approaches with specific management approaches. Thus, we left behind the concept of Islamization of management that is mostly normative and the positive aspects of Islamic management were discussed. Islamic approaches help managers to change their focus toward the development of moral values and the evolution of manpower in organizations. Also God's consent and achievement of highest degree of perfection should be determined as the goal of organization. Thus, some features for the management processes (including planning, reward and control) and the elements of the organization (consist of managers and employees) were pointed out that form the framework of Islamic management.

Research can be considered as a systematic search for the events and phenomenon to discover certain facts and to achieve a range of new materials. Research process and its management are important issues at the levels of individual, group and organization; particularly when academic research is implied. It is clear that teaching, research, cultural infrastructures, the provision of effective services and sustainable development all are the major consequences of an effective university. Current exploratory study aims to investigate and to criticize the status of research management in three departments of University of Tehran including Management, Economics, and Psychology in terms of the tendency to trust or control of the researchers and research process by the management using interview and AHP techniques. Results indicated managers and experts believed that research management in the selected departments has a tendency to high trust and low control. Furthermore, in the departments, it is preferred that the higher level of trust rather than control should be employed. A measure of trust was known as the academic rank of the researcher. It means that the higher academic rank, the higher trust can be made.

Word of mouth (WOM) is a powerful promotional instrument and an important information source influencing on attitudes and purchasing decision of consumers. It plays a critical role in services in which quality of consumers’ beliefs affects their choice. WOM has a particular importance in tourism industry because intangible products cannot be used before consumption. The current study aims to investigate using WOM as an information source among tourists. Population is Iranian tourists who have travelled to foreign countries during the period of the research. Conducting a pilot test، sample size was estimated 138 people. Convenience sampling plan was employed to collect data. To test hypotheses، one-sample t-test، Pearson correlation، regression analysis and analysis of variance was used. Results revealed that word of mouth has a significant impact on tourists’ decision for travelling inbound countries. Further، age، gender، education، and travel experience had a significant impact on using word of mouth. However، Trip purpose had not significant effect on using word of mouth.

This study aims to investigate the effect of information technology on quality performance. The research model has been proposed based on relationships among research variables and previous studies on information technology. Population was all of department’s managers and personnel of marketing and sale, manufacturing and quality control in Iran Khodro and SAIPA companies. To collect data, a field survey was performed on 128 people using convenience-sampling plan. Research hypotheses were tested by Pearson’s correlation and structural equation modeling. Data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Results indicated that information technology sources (electronic data exchange, computer-aided design and manufacturing, enterprise resource planning) has significant impact on quality performance.

The purpose of current study is to explore the influence of word of mouth (WOM) on the purchase of local made cars. This study has been done about Samand from Iran Khodro Company in the city of Isfahan. The statistical population of the study is purchasers of Samand automobile in city of Isfahan. Data gathering method was cluster sampling approach. Results indicated that¬ WOM is the main information source for purchasers of Samand. Further, the influence of WOM is determined by perceived source expertise and similarity with source. Perceived psychological and functional risks moderated the effects. Findings of this paper can help¬ Iran khodro and other carmaker companies to position messages of WOM¬ in their favor.