mohammadali dehghantafti

In a conventional economy, interest rates play an important role in allocating available cash between borrowers and lenders. Interest rates are also the core of conventional monetary policy tools, such as the discount rate and open market operations. On the other hand, a key feature of the Islamic economy is the absence of payment or receipt of any predetermined (fixed) interest rate, known as usury. In this case, how can the economy work without a conventional institution called interest and how can the central bank effectively control money reserves in the absence of traditional instruments. Instead of a fixed rate, Islamic economy organizes its activities based on the principle of profit and loss sharing. Therefore, according to the importance of the above topic, in the present research, the design of the difference and common funds model of the theories of money and interest with emphasis on Islamic economy has been discussed. This research is a mixed type of research in which two approaches used in behavioral sciences, namely quantitative and qualitative, are used. Also, SPSS and Lisrel statistical software are used for statistical analysis and deriving the hypotheses of this research. This research is a mixed type of research in which two approaches used in behavioral sciences, namely quantitative and qualitative, are used. Also, SPSS and Lisrel statistical software are used for statistical analysis and deriving the hypotheses of this research. The current research will be done in 1400. The statistical community in this research includes experts in the field of economics and Islamic economics, and the sampling method of special or special and available cases has been used. Finally, in this research, the differences and commonalities of the theories of money and interest are presented separately with an emphasis on Islamic economics.

In this study, the asymmetric effects of financial conditions on the growth of GDP in Iran are investigated. For this purpose, in the first stage, to extract the weights; It includes 12 variables for the construction of Iran's financial conditions index (IFCI) in order to investigate the current issue in the form of the final quantile model for the period of 1991-2021. Based on the results; in the first and second (lower) quadrants; Financial condition indicators (IFCI) have a negative effect on GDP growth, and in the third and fourth quarters, the intensity of its impact on GDP growth increases. In other words, the financial condition indices (IFCI) of the first (Q1) and second (Q2) quarters have a strong negative temporal correlation with the GDP growth. The fluctuations of downside risks are more severe than those of upside risks, especially in bad financial conditions. According to the chart trend of forecasting the GDP growth of the last quarter, the financial shocks are affected by the first, second and third order shocks. As the financial conditions worsen, the average GDP has decreased, and finally the costs have increased despite a financial crisis. These fluctuations affect the amount of investment by affecting the indicators related to production. Due to the different infrastructures, a separate study of how production is influenced by the uncertainty of the government's monetary policies, government's financial policies, and government's currency policies can provide a correct view of how Iran's financial market changes due to these fluctuations in the macro decisions of the country.

Military spending has an impact on government and public sector budgets and can also affect the business and economic cycles of countries. Therefore, according to the importance of the subject, present study investigated effects of the government's military expenditures on Iran's business cycles in the framework of a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in the 1978 to 2023 in the form of three scenarios. In first scenario, government expenditures were not separated and a standard model was estimated. In the second, government expenditures were separated into military and civilian, and in the third, a war shock was included in the model. Based on the results, the second model had a higher explanatory power for Iran's economy. According to the instantaneous response functions, the shock to government military expenditures has a negative effect on investment and wages and a positive effect on output, consumption, government expenditures, and employment. It was suggested to increase the deterrence by maintaining the current levels of the government's military expenditures, because the effects of increasing the military budget on economic variables are less than the shock of war. When there is a war, the ratio of military expenses to total government expenses will increase.

The evidence of Iran's economy shows that many economic variables, including household health expenditures, can be affected by exchange rate shocks. According to previous studies, the increase in the exchange rate from two channels of the general increase in prices, as well as the increase in the price of medicines and imported medical supplies, increases health expenditures. This study investigated the asymmetric effects of the unofficial exchange rate on the health expenditures of urban households in Iran.

The present applied study investigated the short-run and long-run effects of positive and negative shocks of the unofficial exchange rate, gross domestic product (GDP), and CO2 emissions on the health expenditures of urban households during 1971-2019 using time series data. The data were collected from the database of the Statistics Center and the Central Bank. To investigate the reliability of data, generalized Phillips-Prone and Dickey-Fuller tests and to check the stability of the coefficients, cumulative sum and cumulative sum squares were used. Also, to check the short-run dynamics and adjustment towards the long-run, the error correction model was estimated. The regression model was estimated using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach by Eviews (12.0) software. After estimation, diagnostic tests including Wald test, normality, heterogeneity of variance and autocorrelation were performed.

The results showed that the increase in exchange rate has a positive and significant effect on household health expenditures, its reduction has no significant effect Therefore, the effect of exchange rate shocks was asymmetric. Accordingly, 1% increase in the unofficial exchange rate led to a 0.237 % increase in household health expenditures in the short-run and  0.55 % increase in the long-run. In addition, 1% increase in GDP led to 0.49 % increase in household health expenditures in the short-run and 1.57% increase in the long-run. Finally, 1 % increase in CO2 emissions led to a 1.49 % increase in household health expenditures in the long-run.

Based on the results, after the increasing exchange rate shocks and possible future declines, due to the persistence of the shocks effects for up to three years, it is suggested not to stop supportive policies for providing health expenditures, especially for low-income groups.

One of the most important tasks in the field of government when intervening in economic systems is to try to distribute revenues more appropriately among different segments of society. The development of the financial system in two ways can affect this process. One of these ways is through the impact of the financial system on economic growth and how it is distributed among economic agents. In addition, financial development in terms of how to create investment opportunities for different segments of society will be able to influence the distribution of income. The aim of the present study was to investigate the functioning of the banking system in terms of facilities and deposits on the distribution of income inequality in the provinces of Iran. For this purpose, in the present study, quantitative regressions have been used as a suitable method in estimating income inequality models. The results of the period during 2011-2018 for 31 provinces of Iran showed that there is a positive and significant relationship in all deciles between the balance of facilities granted by banks and deposits of the banking system separately on income inequality. Therefore, it is recommended to pay serious attention to the issue of the impact of banking system performance factors on income inequality distribution in reforming the banking system.

In the present study, the effects of banking development, social, economic structure and income inequality in the provinces of the country during the period 1395-1385 and using the (GMM) and (2SLS) model were investigated. According to the results of model estimation; Unemployment and trade are positively related to income inequality. Also, the increase in GDP per capita improves the share of the total labor force working in agriculture, production and construction, and income distribution in the provinces of the country. However, the small coefficient of these variables indicates their partial effect on income distribution. The negative sign of the interruption of inequality in the distribution of provincial income also indicates an increase in income divergence between the northern and southern provinces. Under these circumstances, modern investment, growth and technology resources are concentrated in a few industrial provinces, and many central provinces, which do not share borders with other countries, are deprived of the growth process or participate in it marginally, which often contradicts It is in their interests. Increasing competition and the number of bank branches also improves income distribution, although the impact of increasing these two variables indicates the greater importance of the banking sector in using efficient technologies and increasing the number of bank branches to improve economic justice in the provinces. Therefore, more equitable growth and distribution of income should be in close interaction and relationship with each other, and therefore ("growth with redistribution") and "growth with more equality" should be on the agenda of the country's planners