mohammadali mahdavi sabet

Numerous factors, including individual and social factors, can be related to the demand or non-demand of the right of punishment by avengers of blood. the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the variables of murder method, precedent of decision and collective quarrel with the decision of the avengers of blood.The present research is conducted by Survey method and Chi-square and Phi Kramer correlation tests were used.The statistical society is premeditated murder cases in Tehran that occurred in March 2004 to September 2015 in Tehran and executed to September 2016 in which one- hundred cases were selected by convenience sampling method and SPSS software was used. According to the research findings, in cases where murder is considered cruel due to indicators such as the use of clubs and swords, inflicting more than two blows, sexual harassment of the victim and burning and amputation of the corpse, in %57/1 of cases leading to retribution,while in cases where the murder was not brutal, retaliation happen in only %24/6 and in %64/9 it has led to receiving blood money and in %8/8, it has led to free forgiveness. The analysis of the data finally led to the conclusion that there is a statistically direct and significant relationship between the decision of the avengers of blood and the method of committing the murder. The findings also showed that there is no significant relationship between the precedent of the killer's decision and also the mass conflict with the decision the avengers of blood.

From the point of view of the legislator of Islamic criminal code, the existence of violence in the material element of the crime of adultery increases the punishment for women and proves the death penalty. Adultery by violence is the act of intimacy with a woman or girl against her will and agreement, whether it is to overcome her desire by threats and force. Whether it is done by distorting his consent through omission and deception. Sex with a child under the age of nine years of age if the child is deceived by sex and deceit is a rape that is punishable by the death. If the child is satisfied with adultery It is not rape that is also contemplative. British criminal law is sufficient for the development of a crime of rape under the 2003 Sexual Crime Act. A person under the age of sixteen cannot legally give sexual satisfaction, so sex with the person under that age is automatically rape without a person. That there is a need to prove coercion. Although there are many ambiguities regarding consent as a negative condition for the realization of sexual rape in the relevant regulations and judicial procedure of this country. In this article, the giving of consent to the child by the legislator has been analyzed with the analytical-descriptive method and an attempt has been made while analyzing the crime of rape Violence, the reaction against it and how to prove it should be investigated.

Today, the increase in the occurrence of crimes committed by children and adolescents and the developments and ambiguities of criminal regulations have brought a challenge whether it is possible to talk about the general rules of intensifying security and educational measures or punishment for the crimes committed by these people. In judicial procedure, sometimes this challenge affects the fate of proceedings against these people. In this article, which uses analytical methods and library tools and a survey of some judicial decisions, it aims to interpret the regulations correctly, and the legal attitude of the judiciary towards the feasibility of applying the provisions of multiplicity of crimes to children and adolescents in Iran's criminal policy.

Manipulation of the human genome, in different legal systems, has seen conflicting approaches with it, so that we see two approaches at the level of criminal policy of governments in this connection: 1- The regulatory approach, meaning that the manipulation of the human genome is Because it can cause the elimination of many physical and sexual norms, it must be managed and it is not possible to completely prevent it. In these legal systems, manipulation of the human genome has been criminalized only for non-medical purposes; 2-Complete Prohibition Approach: In the complete prohibition approach, manipulation of the human genome, whether for medical or non-medical purposes, is prohibited. In this approach, a kind of applicativeism can be seen in medical ethics. This is despite the fact that international human rights guidelines and laws today are moving in such a direction that manipulating the human genome should not be prohibited in general, but this medical practice should be within the prescribed frameworks of the law in a way that respects human dignity be respected.

This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and it was done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected.

Human rights as the new basis of criminalization have been accepted relatively or absolutely in most legal systems, including the legal system of Iran. Among the new fields of medicine is the manipulation of the human genome, which has been followed by different approaches in the criminal policy of countries in connection with the license, absolute prohibition and regulation. International guidelines and laws in the field of humanity indicate that the regulatory approach should be chosen from among the three approaches mentioned above (permission, absolute prohibition and regulation).

Considering the lack of criminalization of human genome manipulation in Iran's criminal policy, reference is made to jurisprudence sources in the first place and international human rights guidelines in the second place in order to determine a mandatory solution. In connection with jurisprudential arguments, four categories of arguments, i.e. absolute permissibility, case permissibility, secondary sanctity and primary sanctity, have been proposed and it seems that case permissibility is more effectively allowed in this context. In connection with international human rights guidelines, governments have been asked to regulate in this field instead of absolutely prohibiting the manipulation of the human genome.

Regardless of the amount of punishment, the impiementation of the punishment that iead to the prevention of crimes, and this is an accepted ruie in criminal law. Not only in principle is prevalent, and the doinesit arena, but also in the international arena, this the inability of the perpetrators of international crimes is always a key factor in increasing the amount of crime. “Universal jurisdictionprinciple” As an important has intered into solution to cunter the criminals of international crimes, it internationalcriminal law literature, to this way, international crimes can be coping and preveted from occurrence. “Aut dedere Aut judicare” is One of the basic topics in a large number of preforming Universal jurisdiction principle. That is processed in  international douments and preforming somehow guarantees the Universal jurisdiction principle.Because of the necessity of executing . “Aut dedere Aut judicare” onal judicial We see its diversity and flexibility in international doumentsandinternationalprocedures, So that in each casa, Various opinions have been  issued based on the above mentioned principle and ultimately this has led to serious developments in the judicial gating and procedure and even international douments. Present study by investi analyzing judicialprocedures regarding this principle and, as well as, the conventions. encompassed, developments in “Aut dedere Aut judicare” has been referred.

Child abuse is a behavior and situation in which a child becomes a victim of torture and physical, emotional, sexual, emotional, neglectful, and sometimes structural abuse. The World Health Organization considers the issue of child abuse to be significant in four areas; Physical child abuse, sexual child abuse, emotional child abuse, and neglect. The first anti-child abuse law in Iran was approved in 2002 in order to implement international documents and to respond to the call of organizations and institutions supporting child rights and to create a deterrent against the phenomenon of child abuse. With the discovery of the shortcomings of the law and after about two decades, this brief law in 1399 was completely repealed and replaced by another new law. Despite the fact that the Iranian legislature in 2002, according to the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents, in particular, considered physical abuse of children in addition to emotional and psychological abuse, criminalized and punishable, in recent amendments, despite compensating for some shortcomings of the previous law And address issues such as child sexual abuse and child abuse due to neglect; But in general, the most obvious form of child abuse, namely physical child abuse and mental child abuse, has been forgotten, and this important issue has been removed from the examples and scope of child abuse criminalization in Iranian law in complete disbelief and completely ignored by the legislature

The role of artificial intelligence-related technologies in legal knowledge is significant like most other scientific fields. Legal criminal sciences, and criminal justice system, have not unbenefited from the presence of this technology. In many developed countries, artificial intelligence-related systems are applied in various stages of criminal proceedings. The basic question is, "are the technologies related to artificial intelligence applicable in the process of issuing a criminal sentence? And if yes, what are the challenges in front of it?" The method of research is descriptive and analytical. It indicates that, the influence of personal feelings in judicial proceedings, lack of accuracy and speed in handling cases, application of prejudices and individual tastes, as well as conscious or unconscious biases, are among the most important reasons of applying artificial intelligence technologies at sentencing level. However, using the cloak of judgment in an autonomous is the main barrier of this path and will bring harmful challenges, such as partiality, lack of transparency, dehumanization in the decision-making process, and homogenization in judgment. On this basis, the presence of artificial intelligence as a decision-making tool, facilitator and assistant in the criminal sentencing phase is recommended. However, the use of this technology in a decision-taking and independent manner is contrary to the modern requirements of judgment and punishment doctrine. In fact, it will bring legal breaks and question the human contribution in the administration of justice.

The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to deal with crimes related to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances since 2012, which has no precedent in Iran's legal system after the Islamic Revolution, is considered an important proposition. Considering the importance and frequency of these crimes and the way of their proceedings; The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of the court in relation to how to face the violation of defense rights and protect them.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and by referring to legal documents and books while collecting normative and descriptive data (opinions of the Supreme Court) with a descriptive-analytical method.

The accused's right to benefit from the assistance and presence of a lawyer in the proceedings, the right to the court's attention to the accused's defense, and the right to prohibit torture are among the examples of violation of the defense rights of the accused, which have always been the focus of the judges of the court and when faced with these cases; In addition to violating court orders, reminding cases and returning cases; They prevent the defendants from violating their defense rights.

In order to prevent the violation of the defense rights of the mentioned defendnts; Approving a comprehensive and continuous training program for judges, improving the level of legal knowledge of law enforcement officers, revising and strengthening the crime detection system (scientific police), drafting a directive by the Supreme Court on the counting of cases of violations of defendants' defense rights are among the most important results obtained. 

Since the cyberspace has changed the concept of national sovereignty and political independence of states, the international community is obliged to react to it and protect cyber sovereignty. Thus, within the framework of international law, the international community has foreseen the national jurisdiction to prosecute violations of cyber sovereignty in accordance with international criminal law as well as ancillary jurisdiction with due regard to governance considerations. At the first step the Tallinn's talks expanded the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court by defining cyber-aggression as a violation of international peace and security and the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states (national sovereignty). The enhancement of the authority of this institution in accordance with customary international law in line with international criminal policy of countering impunity is done in order to maintain and restore international cyber peace and security.

Eyewitness testimony is one of the most important evidences in criminal law. The purpose of this article is to investigate the comparative attitude to witness testimony in jurisprudence, Iranian criminal law and the International Criminal Court. Based on this, the question of the article can be raised as follows: What is the attitude towards the testimony of witnesses in Iranian jurisprudence, criminal law and the International Criminal Court? This article is descriptive and analytical and the mentioned question has been investigated using the library method. The findings indicate that the testimony of witnesses is of great importance in Iranian jurisprudence and criminal law and it is considered one of the important reasons for proving a crime, so that witnesses may be summoned to testify. In the International Criminal Court, the testimony of witnesses is also important, but the testimony of witnesses is voluntary and there is no compulsion in this regard. The most important effects of the type of attitude towards witness testimony are manifested in witness support. In Iran's criminal law, various mechanisms have been considered, such as non-disclosure of witness information, hearing testimony through remote means and executive protection measures. These actions in the International Criminal Court are different in some cases, such as non-disclosure of witness statements and in some other cases, such as the adoption of executive measures, although the International Court has limited possibilities in the field of adopting executive measures to protect witnesses.

The implementation of a justice system founded on unequivocal culpability is likely to yield no outcome other than recidivism. As such, the present study endeavors to redefine the mechanisms that are capable of deterring criminal recidivism within a specific geographical area, while simultaneously enhancing the process of criminal reintegration. This is achieved by mitigating the detrimental effects of punitive measures, such as incarceration. The foundation of the study is established on a fundamental inquiry, which, through a comparative methodology, endeavors to elucidate the means by which non-criminal mechanisms of rehabilitation may be comprehended in offenders. The research question posits the objective of elucidating the scope of containment ideology through a correlation between social theory and crime prevention, through an examination of analogous facets in the Islamic Republic of Iran's constitutional principles, the Quran, and interpretive resources. The present study is grounded in the examination of cognitive theory, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, and utilizing content analysis as a means of data collection. The research's findings describe that the rehabilitation of offenders and its progression follows a gradual and incremental process that by strengthening non-criminal self-restraint measures, it can logically and practically provide appropriate opportunities for crime management and prevention to society.

Cyber aggression is one of the crimes that has been discussed in the international legal regime due to the late progress of technology. This qualitative research was conducted in terms of purpose, practical and in terms of gathering information in a documentary way and through laws, international documents, the obtained information was analyzed in a descriptive-analytical form in order to answer this question: if the Jurisdiction of confirmation the cyber aggression by the Security Council is not exclusive, what is the function and influence of the United Nations Security Council on the development of jurisdiction of other authorities such as the International Criminal Court? The findings of the research show that Article 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court does not include the actions of private individuals, only if a cyber attack can be considered as an aggression if it is an "armed attack". Law 12 of the Tallinn guidelines is also clear in this regard. The competence of the Security Council in the matter of verifying cyber aggression has precedence and priority, this precedence does not constitute exclusive jurisdiction. The jurisdictional regime of the court in recognizing the crime of aggression in the case of government referrals and appropriate investigations can be applied only after approval or acceptance by each of two aggressor and the alleged victim member state. The Security Council can refer a situation to the International Criminal Court or suspend the prosecution and investigation of the Court temporarily, extendable and obliged for one years.

In the process of evolution from thought to criminal action, what happens to a cyber-criminal in his/her initial or continuous desire to commit a crime is the strong criminal tendency and the lack or, in some case,s weakness of the deterrents that cause him not to join the society. This gradual process, which concentrates on risk components in different age periods based on three basic components including learning patterns and learned lessons, suppressed childhood experiences and memories and finally the lack of family and social bonds, will be studied in this paper. Therefore, the present research, employing causality perspective, explains how the social forces (family, friends, culture, environmental conditions, poverty, etc.) can be effective in creating a criminal identity? An approach that aims to achieve practical results tested a range of variables in the light of theoretical criminological foundations on the statistical population of cyber-criminals to be able to achieve a causal cognitive model based on the most important factors influencing their criminal course. Variables that often cause the appearance, continuity and stability of cybercrimes are acquired and learned and that the human nature (inheritance) play insignificant role the formation of cyber crimes. Hence, the current research, which is a collective and phenomenological research, is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method, and in terms of purpose is practical. The statistical population of this research consists of a group of convicts of Great Tehran Prison (Fashafouye) who are serving their sentence in the said prison. The findings describe the fact that the propensity for cybercrime and movement towards it is not a single event but a product of a gradual and staggered process. It is worth mentioning that the statistical calculations were done using SPSS22 software and based on descriptive-inferential statistics (by applying the multivariate regression equation method).

On July 17, 2018, two decades after the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court activated its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. This crime was defined in 2010 by the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute (ASP) as a material element of state conduct. "crime of aggression" in a position to effectively control or direct the political or military actions of a State and is in flagrant violation of the Charter of Nations It is considered united. The purpose of this research is to examine the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice in dealing with the crime of aggression, with an emphasis on cyber aggression.

This research was analyzed in descriptive-analytical .

Cyber aggression means aggression that has been committed by computer-centered networks. In order to attribute cyber attacks to the government, it is necessary to consider the criterion of effective control. What is meant by effective control is that the government in question has exercised authority to form cyber aggression. The International Criminal Court has two jurisdictional regimes regarding the crime of cyber aggression. The first case is initiated by government referrals or due investigations by the prosecutor, and the second case is initiated by the Security Council referrals. another result of the research shows that the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in dealing with cyber aggression is superior to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice.

Nowadays, using the artificial intelligence technologies in law-based criminal sciences has gained a significant place. In the field of substantive criminal law, topics such as the determination of criminal liability due to crimes caused by the performance of robots or self-driving cars are among the most interesting and, of course, the most controversial topics in this field. In the field of procedural criminal law, the use of this technology in the five stages of criminal proceedings has faced many discussions. The main question of this study is whether the technologies related to artificial intelligence can be applied in the process of criminal detection and prosecution or not and what are the challenges facing it in the assumption of application? The results of the current research indicate that the technologies related to artificial intelligence are playing a role in many countries today according to the requirements of different stages of criminal proceedings and taking into account the requirements of each crime. In terms of crime detection and prosecution, a variety of police tools for predicting the time and place of crime and facial recognition technologies (FRT) with the aim of facilitating police actions and moving from "reactive" police to "preventive" police in many parts of Europe and the United States United States have been developed and deployed. What causes the steps to be taken more slowly towards the expansion of the use of this technology in the field of criminal law in general and in the stage of crime detection and prosecution in particular is the existence of challenges such as violation of privacy and freedom of citizens, violation of presumption of innocence and the risk of militarization of criminal justice. The authors believe that using the artificial intelligence technology in the field of detecting and prosecuting crimes is useful and necessary in order to deal with the crime phenomenon as much as possible, but we should not be fascinated in this regard. Using this technology in the important stages of detecting and prosecuting crimes should not conflict with the general principles governing criminal proceedings as well as the rights and freedoms of individuals. In this regard, regulating and establishing special laws can reduce the upcoming concerns to some extent. This is the reason why the need to regulate artificial intelligence is widely discussed, especially in the European region. In this regard, reports and strategic guidelines have been predicted and published.

The testimony of witnesses has always been considered as one of the most important evidences to prove claims and accusations in various criminal systems. In this research, with an emphasis on criminal matters and with a descriptive-analytical method, a comparative study of the validity of testimony in international criminal courts and jurisprudence has been done. The findings of the research show that from the point of view of jurisprudence, testimony is informing a right that is expressed confirmly and its validity is not dependent on the persuasion of the judge. Regarding the international criminal courts, despite the weak role of testimony as a proof of accusation in the Nuremberg and Tokyo courts as the first generation courts, with the passage of time and the formation of the second generation international criminal courts such as the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and finally with the ratification of the Rome Statute and the formation of the International Criminal Court, we see the increasing status of witness testimony as a proof of accusation in criminal proceedings, which can be seen mainly in the form of special protection measures for witnesses as important criminal actors.

How they turn into criminals?( Explaining the path of criminal transition in the light of developmental and integrated criminology)AbstractEveryone may have wondered many times why some people turn into criminals? Does the criminal have distinct aspects from other people? Paying attention to the length and flow of people's lives means focusing on the sequence of roles, opportunities, limitations and events based on different age periods that form the life history from birth to death. In this study in order to explain the “How they become criminal”, the author is trying to explain and describe the process of committing anti-social behaviors which requires attention to various factors effective in committing a crime over time and focusing on three components; the growth of delinquency, risk factors in different age periods and the effects of important life events on the development of delinquency from the perspective of developmental and hybrid criminology.

According to Iran's Penal Code, in intentional murder cases requiring retribution, the authority to determine the punishment is entrusted to the avengers of blood and since decision’s type can fluctuate, from retribution to forgiveness, it is very important to the factors related to avengers of blood ' decision-making. In every judicial case, there is a complex structure of situations and social relations that predict how to deal with that case and guide decisions about it. It seems that the avengers of blood ' decision is influenced by the social structure of the case and the different social structure of the cases causes a difference in the outcome of the cases. social structure of cases was used . The present research is conducted by Survey method and observation technique and Chi-square and Phi Kramer correlation tests were used. The statistical society is premeditated murder cases in Tehran which one- hundred cases were selected by convenience sampling method. According to the research findings, there is a significant relationship between the decision of the avengers of blood and the kinship of the murderer and murdered and in closer kinship relationships, there has been a greater tendency to give freely and receive blood money. The findings also showed that, out of 43 married murderers, in 32.6 percent, spouse and in 14 percent, the family of the spouse or lover was killed, therefore there is a significant relationship between the murderers being married and the murder of couples with a significance level of 0.001.

This article aims to examine the criminal system of Iran and the United Kingdom regarding compensation for unintentional crimes. The question of the present article is about compensation for unintentional crimes in Iranian and British law, which was analyzed using a descriptive analytical method and was investigated using a library method.  The results of the article showed that in the criminal system of Iran, the rights of victims of quasi-crime do not have a proper place, and in the legislative policies, the compensation of their losses is not paid much attention, but in the criminal system of the United Kingdom, there are comprehensive regulations regarding the compensation of victims of quasi-crime. In Iran's courts, compensation for non-intentional crimes is done after proving the violation of a legal provision as a result of carelessness or recklessness, and in the courts of the United Kingdom, compensation is done after proving the violation of a legal obligation.

One of the duties of governments is to ensure food security as a guarantee of national security. It is assumed that food security is a national security policy and the degree of the latter depends on the quality of the former. Today, fighting starvation is not the only concern and the right for food comprises its healthiness as well. This has created a human right challenge faced by modern technologies that provide biologically manipulated products called transgenetic. The truth is that these new products are not normal since they involve technological and genetic transformations. In other words, they include some ingredients and substances not previously existing in human diet. The present study is about especially the harmful side of this type of product and by raising the jurisprudential foundations of that it offers its guidelines for governments to interfere and prohibit their production.

In United Nations Convention Against Corruption and other international conventions and National law having a wealth without justification by public officials it has been introduced as one of the examples of corruption. Wealth without justification or disproportionate is said to be disproportionate to the legal and recognized income of the public officials. One of the main reasons of anticipation of such a regulations in international conventions and domestic Law is the complexity of the proving of crimes related to corruption and the help of the prosecution to exempt them from the proving of crimes so as to justify the legitimacy of the property on the public officials. The penal reaction to such wealth varies in different countries. Some emphasised the wealth and the attempt to confiscate assets that are unjustified and some have emphasised the types of sanctions such as fines, imprisonment and confiscation. According to relevant laws and regulations, it can now be said that iran's law lacks a penal response to the unjustified wealth of public officials and the article 49 of Constitutional law and Article 2 of the punishment of perpetrators of bribe and embezzlement and fraud cannot be used in this regard.

Crimes such as human trafficking as well as the migrants smuggling to cross the border illegally are transnational and global crimes. Confrontation with these crimes requires cooperation and coordination between countries, especially neighboring countries and establishing good diplomatic relations with them.Security agreements between countries are an important step in the fight against human and immigrants trafficking.Iran's security agreements with countries provide solutions to these crimes, including scientific and educational solutions, intelligence and security solutions, technical and judicial solutions, and police solutions.In fact, the conclusion of bilateral treaties is a guarantee for greater and more effective cooperation and coordinationbetween courtiers in conventions and other international laws.Effective cooperation of countries in the implementation of security agreements requires a variety of factors; For instance, the two countries need to have effective and non-tense political relations and contribute at the educational, scientific, security, intelligence, judicial and police levels.Cooperation between the two countries in implementing the security agreement also requires the conclusion of some complementary agreements in this area; for example, Agreements on extradition of offenders and judicial assistance agreements between the two countries that separate formulation and approval of these agreements has been mentioned in most of Iran’s security agreements with other countries

The phenomenon of drug trafficking and psychotropic substances under the name of Black trade has now conquered most of the countries of the world and has become a global challenge, on the other hand beyond the concept of black trade In this way, it has encouraged manufacturers, sellers and traffickers of narcotics and psychotropic substances to organize work and organized operations. This study examines international cooperation in the fight against drug and psychotropic trafficking with an emphasis on Interpol.

This article has been compiled using library resources as well as the annual report of Interpol and while reviewing and analyzing the collected information qualitatively, the result is based on the author's inference from the mentioned sources and texts, therefore The study method is "applied" in terms of purpose and "descriptive and library" in terms of data collection.

International cooperation with the police in the fight against narcotics and psychotropic substances, as well as the emergence of large and powerful drug and psychotropic drug trafficking cartels with features such as gangs, complex planning, and very strong financial goals with the aim of achieving the highest Profit, activity at national and international levels, has played a very important role.

Today, traditional methods and island fighting do not answer the problem called drug trafficking and psychotropic drugs on an international scale, and even police organizations and actions with an intercontinental perspective such as Europol, if it leads to increased efficiency and synergy. International institutions will not be successful, so to control such a phenomenon, interaction and cooperation at the international level seems necessary.

The increasing importance of the behavior of doctors in realizing the health of patients makes one of the most important topics of criminal law, that is, the multiplicity of crimes and its various aspects, worthy of investigation. On the one hand, the importance of the crimes of doctors is because a doctor's behavior sometimes leads to different criminal results of irreparable bodily harm in different ways, and it raises the important question of whether the rules of response are similar to other crimes or not. On the other hand, the prediction of multiple consequences in the Islamic Penal Code of 2012 (with its latest amendments according to the law on reducing the punishment of penal servitude approved in 2019) makes the legal system regarding the legal aspects of punishing these behaviors worthy of mention and analysis.

The method used in the present research is descriptive-analytical and data collection was done with library documentation tools.

Ethical Considerations: 

All stages of the current research, the authors have tried to observe scientific honesty and original references.

In this format, the scope and examples of the criminal behavior of doctors in the multiplicity of results are often presented in the form of examples of crimes against the body and internal organs in the discussion of diet and from this point of view, the possibility of the spread of punishment and the effects of the multiplicity of results are faced with serious ambiguity. Another point is that the criterion of multiple results arising from the crimes and violations of doctors is not included in the law on the organization of the medical system approved in 2013 and referring to the generality of the Islamic Penal Code is not responsive and does not provide a differential response to the behaviors of medical professionals.

Many results are sometimes criminal and sometimes violation and sometimes the violation results in a crime and is included in the criminal title, which itself has important ramifications. These technical discussions, along with the institutional duality in punishing these behaviors, show the double importance of discussing the multiplicity of criminal results and the behavior of medical professionals.* Extracting the Article from the Ph.D. Thesis and the Title of the Thesis: The Multiplicity of Crimes with Emphsis on the Multiplicity of the Results of a Single Criminal Behavior in Iranian and French Law.