فهرست مطالب mohammadarad zandieh

COVID-19 began in late 2019 in China and spread to different cities in China and the rest of the world, prompting nationwide quarantine measures and various intervention strategies to control the pandemic. After about three years of battling COVID-19, we are nearing the end of the emergency phase of the pandemic. This highly contagious disease has significantly disrupted the global economy over these years, but on the other hand, the intervention strategies to fight against it have also had profound impacts on the economy and public health. However, many consequences will be determined in the following years. In this study, we searched the terms "COVID-19" with "economy" or "economic consequence" and "COVID-19" with "social" or "social consequence" in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Farsi databases like SID and Magiran for the period from 2020 to 2023. The results indicate that anxiety, fear, psychological problems, social harm, poverty, and lack of access to quality education are among the most important social and economic consequences of this pandemic. This pandemic has exacerbated general inequality at the community level, both in terms of social and economic well-being and in terms of health. In this article, the most important factors affecting the economic and social impacts of COVID-19 have been examined.

While the survival rate has increased due to treatments for breast cancer, the quality of life has decreased because of the side effects of chemotherapy. Various toxins are being developed as alternative breast cancer treatments, and bee venom is drawing attention as one of them. We analyzed the effect of bee venom and its components on breast cancer cells and reviewed the mechanism underlying the anticancer effects of bee venom. Data up to March 2022 were searched from PubMed, EMBASE, OASIS, KISS, and Science Direct online databases, and studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Among 612 studies, 11 were selected for this research. Diverse drugs were administered, including crude bee venom, melittin, phospholipase A2, and their complexes. All drugs reduced the number of breast cancer cells in proportion to the dose and time. The mechanisms of anticancer effects included cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell targeting, gene expression regulation, and cell lysis. Summarily, bee venom and its components exert anticancer effects on human breast cancer cells. Depending on the mechanisms of anticancer effects, side effects are expected to be reduced by using various vehicles. Bee venom and its components have the potential to prevent and treat breast cancer in the future.

Researchers can interpret and analyze livestock problems and diseases by using data obtained from different characteristics of animals and their environment. The pivotal role of statistical analysis of data in the field of veterinary research & practice is inevitable. In this review article, shedding light on its significance in unraveling complex patterns and drawing reliable conclusions from diverse datasets. The veterinary domain, characterized by a spectrum of species and inherent biological variability, necessitates robust statistical methodologies to discern meaningful insights. In order to make inferences about disease causation or a researcher's hypothesis, data must be categorized and the goal is to decide whether the groups are statistically different or not. Finally, using a suitable statistical test, the research hypothesis is rejected or accepted, and finally the necessary interpretations are made. The researcher can decide what data should be collected and how. In practice, in this case, the researcher's hands are open and they can make the best possible decision, but often prospective data collection is costly and time-consuming. Another mode is retrospective research, which is often based on data collected by veterinarians from slaughterhouses, laboratories, clinics, inoculation centers, etc. or from other organizations and institutions. The article explores a range of statistical techniques applied in veterinary research and practice, including data normalization, hypothesis test, parametric and non-parametric test, regression and coefficient test, and validity in veterinary medicine. These futures has shedding light on animal interactions and patterns.Ultimately, this review article serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers and practitioners in veterinary science, offering insights into the nuanced application of statistical analyses. By navigating the complexities of veterinary data, it aims to empower the scientific community to leverage statistical tools effectively, ultimately advancing the quality and reliability of research in veterinary medicine.

Screening tests are a special type of diagnostic tests that are performed in an apparently healthy population. The purpose of performing diagnostic tests is to correctly diagnose patients, distinguish affected animals from healthy animals, distinguish between cases and controls, and distinguish between normal and abnormal cases. Screening tests should be simple, cheap, rapid and valid. Diagnostic and screening tests are mainly used in the monitoring of diseases. Related terms to the evaluation of these tests, including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, accuracy and precision, as well as concepts such as the golden standard, because they are often used interchangeably or misinterpreted, it is especially important to learn them. Also, due to the fact that gold standard tests are often more expensive and time-consuming, incomplete diagnostic tests are used, which can be calculated by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of the actual and apparent prevalence obtained by the diagnostic test. However, if the golden standard test is not available, other methods are used to evaluate the tests, including the Kappa index test. The interpretation results of these tests provide a comprehensive and evidence-based approach to clinicians and experts, which ultimately leads to more accurate, comprehensive, cheaper and faster monitoring. In this review article, with a complete and comprehensive review of the conventional concepts in the evaluation of diagnostic tests, along with the solution of practical examples, we will expand and provide a comprehensive presentation of these concepts. Also, the latest original studies that have been done in the field of evaluation of diagnostic tests will also be reviewed in this article.

Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) or Angara disease is an immunosuppression and contagious disease that often occurs in broiler poultry farms with a high mortality rate and sudden death. Furthermore, weight loss and sudden death have a significant and apparent economic impact on poultry farms, especially in fast-growing countries. Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) is a causative agent of HHS found in various animals, such as chicken. It causes rapid death and outbreak in young broiler farms, with an accumulation of jelly-like and straw-colored liquid in the heart pericardium, swollen and pale liver, heart muscles petechial and ecchymosis hemorrhages, swollen and pale kidneys, and atrophy thymus seen in gross pathology. Age, host, farm management, biosecurity plan, co-infectious, and level of immunity are risk factors for HHS. Angara is mainly found in Asian countries in Central and South America. The disease is transmitted vertically, like egg-transmitted, and horizontally by oral-fecal route. Rapid diagnostics and active monitoring systems in poultry farms can prevent and control Angara disease in farms. Vaccination and farm-specific biosecurity strategies reduce the initiation of outbreaks in farms. Treatment is based on activating humoral immunity against the virus, similar to vaccination.

The COVID-19 pandemic is linked to the development of virtual education for students at home and a shift in parental role. The family's cohesion and structure can be affected by a change in parental roles. This study was designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the effects of virtual education system designed for students on family cohesion during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted with 374 parents of public school students in Khaf city in 2021. Samani's family cohesion questionnaire was utilized to collect the required data. The data were then analyzed through SPSS version 26, more specifically by using Tukey's one-way analysis of variance and post hoc statistical tests. The level of significance was set at p<0.05.

Mothers played the biggest role in the virtual education process of their children (69%). The majority of the participants (47.9%) were parents of elementary school students. The mean family cohesion score among the parents was 81.69±23.66, indicating a moderate level. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean score of family cohesion among the studied parents based on the students’ education stage, the parents’ education levels, occupations, and monthly income.

The results showed that the virtual education of students in the corona pandemic has affected the cohesion of the family. The average level of family cohesion during virtual education is a source of danger for the foundation of the family. More attention should be paid to the issue of the family. The excellence and cohesion of the family requires accurate and practical programs in order to recognize the problems faced by the family during the virtual education of students.