فهرست مطالب mohammadhasan khademzade

Multiplicative and deep narratives in the process of modernization in Iranian architecture lead to understanding the formation of these changes in more realistic ways. Because most of the traditionalist narratives that want to return to the origins of Iranian architecture, have focused their criticism on the imported and Westernized narrative of architecture in the Naser al-Din Shah’s period, and according to this simplification, they also put a simplistic view against it. This paper is important in several aspects: first, through a critical look at existing narratives, it aims to present a new conceptual model in the formation of modernization in Iranian architecture. Second, by investigating the effective components of this process, it seeks to attain an explanation of how they affect it. According to the preliminary findings as a hypothesis of the research, the vast and fundamental changes that took place in the architecture of Azerbaijan in the early Qajar period (19th century) can be considered in line with the process of the formation of modernity in the architecture of Iran. The key question of this article about understanding whether it is possible to consider the formation of modern concepts in Iranian architecture, according to the need and during a conscious process, belonging to the early Qajar in Azerbaijan? The paper was carried out by a historical-interpretive research method and a process approach to collect historical and theoretical bases. To identify and investigate the influencing factors on the process of modernization in Azerbaijan’s architecture, Iranian and European first-hand sources such as travelogues and diaries were examined. By analyzing the data, maps, and visual information (as second-hand sources), which have a complementary aspect to the work, an attempt has been made to achieve a relatively comprehensive understanding of this process. A conceptual model of the process of modernization in Azerbaijan’s architecture is available by knowing the affective factors in the formation of architectural and urbanization characteristics in modern buildings. As a result, the evidence shows that the changes that occurred in the early Qajar architecture of Azerbaijan are an alternative narration parallel to the classical ideas in Iranian contemporary architecture. This process was formed not in Tehran (in the late 19th century), but in Azerbaijan influenced by various factors. The process started with the recognition of modern changes in European architecture. The next stage started with the formation of the necessity of these changes in Iran. Finally, these changes have been implemented in the architecture and town planning principles. The process of modernization in the architecture of Azerbaijan is influenced by contextual factors (Iran-Russian war, Azerbaijan’s geopolitical position), and affective persons (Abbas Mirza, Fath-Ali shah, European consultants, and Iranian intellectuals). Also, the consequences of this process have been introduced in two general parts: corrections of the defects of past buildings and the creation of buildings with new required uses. The modernization formed in the architecture of Azerbaijan could have been transferred to other parts of Iran, during the reigns of the subsequent Qajar kings; which require more and more detailed research.

Bazar in Iranian - Islamic city as backbone of a city plays a decisive and very important role in shaping urban space. The relation between human and providing the necessities of his life has been effected directly or indirectly on the shaping of urban space. Today, the economic dimension of the market is mainly discussed while in the past, Bazar contains many aspects which were important too. For this reason in this article tried to all components of Bazar determined and then their roles separately analyzed. These components into two general physical and functional groups they play the role. Components like Role of Architectural Structure, Role of Spatial Separation, Connection role, Economic role, Political role, socio cultural role, Role of Religion and Nationality, entertaining - leisure role, Role of Ethics and Role charity affairs are subjects of this article which shaped by answering two questions of research. The first question is which components could be determined in Iranian - Islamic Bazar and next is questioning about the role of each component of the Iranian - Islamic Bazar in urban life. Hence the purpose of the article ahead is getting clear recognition of original Iranian- Islamic Bazar’s performance, which related to the answer main questions of research. Research’s method is a historical - descriptive and logical argument based on library evidence. Determining components of Bazar, the role of every components in the Bazar and relationship between each of the elements and spaces of the Bazar with urban space and urban context are findings of this article. This article examines all the Components that contribute to this impact Introduces the Bazar as a multi - dimensional architecture to meet the basic needs of the people and the city. All of these components are summarized after investigating the views of the researchers using a diagram or conclusion table and finally the overall consistency of the functions in Diagram 8. The functional dimensions of each component are not only within the range of their influence and can overlap with the other components as well. For example: Religious role in the Bazar can also act as social cultural role, moral role and political role. Or, if one component plays a social role in one society, the same component acts as a cultural role in another, and in another society it presents the same political dimension. Summarizing the findings from the component analysis yields this result that each of these factors has a direct or indirect impact on understanding the role of urban spaces. And all known components work in a strong communication network in harmony. That has also made it a success in its operating environment and also have a positive impact on other components. After answering the first question about the existence of components by fully understanding them, a proper answer to the second question can be found and after knowing exactly the role of each component until the restoration of monuments in relation to market buildings it is best done in both physical and functional dimensions.

The city of Rey was one of the most prominent and prosperous cities of the Islamic world during the early to middle centuries of the Islamic period. Several factors had influenced this prosperity and importance. The main objective of this research is to find out the specific factors, among others, which had affected the prosperity of roads and the relationship between roads, economics, and the spatial structure of Rey. For this, the reasons for the significance of the roads of Rey in the early centuries of Islam up to the Mongol invasion are identified from historical texts. Then, the development of the city from an architectural and urban perspective is examined through a comparative study of numerous historical texts as well as historical and archaeological studies of contemporary scholars. Based on the results, the mutual relationship between the road network and the spatial structure of the city is drawn in the given period. Based on the findings of this research, adequate security, ample water resources, as well as the centrality and importance of the city from a commercial and religious point of view had led to the constant presence of merchants and caravans in Rey. The beauty, cleanliness, and the existence of numerous caravansaries, baths, and high-quality markets, added to the welfare of travelers and merchants. In addition, a number of goods produced in Rey were largely popular and easily sold in the markets of other lands. These factors increased the affluence of the city and market stability due to numerous commercial exchanges besides the safety and welfare of travelers and merchants. In the end, the relationships between the natural and the spatial structure of the city and its roads are seen as reciprocal within a cycle.

Architectural works of the Atabakan era are among the Iranian works which rarely have been considered in the course of chronologic studies. At first Atabakan were appointed by the Seljuqid as stewards and assistants for the Seljuk princes and as the central power of Seljuqid grew faint, they gained more power and turned into local dynasties. In this era, which is simultaneous with the extensive attack of Moguls to Iran, the areas under their controls remained free of involvements and destructions, because of their scheme and foresight. Based on the tranquility that was rendered in the central areas of Iran, great scientific, cultural, mystic and even economical personalities of Iran had tendencies to live in these areas. The result was the extension of cities and creation of various architectural works with the especial land-related character. Yazd went under control of the Atabaki government from 1141 to 1318 and faced with lots of positive changes because of them, that their effects in the aspects of architecture and other types of art on later eras is undeniable. This article tries to recognize and analyze the governmental court complex of Atabak Qotb-Al’Din, through referring to the historical texts. According to existing documents this complex included a house (governmental palace)(, a school, a tomb and a square in front of them most likely for social rituals)(, but right now nothing has remained from the square and what we have today is a house at the beginning of Fahadan neighborhood from the East and inside the destructed tower of the city known as the Taq-Bolandha or Hosseinian House, the tomb which is known as Gonbad e Hasht, and the school as Hosseinieh Hasht. These are examples of the building that has been build in Atabakan era and can present valuable guidance for recognition of architectural and artistic properties of this era, and so it can be used widely in writing the history of Iran’s architecture. The complex of Dowlat Khaneh of Atabak Qotb-Al’Din was build during the reign of Atabak Esfahsalar Abi Mansour known as Sultan Qotb-Al’Din between 1218 and 1226. He, who was the sixth Emir of the Atabaki Emirs of Yazd, had a mystic tendency and liked the companion of the mystics and devotees, because of this, people accepted his government and he could largely improve the welfare of Yazd. The interpretational-historical research method is related to the historical texts and comparison and matching of related buildings. The study of the sample complex shows that in the composition of the Atabaki buildings, the school or the high dome-house ()Gonbad-khaneh)(as the tomb existed beside the big houses of the rich or the governors. Meanwhile, elements like two campaniles in two sides of the entry, single layered domes on a square-shaped plan, octagonal neck of the dome and using azure color composed with gold for interior decoration were common in this era and can be generalized to other architectural works of Atabakan era of Yazd.