فهرست مطالب mohammadhosein daneshvar

Polianthes tuberosa L. is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants in tropical and subtropical regions that is cultivating in some regions of Iran. Due to the transmission of fungal and bacterial diseases, propagation by bulbs is not affordable. Tissue culture is a good way to produce uniform and disease-free seedling. Therefore, in vitro cultivation of tuberose is a suitable solution to commercial reproduction.

To investigate the best method of micropropagation of Polianthes tuberosa, this study was conducted in three experiments (proliferation, root formation and adaptation). The explants used in this study were lateral buds. Ethyl alcohol (70%) and dilute laundry bleach (5.25% active chlorine), benomyl fungicide and dishwashing liquid were used to eliminate surface contamination of the explants. In the first experiment, the effect of different plant growth regulators and MS medium (MS, ½ MS, ¼ MS) on shoot formation of lateral bud was investigated. Lateral bud explants were cultured in MS medium with various plant growth regulators including KIN (0.25, 0.5, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg / L), BAP (0.25 (0.5, 0.1 and 2.0 mg / l) and then the length and number of shoots were evaluated. After forming shoots in the propagation medium, they were transferred to a new environment to form roots.The root formation experiment included tree levels of  NAA concentrations, (0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/L) in combination with 0.2 mg/L IBA and control (without growth regulator). Adaptation experiment with 5 Substrate of bed including Peat Moss, Cocopeat, Sand, Peat Moss with Cocopeat (1: 1) and Sand with Cocopeat and Peat Moss (1: 1: 1) was conducted.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between various types of plant growth regulators (PGR) and MS culture media at different concentrations and no branch was produced without the use of PGR. In shoot prolifferation experiment, the maximum number of shoots (4.8) was obtained from lateral bud explants in MS medium with 0.25 mg / l BAP in combination with 0.25 mg / l KIN. The highest length of lateral shoot shoots (3.75 cm) was observed in MS medium with 0.25 mg / l KIN in combination with 0.25 mg / l BAP.The results of root formation experiment showed that the highest number of roots was observed in MS medium containing 0.5 mg / l NAA and 0.2 mg / l IBA and the lowest number of roots in control (without plant growth regulator). Treatment of 0.5 mg / l NAA with 0.2 mg / l IBA had the highest root length (1.22 cm). The lowest root length was also observed in the control (without plant growth regulator). In the adaptation test, no significant difference was observed between treatments in survival rate.

The results of this study showed that the shoot organogenesis is controlled by the cytokinin with MS medium in different concentrations. It should be mentioned that cytokinin had an important role in the synthesis of RNA, stimulation of the production of protein and the activity of some enzymes. Also, the results showed that the use of cytokinin alone has a beneficial effect on shoot organogenesis.

Crocus flower, which belongs to Iridaceae family, is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants. The propagation of Crocus vernus L. by corm is not commercially affordable due to transmission of fungal and bacterial diseases as well as the long dormancy period which takes 4 to 5 months. Thus, in vitro culture of Crocus vernus is a suitable solution for commercial reproduction. Plant tissue culture technique would be a better alternative for improving quality and production.

In order to micropropagate ornamental saffron, the effect of different culture media on direct organogenesis experiment was conducted in factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the tissue culture lab of the Department of Horticulture at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan from 2015 to 2016. The explants used in this experiment were latheral and terminal buds which were evaluated in 10 hormons treatments and control in the Murashige and Skoog medium (MS). To eliminate surface contamination, the explants were first immersed under water for 30 minutes after placing the corms. Next, they were placed in high temperature Benlate fungicide solution (55° C) for 30 minutes. Then, they were put in 70% ethanol (ethyl alcohol) for 30 seconds and 15% Sodium hypochlorite solution for 6 minutes. The explants were finally washed three times with sterile distilled water under the air flow bench. The effects of plant growth regulators including BAP (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/l), TDZ (0.5, 0.75, 1.0 mg/l), Kin (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/l) and 0.1mg/l IBA in direct regeneration were investigated.

The results showed that the kind of plant growth regulators (PGR) and the explant type are very important in regeneration of Crocus vernus so that we can not secure any shoots without PGR. In direct organogenesis experiment, the maximum number of multiple shoots (15.84) was obtained from apical bud explant in MS medium supplemented with 5/0 mg/l TDZ along with 5/0 mg/l BAP, 5/0 mg/l KIN and 1/0 mg/l IBA, after 10 weeks, that had a significant difference with other treatments at 1% Duncan test. We observed 2.o mg/l BAP along with 1/0 mg/l IBA had the greatest effect on the number of corms.

The results showed the shoot regeneration is controlled by the ratio of cytokinin with auxin. It should be mentioned that cytokinin plays a role in the synthesis of RNA, stimulation of the production of protein, and the activity of some enzymes. The results also indicated that the use of cytokinin along with auxin has a beneficial effect on shoot regeneration.

Ficus religiosa is known as a pure source in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, asthma, diarrhea, gastric problems, epilepsy, sexual, infectious, and inflammatory disorders. Despite the fact that many studies have authorized its traditional medicinal uses, yet these utilized raw extracts have not been yet characterized. Therefore, there is a necessity for standardizing its phytochemical features and recognizing bioactivity, guided by bioactive metabolites. In this study, the effect of light and dark condition, different strengths of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, and their interactions on seed germination and the effect of plant growth regulators on callogenesis of F. religiosa via leaf, petiole, root, and internode explants were investigated. The results demonstrated the highest seed germination percentage was achieved at one-tenth strength of MS medium under the light condition. Also, the highest callus fresh weight was obtained from media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and 0.05 mg/L 6- benzyl amino purine (BAP) in all explants. The MS medium containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) produced greenish and compact calli while yellowish and compact calli was achieved in α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and finally 2,4-D produced yellow-brownish calli. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study was the first report of seed germination and callus induction through immature explants of F. religiosa. The seed germination and callogenesis system established in this study could be applied in the future for the enrichment of certain secondary metabolites as well as the production of new secondary metabolites, with the purpose of understanding and use of medicinal properties for this valuable germplasm

Iran is home of one of the most delightful and graceful flower of Fritillaria in the world. Its habitation is commonly expanded on the vast areas: growing in beds, borders, backgrounds and rock gardens. Besides, it is also suitable for naturalizing and excellent for cut flowers. Fritillaria imperialis as a medicinal plant has pharmaceutical purpose in which possesses a health beneficial essence that used in production of mucus and cough medicine. In addition, extractions of plant tissues contain certain of properties which affect to reduce blood pressure and blood sugar. Unfortunately, the habitation of this ornamental plant is under threat and majority of its habitation already being to ruin due to human activities and urbanization. The propagation of Fritillaria through offsets (bulblets) is prolonging approach which takes approximately 3-4 years. Whereas, using tissue culture technique for flower production is required less time probably within a few months and economically has a huge advantage due to low cost and a numerous plant production in a short time.
This research was carried out in four experiments: callus formation, bulblet production, root formation and acclimatization. In the present study, a factorial experiment was assigned as completed randomized design (CRD) with three replications. In the first experiment, leaf primordia and scale explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and IBA in order to produce callus formation. In the second experiment, the calli were cultured on organogenesis medium which were contained MS medium supplement, with kin. and TDZ, after 6 and 12 weeks. In the third experiment, the bulblets were transferred into rooting media, which were contained MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l). In the fourth experiment, after washing the bulblet whit warm distilled water (40ᵒC) that contain 2.0 mg/l benlate fungicide, they then were planted into the pots containing sterilized perlite, cocopeat and perlite along with cocopeat.
In the first experiment, the results demonstrated that the highest weight of callus (3.29g) was sustained in scale explants on basal MS medium which was supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA along with 0.5mg/l IBA. In second experiment, the result indicated that the numerous of bulblets were developed on MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l TDZ along with 0.5mg/l kin. Which of these, the callus scale were produced on MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA. In the third experiment, in order to retain rooting the bulblets, they were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentration of NAA. The result elucidated that the large quantity of roots (7.7) were obtained from leaf primordia on MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/l NAA. In the fourth experiment, rooted bulblets were washed with warm distilled water for 5-10min, and then they were transferred into pots with perlite, cocopeat and perlite cocopeat.
The results revealed information that the rooted bulblets from scale growing on cocopeat substrate had retained the most diameter (21.64mm) as compared to other treatments. The finding results under this investigation strongly suggested that using micropropagation it is definitely a possible trend to abolish the barriers which caused to deteriorate of Fritillaria imperiallis.

Aloe vera L. is an important pharmaceutical plant from which several medicinal and cosmetic compounds are extracted. Aloe is naturally propagated through offset, which is a slow and expensive labor cost method with low economical income.. In this study, the effect of different media on shoot proliferation of the shoot tip of Aloe vera L. was investigated.. In vitro techniques are some of the suggested methods for rapid propagation of Aloe. In this experiment, the shoot tips of mother plants were grown in a greenhouse. After surface sterilization of the explants, they were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium containing different concentrations of kinetin and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete design with three replications.. The results showed that MS media containing 1.5 mg/L kinetin along with 0.15 or 0.3 mg/L NAA produced the highest percentage of proliferated shoots. In addition, the percentage of proliferated shoots in MS medium containing 2.0 or 2.5 mg/L benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.15 mg/L NAA was significantly higher than the other treatments.. Analysis of the interactive effects of NAA, kinetin and BAP on shoot proliferation showed that most of the proliferated shoots produced in MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L BAP + 1.0 mg/L kinetin + 0.15 mg/L NAA were significantly different from other treatments. Rooting quality was greater in MS media containing 1.0 mg/L IBA than a 1.0 mg/L NAA treatment..

Molecular farming is the production of important recombinant proteins in transgenic organisms on an agricultural scale. Interferons are proteins with antiviral and antitumor activities and can be used for viral infections and cancers treatments. This study reports the transformation of INF α2b gene in tobacco plant for the first time in Iran. Interferon α2b gene was amplified by PCR using specific primers containing appropriate restriction enzymes, plant highly expression sequence and Histidine tag sequence. Target sequence was cloned in plant expression vector pCAMBIA1304 and the construct named pCAMINFα. pCAMINFα was transferred to E. coli strain DH5α and plated on LB agar medium containing kanamycin 50 mgl-1. The colonies were confirmed by colony PCR and sequencing. The construct was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens by freeze-thaw method and transformed colonies were confirmed by colony PCR. Tobacco plants (cultivar xanthi) were inoculated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 by leaf disc method. Inoculated explants were cultured on MSII (MS + BAP 1mgl-1 + NAA 0.1 mgl-1) at 28°C and darkness for 48 hours. Then explants were transferred to selection medium containing cephotaxime (250 mgl-1) and hygromycin (15 mgl-1) in a 16/8 (day/night) h photoperiod in growth room with an irradiance of 5000 lux. Transgenic plants were regenerated and transferred to perlite. Genomic DNA was extracted from regenerated plants by Dellaporta method at 5-leaf step and transgenic lines were confirmed by PCR with specific primers. Expression of Interferon α2b gene was confirmed by dot blotting. Since no report of interferon alpha production in plants in Iran has been expressed yet, this research could create a field of producing this drug in tobacco, in Iran.