mohammadreza abdollahi

Alfalfa is one of the most important forage crops in the world and Iran. Due to the adverse effect of drought on alfalfa yield, screening drought- tolerant genotypes is essential in breeding efforts. In the present study, 11 alfalfa ecotypes were evaluated during two years under the low-irrigation stress condition. The statistical analyzes were done on the average of two-years data. The first and second factors, respectively as "forage- quantity factor" and "forage-quality factor", explained 70.40% of the data total variance. Factor analysis showed that, the traits of fresh-forage yield, plant height, stem fresh weight and regrowth rate, had the most positive effect on dry-forage yield, respectively. Qharaghezlou ecotype with the highest dry-forage yield, and Sedghiyan ecotype, with the highest forage quality, were the most drought-tolerant and high-quality ecotypes, respectively. Ecotypes of Mohajeran and Famenein showed the lowest dry-forage yield. Ecotypes were grouped in three separate clusters. The first and third clusters were identified as "dry-forage quality" and "dry-forage quantity" cluster, respectively. These two clusters had the highest genetic distance. Correctness of cluster grouping was confirmed by the discriminant function analysis. Fresh-forage yield, dry to fresh-forage yield ratio, plant height and regrowth rate were entered into the regression model respectively, as the most important traits affecting on dry-forage yield. The traits of fresh-forage yield and dry to fresh-forage yield ratio showed the most positive direct effect on dry-forage yield. Also, plant height, through increasing fresh-forage yield, and regrowth rate, through decreasing the dry to fresh forage yield ratio, had the largest positive and negative indirect effects on dry-forage yield, respectively.  According to the results, the ecotypes showed a high diversity, which suggests the use of desirable traits and superior genotypes identified for use in future alfalfa breeding programs.

In the past studies, the beneficial effect of insoluble fiber in broiler feed has been well demonstrated. Studies have shown that moderate amounts of fiber in poultry diets lead to significant improvements in nutrient utilization efficiency. Depending on the type of dietary fiber (soluble or insoluble), the particle size plays a role in the growth and development of gizzard and improves the mixture of digestive substances with digestive secretions. On the other hand, nutritionists are trying to respond to the rapid growth needs of birds by increasing the energy concentration of diets. Fats are considered for this purpose, as their energy value is at least twice that of carbohydrates and proteins. At a young age, the secretion of bile acids and the activity of pancreatic lipase are low, and therefore, the ability to digest fat in young broilers is compromised. Some studies have shown that cellulose and oat hull as a source of insoluble fiber (3%) in the diet of broiler chickens have increased the apparent digestibility of crude fat in the ileum and increased the availability of energy for the bird. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of sunflower hull with different particle sizes in diets containing different sources of fat on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and the microbial population of the caecum of broiler chickens.

This experiment was conducted using 360 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with a 2×3 factorial arrangement for 42 days. Experimental treatments included: sunflower hulls (SFH) (without hulls, 3% with 1 mm particle size and 3% with 5 mm particle size) and different fat sources (3% tallow, 3% canola oil). Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) of birds were recorded and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. To determine the ileal digestibility of nutrients, 3 g/kg of chromium oxide was fed to chickens on days 37-42 of the rearing period. On the 42nd day of rearing, the ileum contents of 2 birds were collected and stored in a freezer at -20◦C. To investigate the morphology of the small intestine, 5 cm of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken. Cecal microbial population also determined at 42 days of age. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed using SAS statistical software and GLM procedure. To compare means, Duncan's (1955) multi-range test was used at a significant level of 5%.

The results showed that, using of the coarse and fine SFH in the diet of broiler chickens increased FI and improved the FCR in the whole period of experiment (P<0.05). Canola oil improved FI and BWG compared to tallow (P<0.05). Apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat also increased by using of coarse SFH in the diet (P<0.05). The use of coarse SFH increased the villus height of duodenum and the villus height and thickness of ileum (P<0.05). Canola oil increased the villus height of ileum, but decreased the villus thickness compared to tallow treatment (P<0.05). The use of coarse SFH in the diet reduced the population of Escherichia coli bacteria in the cecum, and coarse SFH with different sources of fat increased the population of Lactobacillus (P<0.05).

In general, the results of the present study showed that the addition of coarse sunflower hull to the diet could improve the growth performance of broilers by increasing the digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, Lactobacillus population, and reducing the cecal population of E. coli. Although its interaction with canola oil also had positive effects on the population of beneficial gut bacteria.

The ability to accurately measure inflation expectations is an integral part of the monetary policy of central banks in the world. In fact, according to the current monetary policy approach that is based on inflation targeting, central banks should be forward-looking and adjust their policies based on people's expectations of the future inflation rate. There are different methods to estimate inflation expectations, the most important of which is to measure inflation expectations by directly asking people about their expectations of prices. These proposed questions may be presented quantitatively or qualitatively. According to the quantitative or qualitative nature of survey questions, different methods are also used to calculate survey-based inflation expectations, which are generally divided into two categories: methods based on quantitative surveys and methods based on qualitative surveys. In this study, using the data obtained from the opinion survey of inflation expectations of the Islamic Council Research Center, which was conducted quarterly from the fall of 1400, the index of inflation expectations based on a qualitative survey in Iran from the fall of 1400 to the fall of 1402 has been calculated and analyzed. For this purpose, the methods of balanced statistics, probability method, and logistic function method were used. The results of comparing the inflation expectations calculated from the mentioned methods and the inflation rate realized in the next three months showed that the probability method with uniform distribution performed better in predicting the future inflation rate. Moreover, the analysis of the trend of the inflation expectations index in the last 9 seasons showed that the intensity of the increase in inflation expectations during the period of currency fluctuations was much higher than during the period when the preferred currency was removed. These results indicate that the central bank should prevent the occurrence of currency shocks and the significant increase in inflationary expectations as much as possible by properly managing the foreign exchange market, allowing the gradual increase of the exchange rate, and reducing its fluctuations around the equilibrium exchange rate.

Smoke from burning vegetation is widely recognized as a germination cue, dormancy breaking agent and seedling growth stimulator. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of smoke extract derived from burning the leaf material of Tanacetum parthenium on germination and post germination parameters of three medicinal species of Cuminum cyminum, Silybum marianum and Alyssum was investigated. Different concentrations of T. parthenium derived smoke extract (1:500, 1:100, 1:10 and 1) with control distilled water as a factorial design based on completely randomized design with three replications were used under both laboratory (for three medicinal plants) and greenhouse conditions (for C. cyminum). Different concentrations of aqueous smoke extract showed different effects on germination parameters in three medicinal species. The concentration of 1:500 was the most effective concentration for majority of germination parameters in C. cyminum. Root length, seedling fresh weight, germination percentage, germination speed and germination coefficient of S. marianum showed the highest means with high concentrations of smoke extract (1:10 and 1). In Alyssum, the means for majority of parameters were higher in low concentrations of smoke extract (1:100 and 1:500) compared to higher concentrations of smoke extract. Aqueous smoke extract derived from burning T. parthenium showed significant positive effects on germination parameters of three medicinal plant species. Based on these findings, we can use this extract to improve the germination parameters for other medicinal plant species that have problems with germination.

One of the aspects to consider in the health system is to focus on the core competencies of specialists in this field, which allows them to create significant differentiation from competitors by investing in their strengths. The purpose of this research is to design the model of core competencies of health system specialists in a hybrid method.

The present research was conducted using a meta-combination method in several stages in the health system. After identifying the concepts and codes of core competence components and evaluating its validity and reliability, the initial conceptual model of the research was designed. From the 53 retrieved studies, 7 studies related to the purpose of the study were included for meta-combining. At the level of analysis and presentation of the model, Sandelovski and Barso (2006) meta combination method was used.

The findings showed that the research model includes 9 components including participation and teamwork, health quality promotion, personal development, use of health information technology, system thinking skills, professional performance of responsibilities, evidence-based research and practice, profession E-ism was the observance of moral and legal procedures. The identified factors were approved by experts.

In order to focus on the core competencies in the health system, it is necessary to pay attention to the components of the core competencies of specialists and to institutionalize them in all parts of the health system.

This research aimed to study the relationship between different phenological traits with grain yield and investigate the effectiveness of these traits in single plant selection in quinoa, which was done based on a randomized complete block design. Grain yield per plant showed the most significant positive correlation with day-to physiological maturity and grain filling period and the most significant negative correlation with day-to-ten leaves and day-to germination.  Day-to physiological maturity, day-to-ten leaves (with negative coefficient), and grain filling period were entered into the regression model. The two traits of day-to-ten leaves and day-to physiological maturity had the most direct negative and positive effects on grain yield changes, respectively. The most indirect positive effect was related to the grain filling period, due to the increase in day-to physiological maturity. The distribution of genotypes in all four biplot areas indicated high genetic diversity of genotypes. The favorite genotypes (16, 8, 15, and 14) had the highest amount of traits of day-to physiological maturity, grain filling period, and day-to milky grain and were located in the favorable area of the biplot. According to the results of the cluster analysis, these genotypes were located in the "grain yield cluster". On the contrary, unfavorable genotypes (2, 7, and 12) had the highest day-to-ten leaves, day-to-germination, and day-to-four leaves. In general, the selection to increase the day-to physiological maturity and the grain filling period and the selection against the day-to-ten leaves and the day-to germination will improve the yield per plant of quinoa.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of various factors on callus induction and haploid embryo production in the anther culture of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. Styriaca). For experiments, pumpkin seeds were planted in the greenhouse and at the time of flowering, male flower buds with a size of 1.5 cm were selected and sterilized for use in later stages. The experiments were performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The first experiment studied the effect of cold pretreatment on three levels of bud cold pretreatment, anther cold pretreatment and without cold pretreatment (control) and the combination of plant growth regulators on callus formation in anther culture. Cold pretreatment of buds and culture of anthers in culture medium containing 1 mgl-1 NAA and 2 mgl-1 2,4-D produced the highest callus formation percentage. In the second experiment, the effect of heat pretreatment on the percentage of callus formation was investigated. In this experiment, the best response was related to 32°C treatment for 7 days. The third experiment consisted of the interaction effectt of light treatments and growth regulators on callus formation in anther culture of Pumpkin. Anthers that cultured in light conditions with a hormonal concentration of 2.5 mgl-1 2,4-D + 1 mg /l BAP showing the highest percentage of callus formation. In the fourth experiment, androgenesis was applied by culturing microspores in E20 medium, which led to the growth of a number of microspores, and in the cytological examination, the symmetric divisions were observed.

Optimization of in vitro methods for the production of maize double haploids plays an important role in the breeding programs of this plant. In this study, the effects of 5-azacytidine on agronomic traits, androgenesis induction efficiency and also, DNA methyltransferase gene expression (AF229183.1) in two growth stages of maize were investigated. This experiment was performed as factorial based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. Two maize genotypes (DH5 × DH7 and ETMH-82) were considered as the first factor and treatment of maize seeds with 5-azacytidine (0, 5, 10, and 100 μM) was considered as the second factor. The maize seeds were sowed in the field and during the growth stages, various morphological and agronomic traits were recorded. In the anther culture experiment, the suitable anthers containing microspores at mid to late-uninucleate stages were selected and cultured in an YPm culture medium containing 1 mg/l 2, 4-D, and 2 mg/l BAP. Interaction effects of genotype and 5-azacytidine concentrations showed significant differences for the majority of studied traits except for number of kernel per ear row, kernel depth, plant diameter, number of leaves and number of ears. The highest amounts of 1000-kernel weight were obtained with treatments of 10 and 100 μM and the highest ones for grain yield and biological yield traits were obtained with 100 μM 5-azacytidine treatment for both genotypes. Seeds of DH5 × DH7 genotype treated with 5 μM 5-azacYtidine produced the highest mean number of embryo-like structures (0.1833) and regenerated plantlets (0.067) per each anther. Relative expression of DNA methyltransferase gene in maize seeds treated with different concentrations of 5-azacytidine showed a significant decrease in both genotypes and both growth stages compared to control plants (treated with 0 μM 5-azacytidine), that this decrease in gene expression could lead to improved androgenesis induction in anther culture of DH5 × DH7 genotype. However, despite the decrease in expression of this gene in two growth stages of ETMH-82 genotype, androgenesis induction was not observed in this genotype. The results of the present study can help to determine the role of epigenetic factors in androgenesis induction and improving the production of haploid plants in maize.

Chickpea is one of the most important pulses in the world and it plays a key role in feeding of people in Iran. Iran is one of the original centers of chickpea. This plant has a significant genetic diversity and has favorable conditions for breeding and introducing new cultivars in Iran. According to FAO reports (2014), the average grain yield of chickpea in Iran with a cultivated area of 565 thousand hectares and an average yield of 557 kg per hectare is very low compared to the average of the major countries producing chickpeas. In order to solve this problem, identification of the initial variety of lines and cultivars to start the program is of particular importance. In fact, three factors of heredity, high diversity and severity of selection are effective factors in increasing the response to selection. In this regard, there are various methods for estimating genetic variation in plant species, one of the most important of these methods is multivariate analysis. It is necessary to use these methods for the classification of germplasm and the analysis of the genetic relationships existing between the modifying materials. Among the various methods of multivariate analysis, the principal component analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis and decomposition function analysis are among the most important of these methods. In fact, one of the important goals of an outbreak is to select the best genotypes. In order to achieve this goal, the studied population should have a significant variation in terms of the characteristics studied, which knowledge of this diversity requires evaluation of the germplasm.

This study included 20 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) promising lines were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 growing season. To evaluate the diversity of lines based on important agro-morphological traits and to achieve the desired goals, various statistical methods including principal component analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis and decomposition function analysis were used. Genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) and phenotype coefficient of variance (PCV) using genotype variance and phenotype variance, respectively, were calculated. All calculations and statistical analyzes such as component analysis, cluster analysis, and decomposition function analysis were performed using SPSS and Minitab software.

The lowest and the highest coefficient of genotypic changes were related to day physiology (2.66%) and 100-seed weight (49.76%). The results showed that the three main first components explained 76% of the total variance of the traits totally. The first and second components were named as "component of grain yield increase" and "vegetative growth component". The results of factor analysis were consistent with the results of the principal component analysis. In order to cluster the studied lines and for their grouping based on the studied traits, Ward method and Pearson’s square distance matrix were used. According to the cluster analysis, the genotypes were located in three distinct groups, so that the second and third clusters had the highest genetic distance and they were recognized as “yield clusters" and "vegetative growth cluster", respectively. Therefore, crossing between the two above mentioned-groups, will result to high artificial diversity in the future generations. According to the cluster analysis, the lines were divided into three separate clusters. Discriminant function analysis confirmed the cluster grouping completely. In a study, nineteen chickpea lines and five genotypes of wild chickpea (Cicer veticulatum) were classified into three distinct groups using cluster analysis, so that wild-type genotypes in one group and two lines of cropping lines were grouped separately from other lines. Ganjali et al, (2009), applied the multivariate bi-plot analysis to evaluate the variation in chickpea germplasm for drought resistance.

There was a remarkable genetic diversity for the current germplasm, therefore existence a high level of genetic diversity and a remarkable GVC for the trait of 100-seed weight indicating that this trait can be used as a suitable character for yield improvement in the germplasm and under this experiment conditions. Finally, selection for high levels of biomass, pod number per plant and seed number per plant, and a low amount of main branches number, will increase the grain yield in the future breeding program.

One of the problems of crisis management in Iran is how to provide resources to carry out its activities in the face of severe economic sanctions. One of the economic and political tools to impose the demands of one country, in other words, to secure its interests by another country, is to use sanctions. In this case, the large and influential country in the world of politics and economics will be able to impose economic and political costs on the smaller country by imposing restrictions on the smaller economy and the less influential one. The association of other important economic and political actors of the world with the great provocative country takes on more serious dimensions. The same situation is assumed in the case of sanctions imposed on the Iranian economy. Sanctions are a series of actions that are applied without the use of threatening forces against the country, target or individual. International sanctions are penalties imposed in the context of the declared consequences of a failure to comply with international standards or requirements. Sanctions are instrumentally classified into economic and non-economic sanctions; Non-economic sanctions, such as not issuing visas to officials of the embargoed government in an international organization, opposing the embargoed countrychr('39')s offer to host important international events such as the World Cup, the Olympics, etc., can be achieved by means other than imposing economic costs. Economic sanctions have trade and financial aspects that in trade sanctions, prohibitions and restrictions on exports and imports are applied, but in financial sanctions, the sanctioner refrains from financial transactions, money transfers and investments, and uses his influence in International financial institutions prevent any technical cooperation, formal investment or lending agreements Seventhly, it should be noted that the most severe form of financial sanctions is the freezing or confiscation of the assets of the sanctioned country or their leaders. The main question that arises in this regard is what effect have the sanctions had on the health, public health and supply of medicine in Iran?

The present study was based on descriptive and analytical methods. According to the library research method, for collecting information after bibliography and collecting various political sources, filing tools and note-taking forms were used.

In order to explain the direct effects of sanctions on the current state of society, different theories and views by economists. Politicians and community health managers have been raised. The results of this study show that the health status, public health and welfare of citizens as well as the status of drug supply are directly affected by sanctions.

The results of the study indicate that economic sanctions have definitely always been associated with harmful effects that, without any distinction or distinction, harm the military and civilian forces, especially the vulnerable groups of countries. Difficulty and even lack of access to arbitrators, lack of currency transfer and the impossibility of providing drugs and in general the negative impact on the right to health and welfare of citizens and the inability of the government to ensure the right to health, the most important negative effects of sanctions on management The crisis is an unexpected event in Iran. The results of the paper showed that international sanctions have directly and indirectly affected the countrychr('39')s crisis management in the last decade. Sanctions, in particular, have created serious obstacles to the supply of needed medicines and the delivery of humanitarian aid. Sanctions on foreign exchange transactions and Iranian banks have severely restricted the opening of credit to importers of drugs and medical equipment, which has effectively led to the extension of sanctions to drugs and medical equipment. A number of pharmaceutical companies are refusing to sell drugs and medical equipment directly to Iran because of sanctions and to avoid the possible consequences of violating sanctions or even being barred from US markets. As a result, access to these detrimental items from international intermediaries at unconventional prices is restricted. Due to the expansion of sanctions on shipping companies and the lack of insurance for Iranian shipments, the cost of transportation to Iran has increased, which includes the increase in the cost of medicine and medical equipment, while there are reports of non-shipment, including drug shipments to Iran in There is a result of sanctions. The imbalance in the balance between the price of Rials and valid foreign currencies as a result of sanctions has led to an increase in the price of imported drugs and medical equipment, and as a result of the inability of the majority of patients to prohibit drugs.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is from the dark Composite perennial plant, herbaceous and pollinator. Due to the being below seed germination perecentage and heterogenous multiplication of plants from seed in terms of sweetness micropropagation of this plant with use of tissue culture methods in order to replicate mass is desirable. In this study, the performance of two explant end bud and node using three treatments the concentration of the medium MS and different levels of activated charcoal and hormones BAP and Kn in two experiment compared and reviewed. So that in the first experiment the effect of active charcoal and concentration of culture media MS and in the second experiment use separate concentrations (at 0,0/5,1 and 1/5mgr/l) of hormones BAP and Kn in three repeat was implemented. Results showed the highest increase traits in the cultivation of end buds at full concentration seen of culture medium MS with to 1/5gr/l activated charcoal as absorber substance phenols. Use concentration 1/5 mgr/l of hormones BAP and Kn showed an increase in micropropagation efficiency of both explants. Performance comparison hormones BAP and Kn using 1/5 mgr/l BAP in the cultivation of the end buds showed the most characteristics of shoot length, number of nodes and the number of lateral stems.

Datura is one of the most important medicinal plants that for production of various alkaloids. Seed dormancy and the problem of germination are the most important barrier to produce this plant. In order to solve the germination problem in this important medicinal plant, the present study was carried out as a factorial experiment with three factors based on completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor consisted of two datura ecotypes (Hamadan and Esfahan), the second factor included three levels of physical treatments of breaking dormancy (no scratching, scratch with sandpaper and wet bathing of bain marie bath for 7 days at a temperature of 60 ° C, scratch with sandpaper and dry chilling for 7 days at 4 ° C) and the third factor included five levels of chemical treatments of breaking dormancy (no application of chemical treatments, NaOH 20%, NaOH 20% and gibberellin 500 ppm, NaOH 20% and potassium nitrate 300 ppm, NaOH 20% and gibberellin 500 ppm and potassium nitrate 300 ppm). Interaction of ecotypes and seed dormancy breaking treatments was significant for most traits except for number of leaves per plant, root fresh weight, shoot length and stem fresh weight. The results showed that the chemical treatment of NaOH 20% and gibberellin 500 ppm, was the best dormancy braking treatment for the fresh harvested seeds. Therefore, using this treatment without significant damage to the seeds, to break seed dormancy about 80 percent is recommended.

Introduction:

 Barley is one of the cereal grains that used to supply energy in broiler diets, but high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) such as β-glucans, has limited the application of it in poultry diets. It has been shown that NSP can increase intestinal viscosity, reduce litter quality, compromising the access of digestive enzymes to dietary components by protecting lipids, starch, and protein, and cause poor productive performance. Recent studies have shown the inclusion of moderate amounts of insoluble fiber or coarse particles in the diet increases the retention time of the digesta in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (i.e., from crop to gizzard), improves the development and function of the gizzard, and increase the secretion of HCl in the proventriculus in broilers. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of supplementing insoluble fiber sources in different particle sizes on energy and protein efficiency ratios, intestinal morphology and welfare indicesin broiler chickens fed barley based-diets.

Materials and Methods:

 Ross 308 (n=308) were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 4 replicates and 11 chickens per replicate for 42 days. The dietary treatments included: a barley based- diet (control, CTL) or Sunflower hulls (SFH), Sugarcane bagasse (SB), and Wheat bran (WB) ground through a 1.0 (fine) or 3.0 mm (coarse) screen that were added to the control diet at 3.0%. The CTL diet included 3.0% fine silica sand as filler that was replaced by the same amount of insoluble fiber sources in the corresponding diets. The dry sieving method was used to determine the particle size distribution of diets. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of each pen were recorded. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) adjusted for mortality and it was calculated by dividing FI with BWG for each period of the experiment (1-21 d and 22-42 d) in total period (1-42 d). The welfare indices were examined at 42 days of age. Litter moisture was measured on days 35 and 42 of the rearing period. For the purpose of small intestinal morphological studies, the digestive tract of slaughtered birds (two birds of each replicate) was removed at 42 days of age and from two small intestine sections including duodenum and Jejunum, two centimeter-long Isolated.

Results and Discussion:

 The results showed that different sources of insoluble fiber showed significant effect (p < 0.05) on energy and protein efficiency ratios during growth period (22-42 days of age) and whole experimental period (1-42 days of age). During the entire experimental period (1-42 d), dietary inclusion of SFH (coarse and fine) and WB (fine particle size) improved BWG as compared to the CTL diet (P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of WB and SFH in both particle sizes (coarse and fine) and SB (coarse particle size) improved FCR as compared to the CTL diet from 1-42 d (P < 0.05). The villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum of treatments fed insoluble fiber with the exception of sugarcane bagasse with particle size of 1 mm showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in comparison to control diet. The number of goblet cells in jejunum of treatments fed insoluble fiber significantly decreased (p < 0.05) when compared to control group. The relative frequency of score two welfare indices was higher in control treatment. Reports have indicated that soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSp < /strong>) affect digestive organs and intestinal morphology of broilers. Coarse fiber and large particles may increase villi length in gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, increased villi length resulted in increased surface area for more absorption of nutrients. Currently, the control of litter moisture is a priority in the broiler industry to reduce productivity losses and minimize bird welfare issues due to footpad dermatitis (FPD), hock burn (HB), and ammonia production. Wet litter was found to increase FDP, HB, and breast irritations and reduce broiler performance. The inclusion of 3% fiber in the diet resulted in lower litter moisture content.

Conclusion:

 Overall, the results showed that dietary inclusion of three percent of different insoluble fiber sources improved energy and protein efficiency ratios, intestinal morphology, litter moisture and welfare parameters of broilers fed barley-based diet.

 Nanoparticles (NPs) are small-sized particles with dimensions of 1 - 100 nm that have various medical and pharmaceutical technology applications.

 In this study, we aimed to develop a quick, green, and eco-friendly procedure for the synthesis of gold NPs (AMGNPs) using the aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium (AM) and evaluate the effects of them on preantral follicle (PF) maturation in vitro compared to commercially provided GNPs (C-GNPs) and the AM extract alone.

 We assessed PF maturation through the morphological assessment of follicles, diameter changes, and estradiol and progesterone levels in PF. We also evaluated the morphometric indices in the control group and groups treated with the AM extract, green GNPs, and C-GNPs.

 The results showed that the AM extract had positive effects on the PF development by increasing the production of estradiol. The evaluation of PF treated with C-GNPs one to four days after the treatment showed that the mean diameter of follicles was significantly reduced in the C-GNPs group compared to the control group. Moreover, the mean estradiol level increased, and the mean progesterone level decreased in all the experimental (10, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL of C-GNPs, green GNPs, and the AM extract) groups compared to the control group (P-value < 0.05). The size and concentration of the NPs were 20 nm and 150 µg/mL, respectively.

 The findings suggest that green GNPs synthesized with the AM extract can minimize the hazardous effects of NPs and have beneficial effects on the development and growth of PF.
 

Autumn sowing of sugar beet is a suitable way in sustainable agriculture. Bolting is an undesirable phenomenon which reduces sugar beet yield and it is the most important limiting factor in autumn sowing of sugar beet. Identification and comparison of the sequence of flowering genes in various genotypes can help to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling bolting. In the previous studies, it was revealed that expression level of FT1 and VIN3 genes in sugar beet is associated with bolting resistance. In this study, the sequence of FT1 gene promotor and three versions of VIN3 gene promoters of sugar beet were compared in three bolting resistant and three bolting susceptible genotypes. Primer design for each gene was carried out using the DNA sequences found at the NCBI database. DNA was extracted from leaf samples growing in pots and was used as template in PCR reactions. Similar length of amplified fragments for each promoter gene in bolting susceptible and bolting resistant genotypes were selected and sequenced for more accurate assessment. There was no mutation in the FT1 gene promoter, however 624 substitution and insertion/deletion mutations were observed in the promoter of three versions of VIN3 gene. A 228-bp ins/del region was detected in the VIN3-like1 promoter. This region contains promoter elements and seems to have a control function. Comparison of detected mutations between susceptible and resistant genotypes did not show a distinct pattern for bolting.

Garlic has the second rank in Allium species in the case of highly used plant species after onion with high nutritional and medicinal values. Garlic is a vegetative product and is contaminated by many pathogens and viruses. Meristem culture is an in vitro bulblet production method for removing the viral diseases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate effect of growth regulators on micropropagation and bulblet formatiom in local clones of garlic in Hamedan province by meristem culture. This research was done as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with ten clones and four growth regulators including: MS, MS+1µM BA, MS+1µM BA+1µM NAA and MS+10µM BA+5µM NAA. After the first stage and plantlet production, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 10 clones and 4 hormonal treatments was used in MS medium containing 6% sucrose with three replications. The cultured samples were placed in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4 ° C for four months and then transferred to the growth chamber with 25ºC temperature and photoperiod of 16/8 h (day/night). A month later, take notes of samples. In order to normalize the data logarithmic transformation and uniformity test of variances were used and then Data were analyzed by SAS software and the meanings were compared using Duncan's test. In the first experiment, the use of growth regulators in the culture medium causes significant changes in the production seedling growth characteristics. MS + 1μM BA medium produced the highest seedling weight and leaf length. Garlic clones significant difference in the number of leaves, leaf length and weight of seedling showed. Sheverin clone highest number of leaves, leaf length and the maximum weight the seedlings produced. Interaction between hormonal treatments in clones was not significant for any of the studied traits. In the second stage of the experiment, the interaction of clones in hormonal treatments was significant at 1% level for all traits (plantlet weight, Bulblet weight, Bulblet number, Root weight and Leaf weight). Sheverin clones in MS + 10μM BA + 5μM NAA were highest in all studied traits. totally, the results of this research showed that we can identify the responces of the top clones of the garlic province of Hamedan in meristem culture. Also we achieved the suitable concentration and combination of plant growth regulators on regeneration of different clone garlic in vitro conditions. As a result, a better protocoles were introduced for micropropagation and bulblet formatiom of the garlic in tissue culture.

Polyploidy plays an important role in creation of genetic variability. Polyploidy induction by mutagenic chemicals such as colchicine is considered to enhance the potential of secondary metabolites production in herbs breeding. Colchicine is the most effective chemicals used in the polyploidy induction studies. The effect of colchicine is to form cells with two or multiply number of chromosomes resulting in a lack of germination and death of a large number of plant samples.  Flow cytometry analysis and cytogenetic studies were effectively used to assess the ploidy levels for fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) plants. In the beginning of 90 decade, a new type of adsorption technique called solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) has been developed by Pawliszyn and co-workers. This method compared to the traditional techniques, offers many advantages such as the high sensitivity and reproducibility, does not require solvent, and combines extraction and pre-concentration in a single step without pre-treatment of samples. Moreover, it is a fast and inexpensive method, requires low sample volume and it can be easily automated. Solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) uses a fine rod (fused silica or metal) with a polymeric coating to extract organic compounds from their matrix and it directly transfer them into the gas chromatograph injector for thermal desorption and analysis (Kaykhaii, 2008). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of colchicine treatment on ploidy levels and compare some of the morphological, physiological, cytogenetical, flow cytometric analysis and biochemical characteristics in diploid and tetraploid fenugreek plants. In order to investigate the effect of polyploidy induction by colchicine on Trigonella foenum-graecum medicinal species, an experiment was planned as a factorial completely randomized design with five concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5%) for 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. In this experiment the effect of colchicine was examined on the percentage of survival and tetraploidy of seed, root and terminal bud samples. Level of ploidy was identified in survival explants through root tip chromosome counting and flow cytometry of leaf samples. In addition to distinguish tetraploid from the diploids plants, morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics were considered in treated plants. SAS and SPSS software programs were used to analysis of variance and comparison of means by Duncan's multiple test. Graphs were also drawn by EXCEL software. The analysis of variance showed that all characteristic factors for survival percent and mixoploidy percentage were statistically significant. Survival percentage was decreased with increasing of colchicine concentration and increased exposure time of colchicine-treated seed. After the observation of morphological changes, the samples were considered to assess the ploidy levels by flow cytometry system. Results showed that 0.5% colchicine concentration had the highest survival rate after control treatment for the terminal bud. The highest percentage of mixoploidy was also observed in treated terminal buds with 0.1 and 0.2% of colchicine concentrations. Morphological, physiological, cytogenetic, flow cytometric analysis and biochemical studies confirmed that terminal bud treatment with 0.2% colchicine for 72 hours is the most effective treatment to induce tetraploidy in fenugreek plant. The results of GC/MS also indicated an increase in secondary metabolites content, but traits including growth rate and plant height of tetraploid reduced compared to the diploid plants. Result of this study showed a significant increase in chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents of tetraploid plants, which were higher than the levels of diploid plants. Polyploidy induction using mutagenic chemicals is one of the methods to enhance the production of plant secondary metabolites. Colchicine is the most effective mutagenic chemical in inducing plant polyploidy. Although, flow cytometry is an expensive method, it is increasingly used for ploidy screening by analyzing of nuclear DNA content. In this study, both flow cytometry and chromosome microscopic examinations were used to test ploidy. The two methods were compared, and it was found that flow cytometry testing was fast and labor saving, especially in case of a large number of samples. Tetraploidy induction significantly affected different morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Trigonella foenum-graecum. These changes suggested that ploidy manipulation as a rapid and effective method for enhancing genetic diversity and metabolite production for this plant. SMPE method offers a number of practical advantages: smaller sample volume, simplicity of extraction and low cost, when compared to the other methods that are currently being used.

Production of pure lines is one of the most important tools due to production of high-yield seeds. Pure lines can be produced in a short time using in vitro techniques and therefore, reduce several years in required time for conventional plant breeding programs. The purpose of this study was investigation of different concentrations of TDZ on production of haploid plants in cucumber ovule culture. The experimental layout was conducted in factorial arrangement in randomized complete design with three replications in greenhouse and laboratory of Razi university during 2015-2017. Factors were two cucumber genotypes (Esfahani and Beit Alfa) and different concentrations of TDZ (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08 mg/l). Unfertilized ovaries were harvested 1 day before an thesis and they were sliced into 1 mm cross sections under sterile conditions and placed on solid MS medium. Immediately after placing the unfertilized ovary slices of each genotype on induction medium, they were exposed to a thermal shock pretreatment at 35±1°C for 3 days. The first visual structures formed after 3 days in culture. After two weeks of culture, the frequency of embryo formation was recorded. After embryogenesis, the embryos were sub-cultured in medium containing 1.5 mg/L-1 GA3 and finally cultured in medium containing 0.05 mg/L-1 NAA and 1.5 mg/L-1 BAP for organogenesis. Results indicated a statistically significant effect at 1% among TDZ concentrations. Genotypes and interaction between genotype and TDZ concentration did not have a significant effect on embryo induction. According to the results of means comparison, M8 medium with the average of 23.33 for Esfahani genotype and 20.66 for Beta Alfa genotype had the highest embryo induction and M1 showed the lowest embryo induction for both genotypes. Ploidy level of calli and embryos were identified by Flucytometry assay. Haploid embryos were transferred to the regenerative medium. The chromosome content of haploid plants was doubled spontaneously in all regenerated plants. Double haploid plants originated from megaspore and they were equivalent to haploid, which relates to homozygosity and can be used directly in breeding program. The high number of embryos was obtained in high concentration of TDZ (0.08 mg/l). Flucytometry assay is a way to recognizing ploidy level in plant tissues; thus it could be useful in choosing haploid tissue. Spontaneous chromosome doubling may occur via somatic cell fusion, endoreduplication, endomitosis and possibly many other mechanisms. In conclusion, the higher rates of embryo formation frequency achieved and doubled haploids obtained in the present study are promising for future work.

In order to investigate effects of plant regulators on callus and embryo induction in cucumber anther culture, 25 media for callus induction and 4 methods for embryo induction were tested. The experimental layout was conducted in factorial arrangement in randomized completely design with four and three replications for callus and embryo induction, respectively. Factors for callus induction were two cucumber genotypes (Esfahani and Beta Alfa) and different concentrations of BAP (0, 0.225, 0.45, 0.68 and 0.91 mg/l) and 2, 4-D (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/l). Also factors for embryo induction were different concentration of BAP (2, 3 and 4 mg/l) and NAA (0.05 and 0.1 mg/l) and different solid and liquid media. Results indicated that there are statistical significant effect at 1% among PGR concentrations and 5% among interaction between genotype and PGR concentrations. The anthers, which were cultured on basal MS medium and media supplemented with individual concentration of plant regulators did not show any response and they became necrotic after 4 weeks of culture, but combination of plant regulators had different effect on callus induction. According to results of means comparison M24, M22 and M15 media with average of 98, 97.75 and 96.75 percent and M10 medium with average of 77.5 percent had highest and lowest callus induction for Esfahani genotype, respectively. The highest and lowest callus induction for Beta Alfa cultivar obtained in M13 (98.45%) and M1 (59.7%) media, respectively. There was no response for embryo induction in Solid-Solid, Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid methods, but high rate of embryo induction obtained in Liquid-Solid method. Results indicated that there was statistical significant effect at 5% among media. Means comparison for tested media showed that M6 (60.58%) and M4 (20%) medium had highest and lowest embryo induction, respectively.

Public accountability, administrative health and organizational transparency are among the key concepts in the field of public-management studies that affect all sectors, both public and private. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and identify the impact of general accountability on the improvement and promotion of administrative health and organizational transparency in the public sector. This article is based on a research proposal approved by the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade of the JHA to the number 420 / M / S, under the title of the presentation of the programs of the General Directorate for Performance Evaluation and Compliance with the Deputy Director of the Ministry of Industry With the measures and plans of the department of public health, the general policies of the resistance economy. The statistical population is the staff of the Office of Performance Evaluation and Compliance with the Complaints Committee of the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade. The method of this research is descriptive-survey which was used to analyze the data using structural equation modeling using Amos software. A standard questionnaire was used to collect information and its validity was confirmed by a number of management and executive experts.

Enough information about genetic parameters, including heritability and gene action, is the first step in breeding of a trait. Among different methods, generation mean analysis, with lower estimation error, is one of the best methods for estimation of genetic parameters. The present experiment was carried out to estimate heritability, number of genes and gene action for some agro-morphological traits in maize. The seeds of the generations of P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 were prepared during two successive years and were evaluated based on randomized complete block desine in Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Iran during 2015. Results of weighted ANOVA showed significant differences between the generations for all traits, therefore, generation mean analysis was performed. While, additive effect and relative dominance controlled ear length, number of row.ear-1, cob diameter and cob percentage, the additive, dominance and epistatic effects controlled the other traits simultaneously. Difference between dominance and additive components and the average of gene dominance was greater than unity which indicated the role of non-additive and the importance of heterosis effects in expression of these traits. The maximum heterosis and heterobeltiosis belonged to ear biomass and grain yield respectively. The broad and narrow sense heritability of the traits was ranged from 62.41 to 90.06 and 3.46 to 60.40, respectively. The average number of genes was ranged from 0.03 to 4.74 for different traits. In general, unlike grain yield, selection in early generations for yield-related traits with high narrow sense heritability such as ear length, cob diameter, 250-grain weight and number of grain.row-1, may improve grain yield in advanced generations. In addition, due to the high narrow sense heritability for cob percent (60.4%), selection in early generations for reduction in percentage of cob, with no significant increase the overall weight of the ear, may increase the ear harvest index and improving grain yield of maize.

In order to identify the most important effective traits on grain yield and to evaluated the genetic diversity of 9 bean cultivars, three separated experiments, were conducted at three conditions of normal, moisture stress before podding and moisture stress after podding, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that the difference between the cultivars was significant for all traits, except seed number per plant. Result also indicate that the cultivars had different genetic potential in different moisture conditions. The maximum grain yield belonged to Daneshkade and Dorsa cultivars and the minimum to Sayad and Goli in three conditions. Total grain yield was significantly reduced through the transition from non-moisture stress to moisture stress condition. Indicating the significant effect of moisture stress on grain yield. In fact, the effect of different moisture conditions was significant on the majority of traits, except the traits of days to 50% podding, days from planting to maturity and harvest index. Correlation results indicated that the traits of pod weight per plant, biological yield, pods number per plant, seed number per plant, harvest index, 100-kernel weight and seed filling period had significant and positive correlation with grain yield. The results of stepwise regression showed that the traits of pod weight per plant, harvest index, biological yield and number of pods per plant were the most important effective traits on economic yield. The highest genotypic and phenotypic variation coefficient belonged to pods per plant in all conditions.

The production of doubled haploid cucurbit plants can accelerate the breeding programs of these species. In this research, anther culture of Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca was studied to produce callus and haploid embryos. Cytological studies showed that 15 mm male buds containing 9-10 mm anthers in size and microspores at mid to late-uninucleate were desirable for anther culture experiments. Three experiments were conducted as factorial based on completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. In first experiment, the effect of anther orientation on culture medium as well as type and concentration of the plant growth regulators of NAA (0, 0.5 and 1 mgl-1) and 2,4-D (0, 1 and 2 mgl-1) on callogenesis percentage of pumpkin anther cultures were studied. Results showed that the culturing of anthers from convex side in a culture medium supplemented with 2 mgl-1 2,4-D and 1 mgl-1 NAA resulted in the highest percentage of callogenesis. In second experiment, the interaction effects of medium type (B5 and E20) and combination treatments of 2,4-D (0, 2.5 and 5 mgl-1) and BAP (0, 0.5 and 1 mgl-1) on callogenesis percentage were studied. E20 culture medium supplemented with 2.5 mgl-1 2,4-D and 1 mgl-1 BAP produced the highest percentage of callogenesis compared to other treatments. In third experiment, the effect of pumpkin and wheat ovary conditioned medium on callogenesis percentage from pumpkin anthers were studied in two E20 culture media (Solid and liquid). In this experiment, co-culturing of pumpkin anthers with wheat ovaries in solid culture medium resulted in the highest percentage of callogenesis compared to other treatments.

IntroductionDrought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses in the world. Chickpea play very important role for human life in the developing countries. Kanouni and Malhotra (2003) mentioned that the traits of pod number per plant, sub-branches per plant, biomass and harvest index had positive and significant and the phonological traits showed a negative and significant correlation with grain yield. In a research (Fayyaz & Talebi, 2009), the traits of number of pod and number of seed per plant were proposed as the most important traits for yield increasing in chickpea. Saleem et al., (2002) reported that the chickpea genotypes were significantly difference for the majority of traits. In a research the traits of seed weight per pod and seed number per plant had the maximum direct effect on grain yield. Stepwise regression showed that the traits of biomass, harvest index and 100-kernel weight had the great effect on chickpea grain yield, so that the traits explained main part of yield variance. Identifying the most effective traits on chickpea grain yield was the main objective of the current research.
Materials & MethodsIn order to identify the most important and effective traits on grain yield this experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 20 chickpea promising lines under moisture stress condition in 2011-2012. The experiment was conducted in agricultural and natural resources research of Kurdistan under normal moisture condition. The traits of day to 50 percent flowering, day to 50 percent podding, day to maturity, relative water content, number of sub-branches, number of main-branches, seed number per plant, pod number per plant, plant height, 100- kernel weight, grain yield, harvest index and biomass were measured. The analysis of variance, mean comparison, correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis, path analysis was used for identifying the best genotypes and traits in the current experiment. According to the traits expected value, phenotypic coefficient variation, genotypic coefficient variation and broad sense heritability were estimated for all traits.
Results & DiscussionANOVA results showed that the lines were significantly different for all traits. The above result indicated high genetic diversity for the lines. Mean compression results showed that the lines number 1, 17 and 7 had the minimum and the lines number 13, 3 and 19 had the maximum grain yield. General results indicated that the suitable lines with high grain yield had a maximum amount of biomass, pod number per plant, seed number per plant and RWC and had a minimum amount of main branch number per plant. The result showed a positive significant correlation between RWC, seed number, pod number, harvest index, biomass and grain yield. The correlation for grain yield and number of main branch per plant was significantly negative. The results of stepwise regression showed that the traits of harvest index, biological yield and pod number per plant were the most effective traits on wheat yield respectively under current research condition. The maximum and minimum broad sense heritability were recorded for the traits of 100-kernel weight, biomass and grain yield, days to physiological maturity, days to flowering and pod number per plant, respectively. Results of path analysis showed that the traits of biomass and pod number per plant had maximum direct and indirect positive effects on grain yield. The results of orthogonal comparision showed that Kabuli and Dasi Groups were significantly difference for plant height and 100-kernel weight.
ConclusionIdentifying and detection of the traits with high correlation with the traits of grain yield is a suitable strategy for indirect selection of grain yield. In this way, using of simple and multivariate statistical method can be useful and suitable method. According to the results, the traits of biomass and pod number per plant were recognized as the best suitable traits for indirect grain yield selection.

To identify primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) predisposing factors in order to prevent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) progression to PSC. IBD is commonly associated with PSC and there is no effective therapy for PSC except for liver transplantation. Patients and This retrospective study was conducted on 447 IBD patients from IBD Clinics of Ghaem and Emam Reza Hospitals. Data were collected by interview and through a review of the patient's medical records. Patients were divided into two groups: those with IBD and PSC (IBD-PSC) and those without PSC. Variables were compared between two groups and those with statistically significant differences in IBD-PSC group were considered as predictive factors for the development of PSC. The frequency of PSC in IBDs was 4.3% and all were ulcerative colitis. The mean age of patients with PSC was 39.1±11.33 years. The male to female proportion in PSCs was 3.8:1 and in IBDs was 0.9:1. There were statistically significant associations between PSC and gender, IBD duration and UC extension, mucocutaneous involvement, oral contraceptive pills (OCP) consumption, history of surgery and history of PSC in the first- degree relatives. PSC frequency among IBD patients in North-East of Iran was 4.3%. It is recommended to limit OCP consumption in IBD patients. Identification and modification of probable predisposing risk factors, as well as early diagnosis of PSC are necessary.