mohammadreza shahabi kaseb

Colors can play an effective role in the level of attention, arousal, anxiety, and motivation of learners in learning.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the color of educational tools and teaching aids and the role of trait anxiety on learning futsal inside kick skills.

Sixty football school participants aged 10-12 years, who, had no experience in futsal matches, according to the type of color (warm and cool) and the level of anxiety (high and low) in four groups were selected. The participants performed 135 trials during three acquisition sessions including 3 blocks of 15 and they rested for 5 sec between each attempt and 2 min between each block. At the end of the last session, the acquisition test and after 48 hours, the retention test, and after 15 min, the transfer test were performed in the same session in the presence of the spectators. To analysis the data, from variance analysis tests with repeated measurements were used. For the effectiveness of color in the acquisition phase, the two-way variance analysis test was used to compare the groups at the significant level of P<0.05.

The effect of training sessions(P<0.001) and the interactive effect of color and anxiety (P<0.028) and test stages (P<0.001) are significant and the changes in the progress of the groups did not take place in the same way. In subjects with high anxiety, the cool color group had better progress than the warm color group, and in low anxiety subjects, the warm color group had better progress than the cool color group. Therefore, in learning futsal side kick skill in subjects with high and low trait anxiety, the color of the tool is known as an effective factor.

The use of a variety of training programs along with the color of the tool can improve the learning of futsal inside kick in teenagers with high and low trait anxiety.

Achieving a high level of motor learning requires finding an optimal combination of variables and methods. This research aimed to investigate the interactive effect of the focus of attention (internal and external) and learning approach (explicit and implicit) on the retention and transfer of basketball free throw skills.

Forty-eight volunteer male students were randomly assigned to four Explicit Learning - Internal Attention, Explicit Learning - External Attention, Implicit Learning - Internal Attention, and Implicit Learning - External Attention groups. In the acquisition phase, the groups practiced basketball free throws in 6 blocks of 10 trials. 24 hours after the end of the acquisition phase, a retention test and two transfer tests were performed in a block of 10 trials for each test. The first transfer test was performed 10 minutes after the retention test under pressure conditions, and the second transfer test was performed ten minutes after the first transfer test from a 4-meter distance and a 45-degree angle.

The results showed that in explicit learning conditions, the external focus of attention and in implicit learning conditions, the internal focus of attention led to better learning in basketball free throw.

According to the findings of the present study, the cognitive overload of the explicit learning approach was moderated by providing the external focus of attention instructions. However, in the implicit learning approach, due to the use of analogy learning, little cognitive load is exerted on the learners’ working memory and it is possible to direct their attention to the skill itself or parts of the body that are involved in the execution of skill to achieve the benefits of the internal focus of attention.

Mental fatigue is a psychological state caused by prolonged periods of cognitive activity and decreases physical performance, but its impact on motor learning has been less studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-controlled feedback on learning to produce low, medium and maximum forces in mental fatigue condition. Participants consisted of 28 eligible volunteers who were randomly divided into two groups of self-controlled feedback and yoked. Electrical dynamometer, Stroop test, multidimensional fatigue inventory and the VAS scale were used in this study. Both groups firstly performed the Stroop test for one hour under mental fatigue protocol and they entered the acquisition phase of force production task after making sure that mental fatigue was created. Immediate and delayed retention tests were performed 10 minutes and 48 hours after the end of the acquisition phase respectively. Findings showed that in mental fatigue condition, there was no significant difference between self-controlled feedback and yoked groups in acquisition and retention of different forces. Also, the error produced in learning the medium force was less than those in learning the low and maximum forces in the mental fatigue condition, that is to say the learning of the medium force was significantly better than the low force. The results showed that mental fatigue reduces the effectiveness of self-controlled feedback and destroys learning to produce low and maximum forces more than medium force.

This study aimed to design, construct, and psychometry the Phobia two-factor questionnaire of swimming. The present study was correlational and the statistical population included people aged nine and over of both sexes. The initial questionnaire was prepared with 35 questions and four questions were omitted based on content validity criteria and question analysis. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 31-item questionnaire has good and acceptable fitness indicators. The Cronbach's alpha value of the whole questionnaire was calculated to be 0.92. Therefore, swimming coaches and experts can use this native questionnaire as a suitable tool to measure people's Phobia of swimming.

By spreading of Quaid-19 virus in Iran, most sports clubs were closed and league and championship matches were cancelled. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological experiences of Iranian elite athletes in quarantine due to the prevalence of coronavirus. Methodologically, this research is in the range of qualitative studies and a kind of phenomenological research. The population of the present study included Iranian elite male and female athletes (participation in premier leagues and membership in national teams) in various sports who had experience of living in home quarantine in the last 60 days. Participants in the study were selected in a purposeful sampling way and the sampling continued until to reach saturation. In general, 20 elite athletes were interviewed. A seven-step Colaizzi method was used to analyze qualitative data. Based on the analysis of the findings of the present study, nine main themes were achieved including problem-oriented coping strategies, task-oriented goal orientation, cognitive flexibility, compromised strategy of emotion cognitive regulation, negative self-assessment, negative mood, lack of enough motivation, cognitive anxiety, and feeling of homesickness. The results of the present study showed that home quarantine had different positive and negative psychological effects on Iranian elite athletes due to the prevalence of Quaid-19 disease

 One of the most important factors affecting the optimal implementation of motor skills and reaching the peak of performance in sports and competitive environments is the use of psychological skills.

 The aim of the present study was to compare the psychological skills of Iranian elite swimmers based on competitive experience, gender, age and swimming distance.

For this purpose, 93 elite swimmers were selected as available subjects. The Amst 3 questionnaire was used to measure the psychological skills of swimmers and then the findings were analyzed using SPSS software.

The results of independent t-test and U-Man Whitney showed that there was no significant statistical difference between the psychological skills of Iranian elite swimmers based on competitive experience, age, gender and distance of swimming.

It seems that Iranian elite swimmers have learned psychological skills through natural learning, and this has made the level of psychological skills of Iranian elite swimmers about the same. Therefore, the need to use psychological interventions is important for elite Iranian swimmers.

In recent years sports psychologists, coaches and athletes have paid a greater focus of attention to mental wellbeing and psychological skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate which psychological skills are important to two levels of skills among Darts players, namely; elite and beginner.

The sample consisted of 24 elite and 24 beginner Darts throwers. In order to gain insight into Darts throwing, beginner Darts players attended a national-championship-simulated competition. Both elite and beginner players also completed the Ottawa Mental Skill Questionnaire.

Independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference just in basic psychiatric skills between the beginner and elite Darts throwers (p<0.05). Nevertheless, there is no statistically significant difference in Ottawachr('39')s mental skills, psychosomatic skills and cognitive skills between beginner and elite Darts throwers (p>0.05).  

Results revealed differences between elite and beginner Darts players in foundation mental skills and commitment and mental practice subscales. Furthermore, results showed that for the commitment skill, elite and beginner Darts throwers were at the highest and lowest level respectively.

Retention is one of the important indicators for inference of learning motor skill. There are some disagreements on the retention evaluation concept among experts and researchers of the Motor learning area. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the qualitative content of retention measurement concept in motion skills in Persian scientific research articles between years of 1388 to1398. The present study was developmental research and quality content analysis method. One hundred Fourty three articles of Farsi scientific research journals were studied, which mention the concept of retention. Analyzing data was performed with Nvivo10 software. Results revealed that there are forty-seven side topic and six main topic including measurement method of retention concept, Number and duration of retention test, he number and duration of the acquisition phase, the number of warm-up decrement attempts, tasks type and no-practice interval length about the retention measurement concept. Also, the results are indicating that there has been no agreement among experts about the measurement method of retention concept and its related issues. Not only this topic could lead to researcher’s confusion on how to measure the retention concept in Motor learning area, but it also limits the possibility of comparing different research results with each other and makes it hard for decision making on solutions and optimal practice methods. Therefore, it is necessary to make specific decisions in this regard by holding symposiums with the participation of experts in the field of motor behavior.

Nowadays, one of the exercising methods which lead to improvement in performance and progress on motor skills is eye exercising. Hence, the present research aimed to analyze the effect of eye exercises with and without active movements on motor skills in children with amblyopia.

the current paper is a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest pattern. A group of 40 children aged 5-8 years with amblyopia were randomly assigned into three groups: eye exercises without active movements, eye exercises with active movements (ocular, ocular and manual, and displacement), and control. The groups were trained in 12 sessions of 30 minutes and the subjects of control group were engaged in their daily activities. The subjects participated in Lincoln Oseretsky's test before and after exercises.

One-way ANOVA and post-test post-hoc Tukey test showed that there was a significant  statistical difference between the experimental groups and the control group in the motor skills of children with amblyopia (P<0.05), yet there was no significant statistical difference between experimental groups (P>0.05).

In general, the results of this study showed that eye exercises with and without active movements can improve motor skills in children with amblyopia.

Mental fatigue is a psychological state created by long periods of cognitive activity. The effect of mental fatigue on learning of motor skills has been less studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mental fatigue on the effectiveness of feedback to successful trials in learning of force production task. For this purpose, 44 non-athlete male students (18-25 years) were divided into four groups based on mental fatigue and type of feedback. Stroop test was used to create mental fatigue. MFI and VAS questionnaires were used to ensure that mental fatigue was created. At the acquisition phase, all participants in 12 block of six trials to produce criterion power. Immediate retention tests and transfer test 1, 10 minutes later and transfer test 2 was performed 24 hours after acquisition phase without feedback. To analyze the data, mixed ANOVA with repeated measures for the acquisition phase, and two-way analysis of variance were used in retention and transfer tests. The findings of this study showed that in the acquisition phase, the effect of blocks was significant and all groups have significantly improved during the acquisition phase. The results of retention and transference tests showed that the main effect of mental fatigue was significant, but the main effect of feedback and interaction of mental fatigue with feedback were not significant (except in the retention test). These findings suggested that mental fatigue may lead to the loss of benefits of feedback to successful trials and decrease of motor learning.

Several factors are important in the formation of procedural memory, such as the amount of training and consolidation process (enhancement and stabilization). So that, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three training sessions in comparison to one training session before night sleep on enhancement of accuracy and response timing components of Timed Motor Sequences Task (TMST) and stabilization of these components in next day.

this is a semi-experimental research in which pre test - post test design for two training situations was used. then, 32 right-handed students with adequate sleep quality were selected, and they were divided into three equal groups according to Purdue hand and fingers' fine motor skills test and simple reaction rime test. Under two different training conditions, subjects practiced TMST in the first day and attended retest test in the second day.

Results showed that no difference was seen between three training sessions comparing to one training session before night sleep in enhancement of accuracy and response timing components and their stabilization in the next day.

Increasing the number of training sessions before night sleep is not a proper approach for the effectiveness of night sleep in fine motor skills. So, it is recommended for trainers and teachers, to avoid wasting time, cost and fatigue of too many practices, consider a session of practice before night sleep.Keywords: Accuracy, Consolidation, Fine Skill, Night Sleep, Timing

 The measure of motion playing a role in the growth of visual perception components and particularly visual perception depending on the motion components has not been known. The aim of this present study was to investigate the effect of visual and visual-motor training programs related to the motion of the components of visual perception in children with lazy eye.  For this purpose, 30 amblyopic children who were identified through the Department of Social Welfare were selected as sample. Thereafter, based on the pre-test scores in the component of the visual perception dependent on motion, the participants were divided into three equal groups and randomly assigned to three experimental groups, first (orthotics), second (visual-motor exercises), and third (control). Triables in the experimental groups perform exercise for three weeks, four days a week, 30 minutes per session. Afterwards, triables of each three groups under the same conditions participated in the post-test.  The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD post hoc test showed that a significant statistical difference between the experimental and control groups exists in components of depth perception,  dynamic visual acuity and chase of vision. But, there was no difference between experimental groups.  In general, according to results of the present study, it can be concluded that the pre-designed visual exercises (active, passive) improved components of depth perception, dynamic visual acuity and chase of vision.

anthropometric characteristics and superiority of eye-hand are the most important factors in the implementation of motor skills; the goal of this research was to investigate the role of anthropometric characteristics and superiority of eye-hand precision learning of throwing darts.
The study method used is Quasi-experimental. So among the students of physical education Of Hakim Sabzevar University, 30 right-handed male students aged 25-19 years were selected. Subjects were divided based on perforated cards and Chapman questionnaire to align the two groups (17 subjects) and contralateral (13 subjects) eye-hand. The anthropometric characteristics including height, standing, sitting height, arm length, arm length, length of forearm and hand were measured in both groups. The subjects of basic education in four days, 540 trials did the throwing darts. At the end of the fourth session acquisition test was taken after five days in the retention test short-term and long-term retention test was conducted after 20 days. To analyze the data, the Spearman correlation coefficient test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and t-test with a significance level of α=0/05 in SPSS version 21 was used.Results showed that there are significant correlations between standing height (p=0/025) and Forearm and hand (p=0/004) with performance accuracy. But there are not significant correlations between sitting height, Upper Extremity, arm length and dominant eye with dart-throwing accuracy.Thus, according to the findings of the study it can be concluded that, the height and length of the forearm and hand stand accurately throw darts; superiority of eye-hand running accuracy is not effective in darts throwing, too.

Swimming is a sport that requires a considerable strength, endurance, mobility and stability of the upper body. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of dry-land and in-water core stability training programs on swimmers’ upper body balance and performance.
The available statistical sample of this study included 28 swimmers from city of Sabzevar who were divided randomly into three groups of dry-land (10 swimmers), in-water (10swimmers) and control (8 swimmers). Data analysis was done by split-plot ANOVA to compare intra- and inter-group variables and Bonferroni post-hoc test was also utilized to compare group means within two groups.
The results showed that four-week core stability exercises on dry-land led to 50m swimming time improvements as well as upper body balance of dominant and non-dominant limbs. There was no significant improvement in 50m for dry-land group and no significant improvement in stroke rate for both experimental groups.
Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that coaches and swimmers utilize exercises used in this study in order to improve upper body balance as well as swimming performance in their training program.

The aim of the current study was, development of psychometric Questionnaire Multiple Intelligences from Gardner (2002) in handball. First, by studying the literature in the field of handball and interviews with experts in the field, questions were designed that the best questions are selected from the initial questionnaire (188 items) was constructed. Specialists the face and content validity, of the questionnaire was sent to 10 motor behavior’s Specialists and handball’s experts that face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed (CVR= 0/99, CVI=0/89). Factor analysis based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of questionnaire and Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to assess internal consistency of questionnaire. Results showed four component model includes Bodily/ kinesthetic, visual/ spatial, mathematical / logical and emotional intelligence with 37 questions had acceptable fit index (RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.91), internal consistency were reported and verified also with using Cronbach’s

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different distances of external focus attention and regulation of cognitive emotion on the performance of Tiz and Chamani whirlings in non-elite zoorkhaneh athletes. Based on the type of whirling (Tiz and Chamani) and types of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (adaptive and non-adaptive) the zoorkhaneh athletes were divided into four groups. The subjects in each group, according to counter balance method of homogeneity, performed zoorkhaneh whirling in three conditions of control, close and far external focus attention. Each subject in each condition of attention focus performed 2 trials with one day rest interval. Results of the study showed that zoorkhaneh athletes of Tiz and Chamani whirling groups had the best performance in far external attention focus and adoption of adaptive and non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies had no effect on their performance

Regarding the role of sleep on improving the performance of motor skills, researchers are looking for effective strategies for more effectiveness of night sleep. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical fitness (specific warm-up and neuromuscular facilitation) on consolidation (based on promotion) of students’ explicit motor memory.
Considering the objective, this study is a practical study. Thirty-two eligible male students were selected randomly as the statistical sample in 2016. Based on the pre-test scores, the participants were assigned into three groups of control, specific­ warm-up, and PNF. In the first day, after performing their own group-specific practices and 54 trials of dart throwing, the participants attended the acquisition test (9 trials). Afterwards, in the morning of the second day after the night sleep, test retest (9 trials) was taken. The limb coordination was assessed using NORMSE. The data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and dependent t-test at a level of α=0/05.
The results showed that limb coordination component was significant only in specific warm-up group, before and after night sleep. Furthermore, the results revealed that after night sleep, there is statistically significant difference between control and specific warm-up groups in limb coordination component.
The results of present research showed that the specific­ warm-up exercises before performing dart throw are effective on consolidation (based on promotion) of limb coordination component.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of analogy, explicit, and combination learning on acquisition, retention, and transfer of basketball free throw skill. For this purpose, 48 students, 15–17 years of age, were selected based on corrected flexed-arm hang test scores and were randomly divided into four equal groups of 12 people: explicit, analogy, analogy-explicit, and explicit-analogy learning. After two familiarization sessions and the pre-test, the participants practiced basketball free throw for 4 days. The explicit learning group was given a sheet of eight instructions and the analogy learning group was given "stick" analogy instruction. The other groups, i.e. analogy-explicit and explicit-analogy learning groups, practiced the skill in a combination mode. After acquisition stage, an acquisition test was administered, and a week later retention, transfer and verbal tests were performed. To analyze throw accuracy in acquisition phase, a mixed analysis of variance (4*4) (group*day) was used. Post training data were also analyzed using mixed analysis of variance (4*4) (group*test), with P≤0.05 considered significant. The results showed that there were significant differences at different stages of learning between analogy and explicit groups and combined groups and analogy-explicit groups, explicit-analogy groups (P≤0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of "wood stick" analogy and analogy-explicit training method leads to better learning of basketball free throw.

The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity and internal consistency of Persian version of Coach- Athlete Relationship questionnaire among university athletes. To this end, one hundred ninety male athletes participating in different individual and team sport in 12th national sport Olympiad of university students held in Shahid Beheshty University completed the questionnaires voluntarily. To perform this research, firstly, with the use of translation-back translation methods, face validity and translation accuracy of Persian version of Coach- Athlete Relationship questionnaire were confirmed. Then, the Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations model and Cronbach Alpha coefficient were used to determine the construct validity and internal consistency of questionnaire. Results show that in first order confirmatory factor analysis of Persian version of questionnaire, fit indexes do not support the appropriateness of 3 factors -11 items model of original version, whereas by omitting 6th item, first and second order confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach Alpha coefficients supported the 3 factor-10 items- structure of Coach/Athlete Relationship Questionnaire in community of university sports and confirm its validity and reliability. Therefore, it is proposed that for evaluating coach and athlete relationship in academia, modified Persian version of coach- athlete relationship be used.

Preparation of neuromuscular system prior to performing motor skills affects the learning of motor skills. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) on limb coordination and accuracy in dart throwing skill.
Thirty two male students were randomly selected as study sample. Based on the pretest scores, the participants were divided into three groups: experimental (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation), first control (without warm-up), and second control (specific warm-up). During the acquisition phase, the participants first performed the preparation training related to their own group, then all groups performed the exercise program of dart throwing consisting of 6 blocks of 9 trials in 4 training sessions. Finally, 20 days following the last exercise session, the subjects took the retention and transfer tests.
The results of one-way ANOVA test for coordination variable in acquisition test showed no significant difference between the groups, while there was a statistically significant difference between groups regarding coordination variable in retention and transfer tests. Furthermore, the results of one-way ANOVA for the accuracy variable in acquisition and retention tests showed no statistically significant difference between the three groups, while there was a statistically significant difference between groups for accuracy variable in transfer test.
It seems that proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, as a preparation method before performance, can enhance the efficacy of training to better learn the coordination pattern of fine motor skills.

The purpose of this research was to design and construct a questionnaire for evaluating lifeguards’ vigilance in surveillance. Present research samples were degree 1 and 2 lifeguards from different provinces of Iran in 1391 and 1392 that their management agreed to cooperate with researchers. In process of designing and construction of questionnaire, identification of psychological factors affecting vigilance, simplification of these factors and drawing proposed conceptual model, face and content validity of factors, construction of questions bank and initial questionnaire, face and content validity of initial questionnaire, a pilot test, and item analysis were done and ultimately, a 142- items questionnaire was obtained. In process of determining validity and reliability of questionnaire, at first, the 142- items questionnaire were given to 310 lifeguards. Then, for analyzing construct validity of questionnaire, the Principle Component Analysis methods with Direct Oblimin Rotation technique and Minimum Partial Average method for determining the number of extracted component, were used. To determine Questionnaire reliability, time reliability test with 10 days interval (intra class correlation) and internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha) were used on another 40 lifeguards. Result demonstrate that the final 102- items questionnaire with 15 major component that determine 54/91 percent of total variance among all questions and also with internal consistency of 0/92 and significant test retest reliability of 0/74, is a valid, reliable, localized, and specialized questionnaire for evaluating vigilance in lifeguard's surveillance.

The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity and reliability of Persian version of the Athletes Coping Strategies Questionnaire in Competitive Sport. A number of 258 athletes (108 male and 158 female) were selected and completed the questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and discriminate validity and Cronbach Alpha Coefficient were used to determine the construct validity and internal consistency. The results showed that the first model of coping strategies questionnaire in competitive sport (39 questions) was not favorable fit indexes. After eliminating the four questions of the social withdrawal factor، the second model with 35 questions had acceptable fit index and internal consistency. MANOVA test results also showed significant differences in using the coping strategies of thought control، mental imagery، logical analysis، and disengagement /resignation between elite and sub-skilled groups and between skilled and sub-skilled groups and inventing of unpleasant emotions between elite and sub-skilled groups. These findings suggest that the modified Persian version of Athletes Coping Strategies Questionnaire in Competitive Sport has appropriate psychometric properties.