mohsen akhgary

Ocular dryness is a well-recognized adverse side effect of many medications. The purpose of this study was to compare tear film stability between psychiatric patients that use lithium carbonate or carbamazepine and normal cases. Tear film break up time test was performed in three groups, 30 patients using lithium carbonate, 30 patients using carbamazepine and 30 normal cases. Values of the TBUTs were compared among groups by the independent t-test. Differences between both of patients and control groups were significant (p<0.0001). The results show that these drugs contribute to decrease of tear film break up time.

Much of the vision loss from age-related eye disease can be prevented. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of preventable causes of low vision. In this study, files of 204 patients were evaluated. Low vision was defined as best-corrected visual acuity in the better eye between 20/70 to 20/200. Diagnosis of anterior and posterior segment disease was based on the eye examination that performed with Topcon slit-lamp biomicroscope and direct and indirect ophthalmoscope examination. The prevalence of preventable causes of low was respectively: diabetic retinopathy, in 33 patients (16.18%), glaucoma in 6 patients (2.94%), and amblyopia in 2 patients (1%). The majority of cases have treatable and/or preventable causes; reduction of low vision or blindness can be achieved by appropriate screening strategies.

Anisometropia is considered to be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of amblyopia and strabismus. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anisometropia in patients examined in optometry clinic of Faculty of Rehabilitation of Shahid Beheshti Medical University from March 2008 to March 2009 In this cross sectional study, 600 files of patients examined in the optometry clinic of Rehabilitation Faculty of Shahid Beheshti Medical University in year 2008 / 2009 were analyzed. Variables included age, sex, anisometropia, type and amount of refractive error and eye health of anterior and posterior segment. Anisometropia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) refraction difference 1.00D or more between two eyes. The prevalence of anisometropia was 12.5 %(75 of 600patients). Out of 75 anisometropic patients, 40 were male (53.3%) and 35 were female (46.6%). From 75 anisometropic patients, 13.3 % (10 of 75) were amblyopic, 1.3% (1 of 75) was esotropia and 1.3% (1 of 75) was exotropia. The highest frequency of anisometropia was in age groups of 10-20 and 50-60 old years. The frequency of antimetropic anisometropia, anisoastigmatism, isomyopic and isohypermetropic were 33.3%, 46.7%, 13.3% and 6.7%, respectively. The results of this research showed that anisometropia results in Amblyopia in the different age groups which were in accordance with previous studies.

Wearing spectacles is the most common procedure for correction of refractive error and because of its close relationship with eye; the standards of frame & lens of glasses play a very important role in preventing vision problems. The purpose of this study was to compare spherical & cylindrical power and prismatic effect of plastic ophthalmic lenses with Iranian national standards. In this Cross sectional-Comparative study 48 plastic ophthalmic single vision lenses were inspected & compared with relative national standards i.e.: ISIRI 8715-1:1385. The spherical power factor with instruments set as step 0.01, all the cases(-1.00,-3.00,-6.00) were in tolerance with limits of the standards (±0.12 D). The instrument was set for 0.01 step for cylindrical power, at -6.00 D 100% of lenses had no cylindrical power. At -3.00 & -1.00 D about 99% were in tolerance with the standards (±0.09 D).The effect of horizontal & vertical prism, at the power of -6.00 all lenses show prismatic effect but 99% were in tolerance with the standards (±0.85D). At the power of -3.00 & -1.00 D, prismatic effect of lenses were in tolerance with relative standards (±0.55, ±0.35), respectively. All single vision were collected from famous companies showed the quality of passing all factors of tests & gained Iranian national standards i.e.: ISIRI 8715-1:1385

The goal of this study is to investigate the severity of visual acuity loss and the causes of low vision as well as the association between the severity of visual acuity loss and the type of low vision aid prescribed In this retrospective cross- sectional study, 204 files of the patients referred to the Low Vision Center of the College of Rehabilitation, between 2007 to 2008, were analyzed. Data about their visual acuity, causes of low vision, and visual aid prescribed for them were collected. SPSS 17 was used to analyze the data. The prevalence of different levels of visual acuity loss was as follow: moderate (40.7%), severe (45.6%), and very severe (13.7%). Twenty five types of diseases were identified with the following prevalence: Diabetic Retinopathy 16.2%, Age related macular degeneration 14.2%, Stargart 12.3%, Retinitis Pigmentosa 10.8%, and Albinism 8.2%. Considering the high prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and ARMD, preventive measures should be taken to reduce these causes of Low vision. Microscope is the most prescribed vision aid for three groups of vision loss. The preference of the Iranian patients for using this vision aid could be due to its more casual appearance and ease of use.

Different diseases can be the cause of low vision. In the case of low vision, visual acuity with conventional optical devices such as glasses and contact lenses is between” 20/70 to 20/200”. To improve the visual performance in these patients, low vision aids are prescribed.The types of prescribed low vision aids vary in different diseases. The purpose of this study is to determine the type and frequency of optical aids prescribed for low vision patients examined in optometry clinic of Rehabilitation faculty of shahid Beheshti University in 1387. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 204 low vision patients went under investigation. In the present study variables including type and rate of refractive error, visual acuity with the best correction, type of diseases and type of prescribed optical low vision aids were investigated. The frequency of prescribed distance glasses in diabetic retinopathy was 97%, age related macular degeneration 86.2%, Stargarts 92%, retinitis pigmentosa 86.4% and albinism 88.2%, Also the frequency of prescribed microscope in diabetic retinopathy was 81.82%, age related macular degeneration 48.27%, Stargarts 40%, retinitis pigmentosa 35.3%, albinism 35.3% and the frequency of prescribed magnifier in diabetic retinopathy was18.18%, age related macular degeneration 24.12%, Stargarts 52%, retinitis pigmentosa18.18% and albinism 29.4%. In many low vision conditions, it is more suitable to prescribe distance glasses rather than telescope. In this study the distance glass with the frequency of 84.8% is seen more acceptable in comparison with the telescope with the frequency of 41.7%. Among near optical low vision aids, microscope with the frequency of 50.5% is more accepted by the patients compared to magnifier with the frequency of 26% and CCTV with the frequency of 0.50%.

Groundwater pollution due to leakage and penetration of leachate containing variety of compounds and contaminants is a problem in landfill sites that leads to diverse healthy and environmental problems. The purpose of this study was to assess groundwater chemical pollution in downstream regions of Sanandaj landfill. In this study, 5 wells near the landfill were selected. Water samples were obtained 6 times in spring and summer, and different parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, turbidity, COD, PO4, NO3, TDS, pH and EC were measured by standard methods and the results were compared with those of control wells and standards of drinking and agricultural water. Results of this investigation showed the chemical parameters in water of surveyed wells, compared with those in water of control wells and standards of drinking water, were higher and showed significant differences (p<0.05). But, most of these parameters in surveyed wells were lower than those of standards of agricultural water. The water of the wells of the study area due to the high values of most of the chemical parameters measured is not potable, but can not be used in agriculture. Therefore fundamental and continuous monitoring of groundwater resources in this area is necessary to prevent contamination of water and soil resources.

Entrance of phosphorous into the lakes leads to algae growth and eutrophication the aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of iron nano particles as a new suitable and applicable method for removal of phosphorous. In this study Lewatit FO36 resin was covered with Fe (III) nano-particles, and it was used as a new way to eliminate phosphate. Column experiments were carried out in 11 stages in fixed bed columns with constant flow rate of 9 ml/min and the empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 2.1 min. phosphate solutions with concentrations of 1 to 16 mg produced at neutral PH were used in 6 steps of experiment NaOH and NaCl solutions were used for regeneration of resin. Then the effect of competing anions, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate and their compounds on the efficiency of the resin was assessed. Finally the efficiency of the resin for removal of phosphate from water treatment plant sewage in Ghods suburb was studied. Data were analyzed by SPSS 13 soft ware. The capacities of adsorption of phosphate, with concentrations of 1 to 16 mg, by each gram of resin were 1.31, 1.35, 1.53, 1.64, 1.7 and 1.75. The capacity of regenerated resin for removal of phosphate with a concentration of 6 mg/l was 1.6 mg for each gram of resin which showed a 8.5% decrease. The result of this study showed increased adsorptive capacity of resin with increased concentration of phosphate. Chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate ions and the combined anions had no effect on phosphate removal.

Since no study on the prevalence of refractive errors had been performed in this optometry clinic, this study was designed to determine the prevalence rate of refractive errors among the patients examined in this clinic in 2008/2009. In this cross-sectional study, the files of the patients examined in optometry clinic in 2008/2009 were reviewed. Variables included age, sex, rate and type of refractive errors and health of anterior and posterior eye segments. The prevalence rates of myopia, hypermetriopa, astigmatism and emmetropia were 11.83%, 15/38%, 45%, 27/34% respectively. The respective prevalence rates of refractive errors in men and women were: 10/3% and 13/1% for myopia, 16.7%, 15.1% for hypermetropia, 45.6% and 44.5% for astigmatism, and 27.4% and 27.3% for emmetropia. The mean ages of the patients with myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism were 36.1±19.36, 41.27±22.06 and 32.16±20.98. Respectively Difference of the ratios of the patients with different ages suffering from refractive errors was significant (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference in the male to female ratio in the patients with refractive errors (P<0.741). This study showed that the prevalence rate of myopia increased up to the age of 20-30 years but that of hypermetropia decreased, and prevalence rates of myopia and hypermetropia in some age groups increased after the age of 40. In addition, the prevalence rates of refractive errors in different age groups were not similar and gender had no effect on the prevalence of refractive errors. These results are compatible with the results of other studies.

In new prospect of motor control, the effect of muscle force is considered important not only in producing movement but also in inducing stability and control of activity. The aim of present study was to evaluate the electrical activity of periarthicular shoulder muscles by surface EMG in order to identify the muscular activity during series of static and dynamic pattern of movements. This Quasi experimental study was performed on 30 healthy male and female volunteers with age of 20-30 years and mean age of 23.2±2.9. The subjects were enrolled into this study by simple non-probability sampling and were exposed to different movement patterns randomly. During the experiment the surface EMG of every muscle was recorded. The external load applied to shoulder was assessed at three levels in static as well as dynamic situations. According to the results of this study, increasing the external load on the scapulothoracic muscles caused a significant increase in the activity of the muscles except for upper trapezious muscle in descending phase of the movement (p<0.05). After increasing the external load on shoulder in ascending phase, most of the investigated muscles showed significant differences in their activities. (p<0.05). In static situation by application of external load only teres major muscle showed significant difference in its activity compared to the reference position (p=0.01). It can be concluded that application of external load during ascending phase of push up is more effective than its application during descending phase. It can be claimed that during ascending phase slight increase in external load as low as 2% of body weight, would induce more alterations in muscular activity compared to higher external load such as 4% of body weight, but in static situation no significant change could be detected.

β-thalassemia (β-thal) is one of the most prevalent hereditary diseases in Iran. There are more than two million carriers of β-thal in Iran. Detection of the beta globin gene mutations is necessary for a definitive diagnostic and management plan such as prenatal diagnosis of β-thalassemia. In our country, the PCR-Amplification Refractory Mutation System (PCR-ARMS) has been frequently used for detection of beta globin gene mutations. Here, we used the PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) assay for detection of mutations of beta globin gene. In the patients with confirmed mutations, we amplified 281base pairs containing exon of one of a beta globin gene by PCR. Based on SSCP technique 2.5 µl of the reaction products appeared in polyacryamide gel electrophoresis and the bands were visualized by silver staining. Seven mutations and one polymorphism were evaluated by PCR-SSCP assay. The results of this study demonstrated that the patterns of mobility of single strands were different from each other and those of control sample. Our study showed the PCR-SSCP technique can meet the need for direct genomic sequencing of DNA and could be applied in the developing countries where financial resources are limited but genetic hemoglobin disorders are highly prevalent.