mohsen hesamiarani

Use of radiological equipment in dentistry is vital for the diagnosis and treatment of oral and dental diseases. However, concerns about the leakage of radiation from these devices and its impact on public health are inevitable. The present study aimed to investigate the extent of radiation leakage in dental clinics in the city of Kashan, Iran, and its results can significantly contribute to the improvement of the safety of these environments.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 30 randomly selected dental clinics. Data collection was performed using the Smart Ion Mini_Instruments Ltd (UK) for measuring radiation leakage, along with observations and inquiries to obtain demographic and protective information. The collected data were entered into the SPSS 24  and analyzed using statistical tests.

Based on the findings, 6 out of the 30 sampled clinics had radiation leakage values higher than the permissible limit, while 24 clinics were within the safe range. Moreover, in assessing the relationship between variables and radiation leakage, no significant correlation was found between radiation leakage and the demographic information of radiologists, such as gender, specialty, and work experience. Among protective measures, the presence of lead shielding showed the highest significant correlation with radiation leakage.

The study showed that 20% of the sampled offices had a high radiation leakage rate and that protective measures, especially the use of lead shields, were very important in reducing the radiation leakage rate in dental offices. The results indicated that the offices that used lead shields had less radiation leakage than other offices. Lack of a significant relationship between the demographic information of radiographers and the amount of radiation leakage indicated that this phenomenon is more related to technical factors and radiation equipment rather than personal factors, such as gender or expertise. These results revealed the necessity of emphasizing education and retraining and the implementation of safety standards and guidelines related to the use of radiology equipment in dental environments, as well as the necessity of periodic visits to dental offices.

Workers of the steel industry are exposed to many hazardous risks of nonfatal injuries and diseases considering the structure of their working environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate and identify the risks associated with the furnace in one of the north of Isfahan (Iran) Steel Complexes.

The data were gathered through meeting sessions, observation, and documents surveys and were documented in failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) worksheets. In this way, the weight of each failure was considered of risk priority number. Data surveys were documented in FMEA worksheets.

The results showed that explosion hazards and gas leaks were among the most dangerous hazards with the highest number of risks, respectively. After identifying the control measures and applying them, the percentage of identified risks is 77% at the acceptable level, 22.2% at the acceptable level under the condition of control, and 0% at the unacceptable level. Hazards found in workplaces were greater in the steel industries and iron industries.

It can be concluded that education and training regarding related risk factors, providing personal protective equipment, and development of programs that can ensure safety in industries may lessen and prevent hazards associated with working place.

 Since the end of 2019, the emergence and spread of the Covid-19 pandemic has been raised as one of the challenges and problems of humanity in various dimensions, especially in the health sector. Due to the disease's high infectivity, controlling and breaking the chain of infection is especially important for vulnerable groups. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify and evaluate Covid-19 control strategies in schools in Kashan.

 The present study is descriptive-analytical, using strategic management tools called strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) and a quantitative strategic planning model (QSPM) of the situation of schools during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2021.

 The findings from the SWOT matrix show the existence of 10 opportunities, 11 weaknesses, ten threats, and 14 strengths in the studied schools. The score of 2.45 obtained from the total scores of the internal factor analysis matrix indicates that existing weaknesses prevail over the schools' strengths in the disease control management field. Also, the score of 2.515 obtained from the analysis matrix of external factors shows that this institution has more favorable opportunities to reduce external threats and internal weaknesses.

 Based on these findings, the final solution for implementing the methods of controlling the disease of COVID-19 in Kashan schools is a conservative strategy. Therefore, the implementation of the presented strategies, especially the implementation of related educational guidelines, is necessary to control Covid-19.

Leishmaniasis, a common parasitic disease between humans and animals, which is currently one of the major health problems in many parts of Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aran and Bidgol and the effects of climatic factors on that during 2016-2019.

This cross-sectional study was performed by referring to the health records of 964 cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Aran and Bidgol during 2016-2019 and epidemiological information was recorded. In addition, the climatic characteristics of the study area, including temperature, humidity, and precipitation were collected from the meteorological station of the study area. Then correlation analysis was performed between meteorological elements and the incidence of the disease. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.

60% of the patients were male. The age group of 0-10 years had the highest frequency (23.9%) among patients. Also, 47.7% of the patients had a history of traveling to endemic areas and the highest rate of leishmaniasis was related to urban residents. There was also a weak positive correlation between humidity and rainfall with leishmaniasis incidence (r = +0.55).  A weak negative correlation was also observed between temperature of the environment and leishmaniasis incidence (r = -0.42).

Due to the significant increase in cutaneous leishmaniasis in recent years in the area, as well as the appropriate ecological conditions of the area for sand fly activity, it is recommended to conduct the necessary training to observe health in hot seasons and field controls, such as baiting.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals have been the most important centers for the virus spread. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the management of infection control in central corona hospitals in Kashan using the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) matrix.

The existing documents studied the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the organization identified by environmental health experts. The internal and external factors were identified as internal factor evaluation (IFE) and external factor evaluation (EFE) matrices, respectively, then, prioritized and weighted. In the next step, the SWOT matrix was formed and the type of used strategy by the organization was determined, and solutions to improve the current situation were presented by experts. Finally, the attractiveness table was compiled and weighted using the QSPM method to prioritize the proposed strategies.

After identifying 25 strengths, 28 weaknesses, 15 opportunities, and 13 threats, weighting was performed, the final score for internal and external factors was 2.6475 and 2.3825, respectively. The final strategy for implementing COVID-19 disease control in the studied hospitals was the Conservative Strategy (WO). Based on this, six control strategies were presented. The priority and attractiveness of each strategy were evaluated using the QSPM matrix. Finally, the strategy of “structuring the system and providing and upgrading the equipment and infrastructure facilities” was implemented as a priority.

According to the results, the combination of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) and QSPM methods can play an efficient role in identifying and evaluating the factors affecting the management of the COVID-19 pandemic in hospitals and further developing and prioritizing control strategies for this infectious disease.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the health concerns in Iran. Numerous studies have examined the role of blood type in people with the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of leishmaniasis in different blood groups as a review in Iran.

For this review, two researchers evaluated the extracted articles in terms of relevance to the purpose of the study after searching four databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct. Literature reports on the prevalence of leishmaniasis in different blood groups in Iran until the end of March 2021. Relevant information included study time, study tool, number of subjects, mean age, and the relationship between blood type and infection which were recorded in Excel form.

After searching, screening, and qualitative evaluation of the studies, out of 135 identified articles, five papers met the required requirements. These five articles were published from 1999 to 2012, three studies examined the relationship between cutaneous leishmaniasis with different age groups. Also, three studies experimentally evaluated the relationship between cutaneous leishmaniasis with different human blood groups.

According to the results of the present review, cutaneous leishmaniasis is more common in some blood groups. Studies have shown that Rh-negative blood groups with B alleles are more affected by cutaneous leishmaniasis than others; however, more studies are required.

Dissolving of clientschr('39') problems is one of the most important tasks of health centers and satisfaction of clients is an important indicator of quality assessment and evaluation. Therefore, considering to the importance of peoplechr('39')s satisfaction and their role in achieving the objectives of health promotion programs, this study was conducted with aim of  Satisfaction assessment of health centers of the community in Aran & Badgol City

This descriptive study was carried on 682 clients to all 20 health services comprehensive centers, health centers, and health houses under the Aran&Bidgol Health Center. A tool of collecting information was a questionnaire that evaluated relevant information in three areas of support, personnel and process. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 21 that Wilcoxon test were applied.

The statistical population of this study was 682 people, 553 (81.1%) were female and 129 (18.9%) were male. Based on the results of the study, the majority of patients (61.6%) were fully satisfied and only 8.8% 3% were dissatisfied. The results showed that the highest satisfaction was related to the field of personnel and the least satisfaction was related to the process area, in which 63.3% of the respondents were satisfied with the personnel, while 57.2% were in the field of development and 48.1% in the area. The process was completely satisfied. Based on the results of satisfaction of clients in comprehensive health centers, there were more than 20 thousand people significantly higher than the urban centers above 20 thousand people (p=0.00). Also, the satisfaction rate was significantly higher in those with a history of referral to health centers. You were higher (p = 0/02).

According to the results of this study, it is suggested that using strategy and proper planning, the level of satisfaction of the clients and their goodness from the centers of comprehensive health services should be maintained and in order to improve them, more fundamental measures are taken.

Swimming pools are recreation and sport sites where the lack of safety and health can have severe adverse effect on public health. This study aimed to identify and assess health and safety risks using HAZID and ALARP techniques in the different parts of the swimming pools.

In this applied study, health risks were identified by field observations and environmental health questionnaire consisting swimming pool environmental health checklist, safety of equipment and so on. Then, the risks were categorized and corrective revisions were proposed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19.

After data analysis, 41 types of safety hazard and 35 types of health risk (potential and existing) were identified. A total of 7 work units and 6 jobs in swimming pools were classified, and 52 types of health risk and 69 types of safety risk were identified, assessed, and classified. After providing corrective measures, according to the ALARP principle, unacceptable risks were eliminated and 64 risk were classified as acceptable.

According to the results, most of the health risks were related to the swimming pools area. So that health training course for swimmers and increasing health culture have an important role in controlling health risks. Changing the attitude of swimming pools managers and personnel towards health, safety and environment (HSE) issues also have an important role in controlling health and safety risks.

The steel industry is known as the most important consumer of energy and fuel. In doing so, ensuring safety of energy sources of a country needs to expect the risks analysis in order to select a comprehensive approach. This study aimed to identify the energy consumption and control measures available in the Hot Rolling Kavir Steel Complex and to conduct risk assessment by Energy Tracking and Barrier Analysis method (ETBA).

In this study, initially a team of experts identified mobilized energies and risks of the system and control measures using ETBA sheet that result of a standard MILSTD-882B. Then, the initial risk assessment was carried out using ETBA method. Finally, the control strategies were proposed and the secondary risk level was calculated.

Using ETBA, in total 19 energy types and 74 risk types were successfully identified so that in the first stage, 19 risks were unacceptable, 50 risks were unfavorable and 5 risks were acceptable for which the corrective strategies were required Then, the corrective revisions were proposed to reduce the risk level and calculate RAC2.

Corrective controlling measures including safety, health and environmental training, continual monitoring and ongoing visit are effective using the safety equipment and personal protective equipment for reducing the unacceptable risks.

Introduction and The need to access and produce clean water is currently felt more than ever by the communities due to the pollution of drinking water sources and the consumers’ growing concern and awareness about the absence of healthy drinking water. As a result, in the recent years, the use of water purification systems has been widely increased in the urban and rural regions of Iran. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the causes of the tendency to use home desalination systems in the households of Bandar Lengeh, Hormozgan, Iran.
This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 households in the fall of 2014. The study population was selected through simple random sampling technique. The data were collected using a questionnaire enquiring the cause of using home desalination systems among the people living in Bandar Lengeh. Data analysis was performed in SPSS, version 24 using Chi-square test.
According to the results of the present study, none of the investigated households directly used the water distributed in the city for drinking. Only 12.9% of the households used this water for cooking. Therefore, the water distributed in the urban network was mostly used for irrigation as well as washing dishes and clothes. Furthermore, the most frequently reported reasons for the non-use of the water were discoloration of tea and slowing down the cooking of food.
As the findings of the present study indicated, it is not essential to use the domestic purification systems. Accordingly, the tendency to use these systems are mainly raised by incorrect beliefs about this issue. This highlights the necessity of implementing educational programs targeting toward the improvement of the households’ awareness regarding the health issues.

Background and Comprehensive evaluation of jobs in industries is a practical and effective method that could identify the jobs and industries with negative effects on the environment. This study identified environmental hazards of hot rolling process and assessing their risks.
An observational study was carried out in which identification of human activity and job´s risks in production hall of Kavir Steel Complex was done according to ISO 14001 approaches (pollutant emissions to air, discharges to water, energy consumption, energy released as heat, wastes, side products, etc) by Job Hazard Analysis method (JHA). Then the risks identified were prioritized and assessed using William Fine method.
We identified 205 environmental hazards (in 9 groups) associated with production personnel (n= 81), mechanics and maintenance personnel (n= 44), bed personnel (n= 9), personnel of cleaning services (n= 33), and water plant personnel (n= 38). The highest and lowest rate of risks were due to creation and distribution of wastes (n= 73) and corrosion and depreciation of equipment, (n= 1), respectively.
The production personnel were mainly responsible for environmental emissions. The leading causes were stress and anxiety about stoppage of production, payment reduction, and lack of awareness and workers and supervisors on environmental issues.

The effects of accidents vary from minor injuries to fatalities and from insignificant damage to very severe damage to the environment and property. In order to prevent accidents in the work place, the root causes of and events should be identified using a systematic method and the results should be published. The current study aims to investigate the given causes of an accident in order to implement preventive actions in accidents and similar organizations.
In this case study, after choosing the main event; to analyze the accidents, at first a set of questions in MORT were answered. By answering the questions, the final events, and the inappropriate management risks (color-coded red) followed by the leading causes of the accident were identified.
After analyzing the given accident, 22 inappropriate final events
(color-coded red) and 4 assumed risks were identified. Of the total 12 identified basic causes, about 75% were classified as the management policies and decision makings group, 17% as the individual factors, and 18 % as the environmental factors group.
The analysis using MORT method helped the organization with learning lessons from the accident especially at the management level. In order to prevent the similar and dissimilar accidents, the inappropriate informational network within the organization, inappropriate operational readiness, lack of proper implementation of work permit, the inappropriate and lack of updated technical information systems regarding equipments and working process, and the inappropriate barriers should be considered in a special way.

Requiring industries for implementing industrial waste management programs and planning for proper waste disposal is essential in order to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, industrial waste management program was done in Kavir Steel Complex, in Aran va Bidgol region to identify and classify industrial waste and also to present solutions for improving waste management. In this complex, production process is hot rolling steel and the product is rebar.
Material and The preset study was conducted in Kavir Steel Complex. Following survey of production process and sources of waste, the type and volume of produced waste were identified and measured during 3 months. Then, the classification of wastes was done according to the Bazel Convention and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and finally new industrial & health solid waste management program was presented.
Considering the volume, industrial waste of production process in Kavir Steel Complex was between 130 to 180 grams per each ton of rebar. Main industrial waste included oxide of steel billet, industrial sludge, used oil and lubricant which were classified according to the RCRA: 8 materials with T code, 1 with C code, 5 with I code and 3 materials with C code.
The results revealed that the most amount of industrial waste in Kavir Steel Complex is the waste of steel billet and industrial sludge, and more than 90% of Kavir steel industrial waste were reused and recycled inside or outside of this complex. It is recommended that used oil to be transport and maintain in the safe containers.

Primary schools are children's first social environments. Other people's attitudes towards environmental hazards play a key role in developing children's personality. This study aimed to identify and assess the environmental risks (such as emission of pollutants into the air, discharge of pollutants into water and soil, energy consumption, etc.) in Shohadaye Kork girl primary school in Kashan, Iran, and investigating the role of environmental education in the promotion of student's environmental knowledge.
In this quasi-experimental study, at first environmental hazards were identified by a checklist through field visits and observing student's activities, and then they were assessed through Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) method. After that, the Risk Assessment Code 1 (RAC1) was calculated. By Considering the hazards involved, environmental education was presented and then RAC2 was calculated. Environmental awareness of 172 students was investigated by a questionnaire. SPSS v.19 was used for statistical analysis.
26 environmental hazards were identified, including 22 acceptable and 4 unacceptable (critical) hazards; 21 could be directly resolved by proper education. The mean scores of student's environmental tests were respectively 5 and 18.21 before and after the education. After taking control of measures all hazards were placed within the acceptable range.
Schools environmental management plays so important role in preparing students for environmental education that the results of this study showed a significant relationship between education and promotion of student's environmental awareness.