فهرست مطالب mohsen mahmoudi

Current medications especially the pentavalent antimonial compounds have been used as the first line treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), but they have limitations due to serious side effects such as drug resistance, cardio and nephrotoxicity, and high costs. Hence, the demand to find more usable drugs is evident. Synthesis and devel-opment of natural, effective, biocompatible, and harmless compounds against Leishmania major is the principal priority of this study.

By electrospinning method, a new type of nanofiber were synthesized from royal jelly and propolis with dif-ferent ratios. Nanofibers were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Micros-copy (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Contact angle, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), Half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) and the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) for different concentrations of nanofibers were determined using quantitative calorimetric meth-ods. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and flow cytometry were performed as com-plementary tests.

The results showed that the proposed formulas provide a new achievement that, despite the significant killing activity on L. major, has negligible cytotoxicity on the host cells. Royal jelly nanofibers have significantly shown the best 72 hours results (IC50= 35 μg/ml and EC50=16.4 μg/ml) and the least cytotoxicity.

This study presents a great challenge to introduce a new low-cost treatment method for CL, accelerate wound healing, and reduce scarring with minimal side effects and biocompatible materials. Royal jelly and propolis nanofibers significantly inhibit the growth of L. major in-vitro.

With the increasing expansion of commercial spaces and Libraries should make the most of this event and adapt to it, and considering that one of the major and perhaps the most fundamental goals of libraries is the simple and easy access of people in the society to the required information resources, then large commercial markets and Megamalls are one of the most suitable places that enable all members of the community to access the items they need, as well as information sources, and make it possible for all members of the community to access this information in the easiest possible way without restrictions. have access to resources, And the purpose of the current research is to identify the necessity, possibility and obstacles to the development of public libraries in large and multi-purpose commercial centers of Tehran.

The Logan Hyperdome Library opened on March 11, 1998. It was the first library in a business center in Australia to offer library services. It is a stand alone building outside Logan's largest shopping centre. It provides access to meeting rooms, technology and an extensive library collection. In 2014, Logan Hyperdome Library launched T.L.C. (teaching, learning, creating) entered a new era. TLC Hall It has public internet, Wi-Fi, 3D printing, a quiet reading room, and collaboration spaces. (Logan Library website)The review goes under these subheadings.
The library of the Indoropoly business center has various facilities and services, as well as many activities and events. The library is wheelchair accessible and has a meeting room for rent, as well as access to a kitchen. It has a collection in Chinese and German. (Brisbane City Council) Highfields Library in the suburb of Highfields, Cruise Nest Lion Customer Service Center at Toowoomba District Council, It reported that it had been invited by mall owners to establish a library, and while the center has struggled a bit, other tenants have repeatedly requested that the library stay there, due to the number of people it has attracted. Highfields has consistently been the busiest branch of this small ship in the NSW

This research is mixed in terms of practical purpose and in terms of approach. In the qualitative approach of the research, the method of phenomenology and content analysis with the Claysey model was used, and in the quantitative approach of the research, the survey method was used. The community under study is 10 large and multi-purpose commercial centers of Tehran, which have been measured and selected with different criteria. A semi-structured interview tool and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to answer the sub-questions of the research.

The findings of the present research show that the number of libraries around the studied commercial centers is insufficient compared to the resident population. Despite the population living in the neighborhood around the commercial centers, the high number of daily visitors and people working in these commercial centers, none of the studied commercial centers are ready to allocate space to create a library. Only some commercial centers can contribute to some of the costs of establishing and operating public libraries.

The establishment of public libraries in Mall and Mega Mall (multi-purpose properties) of Tehran can partially compensate for the per capita lack of libraries in this city. Considering the population of the neighborhoods around the studied Mega mall and the lack of libraries in these neighborhoods on the one hand and the high number of visitors and employees of these centers on the other hand, it is necessary to establish a public library in these centers, also, the public libraries of shopping centers in terms of buildings and equipment, The target population, collection building, services and library management have their own characteristics, but the possibility of creating and establishing them faces obstacles.

In recent decades, effective herbal and natural compounds have been formulated with topical application, reduced side effects, and more economic benefits for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) treatment. Some of these include Propolis, Royal jelly, Ostrich oil, and Aloe Vera, which have widespread use in health products. The study aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of a prepared topical combination, including Propolis, Royal jelly, Ostrich oil, and Aloe Vera, on Leishmania major lesions under an in vivo model in BALB/c (concatenation of Bagg and Albino) mice. Fifty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups of ten. CL lesions were induced by inoculation of metacyclic promastigotes at the base of the BALB/c mice's tails. The resulting lesions were treated topically with prepared natural combinations of Propolis, Royal jelly, Ostrich oil, and Aloe Vera. The lesion sizes were determined as the mean ± standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Bonferroni correction method was used for statistical analysis, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Based on the data of this research, comparative ulcer size reductions were 63.4% (3.25 mm ± 0.24), 68.4% (3.55 mm ± 0.22), and 8.5% (0.44 mm ± 0.98) for the natural combination treatment 1, treatment 2, and Glucantime, respectively. Based on the results, the proposed natural combinations were significantly more effective at reducing ulcer size than Glucantime, the standard drug (p<0.05). Collectively, we conclude that a combination consisting of Propolis, Royal jelly, Aloe Vera, and ostrich oil is effective in treating CL in mice and may provide a new agent in the treatment of Leishmaniasis.

Various arthropods, including Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ctenocephalides felis felis have been sug-gested as secondary vectors of Leishmania spp. many years ago. This study was conducted to determine zoonotic cuta-neous leishmaniasis (ZCL) PCR positivity of reservoir hosts and their ectoparasites for Leishmania spp. in Segzi plain in Esfahan Province from October 2016 to October 2017.

Microscopic examination and nested PCR were used to detect and identify Leishmania spp. isolated from rodents' ears and ectoparasites, and then, the results were confirmed by two methods, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing.

Totally, 93 rodents (92 Rhombomys opimus and one Nesokia indica) and nine different species of ectoparasites (n=527) including fleas, mites, and ticks were collected during different seasons in the study area. Fourteen R. opimus were positive for Leishmania spp. by microscopic examination while one N. indica and 77 R. opimus were positive by nested PCR. The infection rate of rodents with Leishmania major and Leishmania turanica was 39.79% (n=37) and 15.05% (n=14), respectively. Mixed natural infections with L. major and L. turanica were seen in rodents. Moreover, 72.22% of fleas (39/54), 75.0% of mites (5/8), and 100% of tick nymph (1/1) were PCR positive for Leishmania parasites.

The highest rate of infection with L. major and L. turanica in R. opimus populations was observed in summer and spring, respectively. It is suggested that the role of L. turanica and the probable role of ectoparasites in the epidemiology of disease should be investigated. A Xenodiagnostic test is recommended for future study.

Today, the influence of media has spread in all aspects of life and it is difficult to imagine a world without media and news. In addition to useful and positive effects such as public monitoring, awareness and information and dealing with economic corruption, the media can also become a threat against the society in some cases. During soft and non-hard wars, the media plays the main role. In various ways, the media can shape the mental atmosphere of the target groups in the direction of the goals and demands of the enemies, and in this case, a media war is formed. Therefore, it is necessary to manage media threats and deal with such a war. Considering that such a war cannot be dealt with in a hard way, therefore, soft techniques should be used. Cultural criminology is one of the branches of critical criminology that deals with the importance of the media's role in society and suggests cultural solutions. Based on this, the present article examines the strategies for managing media threats and comes to the conclusion that increasing media literacy among managers, media clarification efforts and the production of measured content and media insight are among the strategies to deal with the media war. Domestic media should do all they can to represent the facts and expose against the western world.

Metaverse, as an emerging technology and the next generation of the internet which enjoys noticeable special and quite new features including its unlimited and simultaneous communication possibility in virtual reality, promises undeniable positive effects on the human lifestyle in the fields of medicine, economics, and education. It also brings with itself some negative outcomes including new types of crimes, impersonation and privacy breach risks. Therefore, management of lifestyle in such a new environment is necessary from technical and content point of view. In this regard, defining interactive protocols and standards and explaining the legal aspects of such a space and the contents produced therein as well as strengthening of governance in this areas seem to be among the most important challenges and tasks that the policymakers and legislators encounter. Considering such points, ensuring cyber security and privacy, identifying possible risks in the metaverse, strengthening governance with a balance of security and freedom in the metaverse, and informing and educating people through the media will be necessary for users in using the metaverse appropriately

Leishmaniasis is a global disease that poses a threat to human life and is associated with complications. Current medications have limitations due to serious side effects, costs and drug resistance. Nanotechnology has received increased attention in recent years, owing to its extensive range of applications in various fields including parasitology and its inherent therapeutic properties. This study was designed to assess the effects of chitosan and chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite interventions on Leishmania major. In this study, different concentrations of the nanocomposite were prepared (200, 100, 50 and 25 µg/mL), the parasite was cultured at 24, 48 and 72 h intervals and the viability of promastigotes and nanocomposite toxicity were evaluated by MTT assay. IC50 was determined by counting parasites. The inhibitory effect of the chitosan and nanocomposite were compared with standard drugs using different concentrations. The IC50 for nanocomposite after 72 hours were 50 and 10 µg/mL for promastigotes and amastigotes, respectively. In addition, 15% toxicity of nanocomposite on macrophage cells was found. The MTT assay showed 18.54 % promastigote viability after 72 h exposure to 200 µg/mL concentration of nanocomposite. Results showed significant differences between treatment groups as compared to control groups. The above nanocomposites showed low toxicity and anti-leishmanial effects on both promastigote and amastigote forms. This study revealed anti-leishmanial activities of nanocomposites but further study is needed for in vivo evaluation of nanocomposites application for cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Most policy-relevant work on climate change in the social sciences either analyzes costs and benefits of particular policy options against important but often narrow sets of objectives or attempts to explain past successes or failures. We argue that an “applied forward reasoning” approach is better suited for social scientists seeking to address climate change, which we characterize as a “super wicked” problem comprising four key features: time is running out; those who cause the problem also seek to provide a solution; the central authority needed to address it is weak or non-existent; and, partly as a result, policy responses discount the future irrationally. These four features combine to create a policy-making “tragedy” where traditional analytical techniques are ill equipped to identify solutions, even when it is well recognized that actions must take place soon to avoid catastrophic future impacts. To overcome this tragedy, greater attention must be given to the generation of path-dependent policy interventions that can “constrain our future collective selves.

Avesta is the oldest written text remained and extant from Iranian old languages. It comprises of a collection of thousands of words and expressions covering almost all fields of religion and the culture of ancient human beings. With regard to what is left of Avesta, the contents of the twenty-one Nasks (“books”) remained from the Sasanian period, and the documents existing in other books pertinent to the Middle era, it becomes evident that this old language must have been deemed significant from a scientific point of view in ancient times. The presence of words germane to the specific sciences of the past such as astronomy, medical sciences, law, economics and the like indicates that the Avestan had to enjoy the features and potentialities of a scientific language. This book, in addition to being a source narrating the principal beliefs of the ancient era, has common roots with ancient Indian and European cultures. The present study is aimed at getting a better understanding of the roots of some of the terms, relevant to the medical sciences mentioned in surviving texts of Avesta. First, the authors have chosen a few medical terms and some of the diseases referred to in Avesta. The lines and sections in which these terms and words are referred to in Avesta are presented with the line number and the name of the section they are taken from alongside with their translation. Moreover, the roots of the chosen words are examined from a derivational point in Avestan, Sanskrit, Latin, Indo-European and English, and their translations are given. Bearing in mind that no such research has been done so far in this fashion, it is hoped that the etymological analysis and dissection of these words can open a new horizon to the researchers who are interested in knowing more about the genuinely Iranian words of all the scientific areas such as Medical sciences and the sciences related to it, present in Avesta.

Background and Gynecomastia -benign proliferation of male breast glandular tissue- occurs due to increased ratio of estrogen to androgen activity. Çonsidering non-existence of studies of effects of Tamoxifen on gynecomastia in Ïran, and also fewness of such studies in other countries, this study was conducted to determine the effect of Tamoxifen in the treatment of gynecomastia. Ïn this quasi-experimental study, patients who had idiopathic gynecomastia, after obtaining consent, were treated with Tamoxifen (10-20 mg/day) for 6 months. Ât baseline and after starting treatment each month, criteria such as pain, tenderness and breast size were investigated and recorded. Çriteria of response to treatment were decreased breast size and tenderness. The data analysis was done by Wilcoxon, Friedman, McNemar and Repeated measurements tests. 30 patients entered the study, at baseline 24 patients had tenderness, but in the third and also the sixth month of treatment this number decreased to 2 patients (p<0.05). Ïn the third month, the mean decrease in breast size compared to baseline was 12.869 ± 9.79 mm (p<0.05) and in the sixth month 24.70 ± 19.71 mm (p<0.05). The size also had a significant decrease during treatment (p<0.05).Çonclusion: Based on the results of this study, Tamoxifen is an effective medication for gynecomastia and considering the amount of reduction in breast size and tenderness, this medication is suggested for treatment of gynecoastia.

Postmodernists in the arena of International Relations maintain that it is possible to ventureinto the field and view its subjects and principles in different ways. From their point of view,the basic concepts of classical IR theories have collapsed and loosen their certainty and universality.In this new approach, what has previously been in the foreground can be marginalizedand the issues which have been downgraded marginal can be brought to the mainstreamof international studies. The main target of postmodernists like Der Derian, Ashley, Diutakand others is to problematize and eliminate those assumptions of IR theory. Which claim todemonstrate the reality at international level and recognize it through positivist methods. Thisarticle is divided into four sections: the first deals with the relationship between power andknowledge in the context of IR; the second discusses a summary of textual strategies appliedin postmodern approaches to international relations; the third section shows how postmodernismin related to the state, and the forth section briefly explains the ethical orientation ofpostmodernism.