فهرست مطالب mohsen rajabi

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds  naturally found in plants. Many flavonoids are the basis of herbal medicines and have effective pharmacological effects. Rutin is one of the flavonoids  used as a reagent in the study of flavonoids and is also considered an antioxidant. This study was conducted to isolate and identify rutin-producing endophytic fungi from C. spinosa.

Sampling was performed in 10 regions of Iran and was taken from different tissues (including leaves, stems, roots, and fruits). After surface disinfection, explants were placed on a PDA medium and the fungal isolates were purified. Molecular identification of isolates was performed by sequencing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. Morphological identification of fungi was performed by microscopic slide preparation and fungus identification keys. Methanolic extract of fungi was prepared by the maceration method and the presence of rutin was investigated using the HPLC technique.

A total of 24 fungi were identified. HPLC analysis showed that the peak of standard flavonoids including rutin, quercetin, and apigenin appeared at 3.82, 7.60, and 12.40 min, respectively. Results showed that only two isolates were able to produce rutin. A comparison of the mean production of rutin showed a significant difference between the two fungi. Alternaria alternata M28 (22.94 ppm) had the highest amount of rutin production. Results also showed that rutin production in the mycelial tissue was more than in the extracellular medium, so A. alternata M28 and Paecilomyces maximus M7 had rutin content of about 67.5 and 5.56 times, respectively.

Fungal rutin in methanolic extracts was characterized by HPLC. This is the first report showing that endophytic fungi have a potential for rutin production from C. spinosa and more research on these isolates can increase the amount of rutin production in them and lead to the possible commercialization.

Porcupine (Hystrix indica) is the largest rodent found in Iran and causes a lot of damage to protected areas and forest plantations every year.

investigation of the environment and damage to trees in Sefidkouh forest of Doureh Chegini city of Lorestan province was performed using transect method and marking damaged trees between 2011-2015, which finally, damage to damaged trees with different criteria and characteristics were determined. Also, three conventional methods of fencing, hedging and crimping were used to control the porcupine damage.

The study of porcupine damage to trees showed that it had an increasing trend during the years under study and among the existing tree species (Persian oak, fig and almond) only oak trees were damaged. The highest damage of porcupine was observed in spring on trees with a diameter class of 25-50 cm. Also, the most damage to tree trunks was observed at a height class of 40-60 cm, and the thickness of the bark of tree trunks fed by porcupine was between the two classes of <1 cm and 1-1.5 cm. Among the direct and indirect damages caused by porcupine, peeling the tree has caused the most damage to the stems.The results of Spearman correlation between the variables of degree of damage with tree form, diameter class, bark thickness, time of damage showed a positive and significant relationship between the degree of damage caused by porcupine to Quercus brantii trees with diameter class, time of damage and there was negative and significant relationship between the degree of damage with the thickness of the bark and the form of the tree. The results of mechanical control of the porcupine had significant difference in the three methods of hedge fencing and crimping, so that the fencing method was effective in controlling this rodent.

Porcupine causes damage to oak trees, especially in the protected areas of Zagros forests due to the conservation and protection conditions of these forests and mechanical control methods are effective in controlling the damage of this rodent.

Limited water resources in the country and the need for healthy protein have increased the attention to the multi- purpose use of water resources as well as fish production to meet the needs of the human and the economic power of farmers. In addition, the waste products of fish metabolism are very useful fertilizer for agricultural products. To investigate the effects of irrigation with dual-purpose ponds with the use of fertilizer on quantitative parameters of watermelon cultivar Niagara, an experiment was carried out with 4 treatments with 10 replications Treatments were included : T1 - Irrigation with dual-purpose agricultural pond and nano-fertilizer T2 - Irrigation with dual-purpose agricultural ponds T3 - Irrigation with dual-purpose agricultural pool and cattle manure with Tipper T4 - Dual- purpose agricultural ponds and poultry fertilizer. results showed that the effect of treatments on fruit weight, fruit size, number of fruits per plant and watermelon yield was significant. There was no difference between fruit number and fruit weight between T3 and T4 treatments, however, T4 treatment had about 20% more fruit yield than T3, which was not significant. In T3 treatment, the skin thickness of the fruit was more than T4 treatment, but they did not show any difference in flesh fruit density. The control treatment (T2) with the lowest number of fruits and fruit size had a lower yield than all other treatments. The higher yield of T1 treatment compared to T4 and T3 was due to higher fruit weight in T1 treatment than the other two treatments and the number of fruits per plant was the similar. The results of this study suggest irrigation of watermelon farms with water output from fish ponds along with the principled use of livestock and chemical fertilizers based on case studies.

Endophytes are microorganisms that spend at least one stage of their life cycle into plants without causing any symptoms. This study was conducted to identify and survey diversify of endophytic fungi in Capparis spinosa. Sampling was performed from 10 areas. Four healthy plants were selected from each region based on a systematic random sampling design and Samples were taken from different plant tissues (including leaves, stems, roots and fruits). After surface disinfection, the samples were placed on medium and the obtained fungal isolates were purified. Isolates were identified by sequencing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. Totally, 72 isolates were obtained, which include 6 orders and 10 genera. Among isolates, 95.83% belonged to Ascomycota and they were divided into six orders, namely; Eurotiales, Sordariales, Pleosporales, Diaporthales, Hypocreales and Mucorales. In this study, Alternaria sp. and Aspergillus tubingensis had the highest abundance and about half of the endophytic fungi (49.25) were isolated from the two mountainous regions of Khodafarin (East Azerbaijan) and Ab-Bar (Zanjan) which it seems to be the presence of endophytic fungi in plants in colder and mountainous areas is more than others. Also, the total percentage of colonization was 11.25% and the highest percentage of colonization was seen in root tissue (50.00%) and the lowest in fruit tissue (4.17%), which can increase the probability of the effect of coexistence of soil fungi in the vicinity of the root. Among the isolated species, Chaetomium globosum, Diaporthe foeniculina, Mucor circinelloides and Stemphyliu vesicarium are reported for the first time from Iran for Caper, and fungal species identified for the first time in the world are reported as Caper endophytic fungi.

Criminalization is one of the tools and mechanisms of criminal policy in any country in dealing with crime and social deviations. In the case of crimes that have many instances in society, such as the crime of forgery, if criminalization is not done based on appropriate, reasonable, logical and sound policies, not only will it not have the desired consequences, but it will cause many social problems.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Iran's legislative crime policy does not have a uniform process and suffers from a kind of disorder, deviation and lack of coherence, which is the biggest and at the same time the most important criticism that can be made about this issue in Iran.

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Overall, the evaluation of the existing legislative policy in this area shows that there is no coherent discipline in the criminalization of forgery and the goals and values of the legislature are not clear. In addition, there are ambiguities in the legislative criminal policy approach to forgery.

 Fatty liver causes progression in liver damage and accelerates liver fibrosis. Fatty liver may enhance AST and ALT enzymes in blood. Infiltration of lipid in liver is associated with an increasing in its echogenicity, depending on the severity of the lipid infiltration. 

 This study is a randomized non-blind clinical trial in order to investigate the effect of Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) herbal tea.  The leaves of the plant were consumed twice a day (one tablespoon in a glass of boiling water for 20 minutes on indirect heat) for 45 days. Using Pokak analytical sampling formula, 70 patients (47 females and 23 males) aged 25 to 63 years were finally tested and the effect of this plant on parenchymal echogenic levels of liver, AST, and ALT of their liver was investigated. Liver enzymes and abdominal ultrasound were performed at the beginning and after treatment and studied people were grouped according to the ultrasound criteria for fatty liver disease after obtaining informed consent. The means were compared using paired t-test and data were analyzed by SPSS  v.18 software.

 Results showed that studied people, for fatty liver disease were grouped as follows: mild (23 patients, %32.86) as grade 1, moderate (38 patients, %54.28) as grade 2, and severe (9 patients, %12.86) as grade 3. At the end of this study, fatty liver grade was decreased in 51 patients (P≤0.05). However, 19 women didn’t show expected change in the grade of fatty liver. The Mean±SD of the enzymes measured in all patients before and after treatment were 5.49±26.76 and 36.96±13.01 for ALT, and 3641.20±14.46 and 31.76±12.26 for AST. Statistical analysis of the results by t-test showed significant decreasing for ALT and AST levels (P≤0.01). 

 The results of this study showed that it seems this plant can be used to improve the laboratory symptoms of fatty liver.

Mental health can be very helpful in improving the health of the elderly and achieving successful aging. There-fore, in this study we aimed to investigate the mental health status of the elderly in Tehran and its related factors.This study is descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional in terms of study type. The study population was 1147 individuals who were selected through stratified and multistage cluster sampling from among individuals aged 60 and over in 63 urban neighborhoods in 22 districts of Tehran. The data were collected using the Elderly Health Quality of Life Index and Elderly Satisfaction Index.The distribution of Elderly respondents in terms of Healthy Mental Index shows that mental health is close to half of the respondents. The higher the life satisfaction and activity in the elderly, the higher the level of mental health. Older men have a higher level of mental health than older women. Elderly people living in the northern cluster have higher mental health than other clusters. Mental health is higher among seniors with basic and supplemental insurance than those without basic and supplemental insurance. Marital status, education, num-ber of children, living companion, residence, housing status, family income level, and employment status were also correlated with mental health variables.Strengthening the elderly’s communication network by increasing their participation and activity in the hot spots of family and urban neighborhoods and providing them with amenities and insurances can enhance the mental health of this growing community

Ghadir's sermon is one of the most important sermons of the Holy Prophet which presented as a "Velayat" discourse in the social sphere of that day; Because of the coherence of the spirit and the soul of the Prophet with the Holy Qur'an this sermon is heavily influenced by the Holy Qur'an. The verse 67 of the Sura Ma'edah, known as the "Propaganda Verse", Due to the consensus of the Shiites and the Sunnis on having the verse assigned to Ghadir is one of the most important verses in the sermon therefore, discourse analysis as a new method that addresses the meaning of the text and its underlying layers, is important in examining these verses. In this project, using Practical Discourse Analysis Method (PDAM), based on Islamic insight, examines verse 67 of the Sura Ma'edah five spaces: structural, semantic, communicative, discursive, and meta-discourse. And its basic axes were identified and it was also explained that this discourse, in contrast to the hypocritical discourse, considers the "Velayat" a divine status. And the "Velayat" as central to this discourse indicates that the great mission of the Prophet and the religion of Islam is the flow of the "Velayat", not the law, so it does not end with the end of the noble life of the Prophet.

The phenomenon of Oak decline is one of worrying phenomena that has been occurred in Zagros forests, and the extent of the infected forest areas is spread increasingly. The present study aims to investigate the symptoms of Oak decline on the individuals and its effect on the secondary compounds of Quercus brantii leaves. For this purposes, three forest regions including Abolivafa, Miankouh and Mellasaban in Lorestan province, which are of the most important centers of Oak decline, were selected. To better introduction of oak decline, trees with different levels of crown decline and healthy trees were randomly determined. The symptoms of Oak decline include the debarking of the trunk, emission of the extraction from xylem, fraction in the bulk of the trees, leaf browning and premature leaves fall. Regarding the findings of secondary compounds, the results showed that flavonoid compounds in the leaves affected by Oak decline were significantly higher than that of the healthy trees in Miankooh, Male Shaban and Abolvafa (p≤0.5). However, the content of total phenol were significantly higher in the healthy trees only in Miankooh and Male Shaban (p≤0.5). The amount of measured protein was not significantly different in healthy and infected trees. In addition, due to the further development of the disease in Miankouh region, the increase of these compounds was higher than other regions. In conclusion, the results show that oak decline increases the secondary compounds such as flavonoids and phenol compounds, which have an effective role in the resistance of Quercus brantii against pathogens and prolonging the trees’ survival.

The genus Thymus L. is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family and aromatic plants. Plants of these genera have commercial value due to their essential oils. Thymus eriocalyx is one of the species that is exclusively on the Iranian plateau. In order to investigate the molecular characteristics of Thymus eriocalyx populations in Iran, 10 habitats were selected in Lorestan, Markazi, Hamedan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces (using the DSS method) (50 plant samples). Also, 15 primers with 10 N lengths selected. The molecular data, based on RAPD experiments, divided the populations into five distinct groups. Primers used in this experiment produced 71 bands, which showed 68 polymorphic bands. OPA-05, OPA-17, OPD03 and OPE-20 primers with the highest polymorphism and marker index had excellent ability to study genetic variation in studied species. P2 and P7 populations had the maximum effective allele and p9 population had the minimum value. The highest and lowest mean of expected heterozygosity belonged to P2 and P9 populations, respectively. The highest genetic similarity was observed between P2 and P3 genotypes and the lowest genetic similarity between P2 and P10. The results of analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that the variation within the populations of these species (68%) is greater than the diversity among populations (32%), which this fact prove the importance of single plant selection and paying attention to individual in Thymus breeding programs.

The purpose of this study was to examine quality of life and its correlates in elderly in Tehran metropolis.
This was a cross sectional study. A random sample of elderly living in Tehran was selected. from are randomly selected in proportional stratified and multiple-stage cluster sampling in this study. Data were collected using the health-related quality of elderly people life (EHRQOL) and Life Satisfaction Index-Z (LSI-Z).
In all 1147 elderly entered into the study. The highest score was for spiritual well being (mean: 90.76) while the lowest score were for social welfare and security (mean: 57.02) and healthy mind (mean 51.36) respectively. There was a positive correlation between higher life satisfaction and a better quality of life.
Improving quality of life in elderly needs attention. Perhaps improving living condition in this population could lead to improved quality of life.

Khurasan as an important and great regionThroughout history and ancient civilization in Iran - Islamic, was a place of residence of the followers of many religions and Religions and schools of and sects. One of the important events that took place in the Imam Ali ibn musa Al- Reza’s period, was his debate with leaders and Greats of religions of Zorostriaism, Judaism, Christianity and Sabian. Judaism with its historical background and With a history of several thousand years is one of the religions that came to Iran and then to Khurasan in various historical periods. The appearance of Jews in Khurasan in the age of Imam Ali ibn musa Al- Reza has been considered as certain in the surviving Islamic traditions. This article seeks to examine through a historical analytical approach, the authenticity of the appearance of jews in this region together with the residence places of jews and their notables.

Arctium lappa (Great burduck) and Artemesia absinthium are medicinal plants that some of their antibacterial and antivirus properties have been suggested in nutritional industries. The objective of this research was to study the effects of A. lappa and A. absinthium on some microorganisms including Pseudomonads aeraginosa, Haemophilus influenza, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus. Extracts were prepared by maceration method and tested on Mueller Hinton agar medium based on disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by micro-dilution method. Antibiotic disks used for controlling and standardizing the examination. The extracts of A. lappa and A. absinthium had significant effect on S. aureus. The MIC and MBC concentrations of the extract of A. lappa on B. subtilis were respectively 600 and 750 mg/ml. Also, these values were 230 and 540 mg/ml for H. influenza. Extract of A. absinthium showed more inhibitory effect on B. subtilis. All extracts showed inhibitory effect on B. cereus. The extracts of A. lappa and A. absinthium had inhibitory effects on H. influenza and P. aeraginosa. Among antibiotics, only Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin had effects on H. influenza. Extract of A. lappa showed flimsy effect on K. pneumonia, while extract of A. absinthium had no effect on this bacterium. Due to the effects of A. lappa and A. absinthium on some bacteria, they might be good substitutes for synthetic substances.

Germination is one of the most important stages of plants growth that affected by environmental stresses, especially drought and salinity. In order to study of Artichoke germination under different levels of salinity and drought, two separate experiments were performed. The four levels of salinity by NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150 mM) with three replications and five levels of drought by PEG (0, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) with three replications were used based on completely randomized design. Results showed that drought and salinity stresses reduced significantly germination rate, shoot length, root dry Weight and shoot dry Weight. In salinity condition, there was insignificant difference between treatments for germination percent, but in drought condition, there was significant difference. Moisture range optimum for germination was determined non-stress to 20% PEG concentration. It seemed that among traits, shoot length was more sensitive than others to salinity and drought stresses. It can be concluded that Artichoke can tolerate salinity up to 150 Mm, but in drought conditions it cannot germinate in 25% PEG.

The use of cuttings is one of the propagation techniques for Eucalyptus cloning. In this regard, cuttings of this plant root not simply and need usually some special hormonal treatments. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the involvement between auxin and fertilization method in rooting process of Eucalyptus cuttings. In the present work, the influence of IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) and bio-fertilizers on root initiation of Eucalyptus cuttings was investigated. A completely randomized design was adopted in a factorial experiment with five levels of IBA (0, 500, 1000,2000 and 4000 ppm) and four levels of bio-fertilizer (1- Barvar2 + half mineral fertilizer, 2- Nitroxin + half mineral fertilizer, 3-half mineral fertilizer and 4- complete mineral fertilizer) with five replications. The traits including: root number, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight and rooting percentage were measured. Results showed a significant increasing in the trait expression using bio-fertilizers compared to using chemical fertilizer.The interaction between bio-fertilizer and IBA were significant for all investigated traits so that the application of relatively low doses of IBA concentration (500 ppm) with bio-fertilizers led to the greatest root dry weight and consequently, thicker roots were produced. Relatively high doses of auxin IBA concentration (2000 ppm) combined with bio-fertilizers resulted to the highest percentage of root initiation in cuttings. IBA concentration of 500 ppm caused increment in means of root dry and fresh weight. Thicker roots were produced, consequently. In spite of thicker roots, it was decreased risk of stock movement. The interaction between IBA 2000 ppm with both bio-fertilizers increased in rooting percentage. Therefore, these components with hormones enhance rooting capacity.

Over the past two decades، changes in the structure of the housing market، especially growth of speculation demand lead to the formation of the housing bubble. The objective of this article is to estimate the housing bubble in Iran. For this purpose، the fundamental house prices were estimated and the bubble is obtained as difference between the fundamental and actual house prices. Considering the rationing in the mortgage market of Iran، the equation of real house prices given the unequilibrium in the housing credit market was used. Housing bubble makes adjustments to slow and lag variables have a crucial role. So the dynamic form of real house prices equation was used. The results obtained from the estimation of real house prices equation point to the presence of bubble in the housing market of Iran. In fact، we have been observing the burst of housing bubble in the housing market of Iran in 1375، 1381 and 1386.

The aim of this paper is to identify the bubble of housing in Iran. For this purpose, the base price of housing will be estimated at first and then the bubble calculated as the difference between the base and actual prices of housing. Considering the rationing in the mortgage market of Iran, the equation of housing real prices is used. In addition, to create an index of mortgage rationing, mortgage rationing model is used by some changes. The data are seasonal related to 17 metropolitan cities in Iran. The results of estimating the mortgage rationing model indicate an inverse relation between the mortgage demand and housing prices. The results obtained by the estimation of real housing prices equation point to the presence of bubble in the housing market. In fact, the burst of housing bubble in Iran is observed in housing market in 1996, 2002 and 2007.

Wart is one of the most common viral diseases of skin caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) and results in high costs for therapeutic, cosmetic and hygienic interventions. Euphorbia is an annual plant belonging to Euphorbiaceae family that has seventy species. All of them have latexes with high medicinal values. These plants have anti-viral and anti-tumor substances and 10 species of them are used in traditional medicine for treatment of ulcers, tumors, warts, and other diseases. In this study, the therapeutic effect of Euphorbia macrolada latex on common warts is compared with the standard keratolytic treatment. The latex of E. macrolada was prepared from Dehgolan region in Kurdistan Province and used directly. The standard keratolytic solution, which contained 16.7 g salicylic acid, 16.7 g lactic acid and up to 100 g collodion was prepared and delivered by the Hamedan Behzisti Pharmacy. A double-blind trial was conducted in Farshchian Hospital, Hamedan, Iran on 88 patients (44 in each group). They were instructed to apply the solutions on their warts twice daily for maximum of 8 weeks. All lesions in both groups were cured after 8 weeks. The meanstandard deviation (SD) of time to cure was 4.51.4 weeks in E. macrolada group and 5.11.6 weeks in the control group. None of these differences were statistically significant (P>0.05). No adverse effects was observed in any of patients. The findings indicated that E. macrolada had a therapeutic effect on common warts. Based on the results of this study, latex of this plant can be used as a complementary or alternative medicine in the treatment of patients with common warts.

To study the effect of sowing dates on yield and yield components of sunflower cultivars as a second crop, an experiment was conducted in Research Field of Education Center of Jihade-Agriculture of Hamedan. The experiment was carried out in factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was sowing date including 20th May, 25th June and 10th July and the second factor was sunflower cultivar vic. Sirna, Euroflor and Armaviruski. Acoording to the results, there were significant differences in seed and biological yield, head diameter, thousand seed weight in P <0.01 level. Also, there were significant differences in harvest index, number of seeds in head, plant height in P <0.05 lrvel. Conventional sowing date (20th May) had the highest seed yield (495.45 g m-2) and both 25th June and 10th July had the minimum values. Conventional sowing date and 25th June were placed in similar groups based on harvest index, biological yield, number of seed per head and thousand seeds weight traits, but were more than 10th July. About plant height, the highest value related to 25th June. There were significant differences among cultivars about head diameter, 1000-seeds weight (P <0.05) and plant height (P <0.01). The highest head diameter and plant height related to Euroflor and Armaviruski cultivars, respectively. Armaviruski cultivar had the highest plant height in compared with the others. Delay sowing date of 25th June is suggested in this climate of region and it is possible to cultivate all three cultivars in this region after cereal harvesting (especially Barley).

A major problem of arid and semi-arid regions is environmental stresses like salinity and drought. To study the effect of Artichoke germination under different levels of salinity and drought, two separate experiments were performed. The experimental treatments included different salinity levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150 mM) and five drought levels by PEG (0, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) with three replications that used based on completely randomized design. Results showed that drought and salinity stresses reduced significantly germination rate, germination percent, and shoot length. In both conditions, there was insignificant difference between treatments for dry weight of root and shoot. There was insignificant difference between treatments for root length in salinity condition, but in drought condition, there was significant difference for this trait. Moisture range optimum for germination was determined from non-stress to 20% PEG concentration (in this study). It seemed that among traits, shoot length was more sensitive than others to salinity and drought stresses. It was observed that Common Yarrow fairly tolerated salinity better than drought conditions. It can be concluded that Common Yarrow can tolerate salinity up to 150 Mm, but in drought conditions it cannot germinate in 25% PEG.