mohsen shams

 Monetary donations from charitable individuals and organizations are one of the financial sources of health sector programs. This study sought to extract and deeply understand their views and opinions in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces.

 In this qualitative content analysis study in 2017, the data was collected through 22 in-depth interviews with donors (9 women and 13 men) living in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces. The interviewees were identified and selected by checking the database of the province’s Health Charity Forum and referrals from other charity organizations. The data was analyzed manually using the framework analysis method.

 The age range of the participants was 32-74. Data analysis led to five main themes and 11 subthemes. Most participants expressed their reasons for donations as intrinsic motivations and positive attitudes towards these activities. Moreover, the majority of them believed that; a sense of commitment, sense of responsibility, altruism, as well as brotherhood, and equality inherent in human beings were the main reasons for their donations. Lack of recognition and lack of trust in charitable organizations were the main obstacles to donation. Conducting appropriate advertisements, and gaining community trust in charities were the most important interventions suggested by the interviewees. Family members, especially spouses, were the most important influential group for monetary donations.

 Focusing on the feeling of inner satisfaction and having a good feeling after donating cash and highlighting it, as well as removing the stated obstacles can lead to encouraging people and society to do this behavior.

The Iranian National Blood Pressure Measurement Campaign (INBPMC) was conducted all over the country to raise awareness in different groups of people regarding the importance of blood pressure and persuading them to manage their blood pressure. The present research aimed at assessing the process and output of this campaign.

For process evaluation, 31 universities/faculties were selected. Experts from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education assessed the documentation of the campaign implementation using the designed checklist. The output was assessed by including 8274 people and through a telephone survey using the designed instructions.

The response rate of the telephone interviews was 82.74% (8274 people). It was found that 79% of the selected groups were aware of the INBPMC. Among them, 64% remembered the messages, 99% of the participants who remembered the messages agreed with those messages, and 89% of the participants who agree with the messages went for a measurement of their blood pressure. In the telephone interviews, 30% of the participants stated that they were diagnosed with hypertension, 97% of these participants received the required consultations for subsequent care, and 86% of them went to the health service centers to receive care. The process evaluation of the INBPMC indicated that the universities of medical sciences obtained 97% of the score of the checklist.

The INBPMC was successful and accomplished its objectives.

Road traffic crashes are among the leading causes of death and disability in the world, particularly in low and middle-income countries. This study aimed at to conduct a social marketing formative research to inform the development of a campaign to manage driving speed on the intercity roads of Iran.

To carry out the social marketing formative research, a qualitative and quantitative study were conducted. Also, a literature review of the speed management strategies was carried out and an analysis of traffic accident data and speeding violations was performed in selected provinces during 2019 and 2020.

Based on the findings of the qualitative study, perceived sense of lack of speed control, poor monitoring system, and law enforcement are the main reasons drivers exceed the speed limit. They mostly suggest using punitive levers and more stringent law enforcement practices for speed management. Literature reviews also confirm that to successfully develop an effective speed management plan a set of measures should be implemented together, including road safety engineering, raising awareness, social marketing strategies, and finally strict law enforcement. The overriding findings of the formative research revealed that to persuade Iranian drivers to respect the speed limit, the messages of the campaign should focus on strict law enforcement in the selected corridors.

In the minds of the Iranian audience, strict law enforcement is of paramount importance for a speed management strategy to work; hence it should be taken into consideration when tailoring the campaign messages. From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that to manage speed on intercity routes in Iran, a social marketing campaign is needed to encourage compliance with speed limits.

Skin cancer is one of the most preventable diseases. The purpose of this study is to describe a social marketing-based intervention design protocol to promote sun-protective behaviors among adolescent boys living in urban areas in Yasuj, south west of Iran.

This study will be conducted based on six specific steps including a qualitative study, a systematic review, development of appropriate tools, a cross-sectional study, intervention designing, and a feasibility study. The main objective of the qualitative study is to elicit the views and opinions of adolescent boys, their parents, and teachers about sun-protective behaviors. In the second step, factors affecting sun-protective behaviors will be reviewed systematically. Based on the findings of the first and second steps, an appropriate model/theory of behavior change will be selected, and a standardized questionnaire will then be developed. In the fourth step, a cross-sectional survey will be conducted using the developed questionnaire to assess current sun-protective behavior practices.

Findings of the first to fourth stages will provide a comprehensive picture of the issue and the affecting factors. During the fifth step, the structure and the content of the intervention package, as well as educational and promotional materials, will be developed and pre-tested. Finally, in the sixth step, a feasibility study will be conducted.

This study will provide practical information on the achieving of content and construct of a community-based social marketing intervention. This protocol reports on how to achieve audience-oriented insights for designing a tailored intervention aimed at promoting sun-protective behaviors among adolescent boys using social marketing.

Increasing the level of health awareness of food preparation and distribution staff can have a direct impact on improving the level of public health in the community. Education can change people's knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Health education courses that provide integrated education as well as to other education systems, include educational inputs, processes, and outputs. The objective of this research is to evaluate these elements of the educational system of health education courses in Shiraz.

The current study evaluated the educational input, process, and output of 7 current health education institutions in Shiraz. Factors that influence the input of educational courses were evaluated using an inspection checklist of health education courses, the educational process was measured employing a satisfaction survey, and the educational output was assessed through a checklist of inspection of Article 13 of the Regulations. The health performance of 160 guild health certified units and 160 uncertified education units was analyzed as a criterion for effectiveness. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS21 software. Data related to the assessment of the input and educational process were analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric statistical tests were also used for cross-group comparisons of output evaluation data.

The findings of the educational input evaluation showed a strong correlation and a significant relationship between the overall evaluation score of the educational courses and the "observation" (0.96) "educational course principal" (0.94). Also, in the process evaluation, the "educational environment" and "general educational programs" with correlation coefficients of 0.99 and 0.84 had the most correlation with the overall process evaluation score. In all the health fields studied, there was a significant difference (p = 0.001) between the average score obtained for educational courses with and without certificates. There was a significant difference (p <0.0001) between the mean score obtained by public health with and without health certification. The average score obtained by the certified public and non-public places was 91.81 and 70.71, respectively.

Health education can have a major impact on people's health performance. Some of the elements that make up the educational output have a greater impact on achieving the desired educational output. For example, the revision and updating of the educational content and the development of the educational program according to all groups of learners can improve the performance of the learning process and the satisfaction of learners.

Although plastics are considered one of the country's environmental problems, little attention has been paid to reducing their use. This study aimed to design, implement and evaluate an intervention based on social marketing model to reduce the use of these products in shopping centers.

The present study consisted of descriptive-analytical and interventional phases. In the descriptive-analytical phase, the knowledge, attitude and practice of 335 people who referred to shopping centers were studied. Based on the analysis of data related to this section, the structure and content of the intervention was designed and implemented in shopping centers for one month. To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, the average use of plastic bags in shopping centers was compared before and after the intervention.

Ease of use by 13.3% was the most important reason for customers to use plastic bags. Education, culture building (38.4 %), and make suitable alternatives available (35.7 %) were presented as the best solution to reduce the use of plastic shopping bags. There was no statistically significant difference in behavior scores between men and women at different levels of education and employment. The average monthly use of plastic bags was equal to 226,500, which decreased by 13.3% to 196350 after the intervention (P-value<0.001).

Based on the study findings, it can be concluded the ease of use of plastic bags is the most important reason for its use and social marketing is an effective approach to reducing the use of plastic shopping bags.

The present paper examines Khwajah Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī’s cultural role in interacting with Hulagu Khān and the other elements involved in this cultural agreement. It also aims to explain how, through a correct perception of the cultural features and symbols of the Mongol ethnic group, Ṭūsī managed to overcome them in a cultural battle. At the same time, he exploited the Mongols’ interest in astronomy, which was a part of their culture, and strengthen the Imāmīyyah kalām regarding its epistemological dimension and the status of Shi‘ism in the political structure of Hulagu Khān’s government. The presence of Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī meant that Imāmīyyah Kalām had now a representative in the political structure of the time after many centuries, and even some Mongols became interested in Islam. With the downfall of the caliphate of Baghdad, whether Ṭūsī played a role there or not, one of the supporters of Ash‘arī kalām disappeared, and Imāmīyyah groups were revived.

During the past fifty years the internalism/externalism dichotomy in regard with justification and knowledge has been controversial, and inclination toward either of them has been considered as epistemological view of contemporary epistemologists. In opposition to externalism, internalism assumed all factors of justification and knowledge are internal affairs. Robert Audi has a combinatory theory: "internalism about Justification and externalism about Knowledge". The central problem under investigation in this paper is the possibility and origins of Audi's view and how it can be distinguished from the others. Like Gattier, Audi takes a critical position against the tripartite definition of knowledge, discussing the differences between the foundations of knowledge vs. justification, and argued that knowledge, due to its dependence on truth, is not accessible like justification. The combinatory of the theory and its elaboration in regard with justification and knowledge is based on both Audi's dualistic view toward epistemology and his belief in the difference of the accessibility of two parallels in epistemology i.e. justification and knowledge. He has regarded the justification as an internal and the episteme as external. Audi’s doctrine is the combined and detailed one on the nature of justification and episteme.

 Sexuality education is one of the most important educational needs for adolescents. Parents play a significant role in shaping healthy sexuality in adolescents. There is little evidence in Iran about sexuality education for empowering adolescences.

 This study aimed at developing, implementing, and evaluating a training program for mothers to educate sexuality matters to their adolescent girls in Mahshahr, Iran.

 This field trial was conducted among 140 mothers with 12- to 18-year-old adolescent girls in Mahshahr during the second half of 2014. The multi-stratified sampling method was performed for determining the study participants. Data was collected by using “Parent-Child Relationship: Mother” and “Knowledge and Attitude About Sexuality Education to Adolescents” questionnaires. Based on the baseline results, an educational intervention for mothers was designed and implemented. Data were collected, analyzed, and compared before and three months after the intervention implementation. Means and standard deviations were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. A confidence interval of 95% with significance at P < 0.05 was used.

 Compared with the pre-intervention phase, mothers’ awareness of sexual issues significantly increased from 30.00 to 36.50 (P < 0.001). While the mean score of attitudes towards sexuality education significantly increased from 46.65 to 48.57 (P < 0.001), no significant difference was observed between mothers’ communication skills before and after the educational intervention (P = 0.98).

 The designed educational program was an effective tool to improve the knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality matters in mothers. Thus, continuous and regular programs are required to improve communication skills in mothers.

One of the important issues of epistemology is the question of subjective existence and how it is adapted to objective truths. Muslim scholars believe that one must play the role of intermediary. Reflecting on Mulla Sadra's works, we find that she paid close attention to this issue and did not offer a unified view of this research question. Mulla Sadra, in the first place, like most other scholars, believed that nature plays the intermediary role between subjective and objective truths, and that his nature is the specific meaning - the motive in our answer. " The authors believe that Sadr al-Mutallah has departed from this theory in the second step and has stated her particular theory that the purpose of conforming the mind to the same is to objectively conform the supreme existence of the essence to its particular existence. In this approach, Mulla Sadra distinguishes between the ascertained by the real and the self-conscious, and the emergent by the emergent for the perceptual powers of the self, and believes that in this approach the mode of existence is different, one being strong (external) and the other being. Poor, not in nature. Based on five reasons - Mulla Sadra's view of the nature, rational perception, substance movement, authenticity and form of existence - the authors believe that the second theory is more compatible with Mulla Sadra's philosophical system and can be referred to as Sadra's final theory.

Self-medication is a serious health problem in Iran. In this quasi-experimental study with a control group, four healthcare facilities were selected and divided into intervention and control groups. Based on the health files of women in healthcare facilities, 192 women were selected randomly and completed a self-reported questionnaire to measure Health Belief Model constructs and self-medication. After analyzing the data, perceived susceptibility was found as the main predictive factor for self-medication, and an intervention was developed to increase it. The intervention consisted of lectures and group discussions, along with distributing pamphlets and sending short messages for four weeks. Three months later, the data was collected again and analyzed. Perceived susceptibility was improved, and self-reported behavior was reduced significantly in intervention groups compared to the control groups.

This study set out to answer the fundamental question on the relationship between the divine life attribute and other divine attributes from the viewpoint of Fakhr Razi. First, Fakhr’s concern with knowing the attributes was examined. His concern has been to achieve the complete knowledge or at least knowledge that enables the human to fulfill his intellectual liability for knowing the Creator. Then, the relationship of knowledge and power with life was investigated. The results showed that knowledge and power are two means of life, and life functions as their cause. In the next step, the relationship between volition and life was explored. It was revealed that Fakhr deems volition as subsequent to knowledge. Then the hearing and seeing attributes were scrutinized. It was discovered that Fakhr takes these two attributes as concomitant to knowledge or as means of it. In addition, the speaking attribute was examined, and it was found that speech reveals either knowledge or power, and this way connects to the essence. Finally, the eternity of the sublime God was found to be concomitant with His life. The overall finding of the study is that from the viewpoint of Fakhr Razi, the Divine Life is the central attribute connecting other attributes; without the life attribute, other attributes could not exist.

Health literacy refers to abilities of individuals, communities and groups to obtain, understand, and use the basic necessary information and services to improve, maintain and promote health. This study aimed to determine the status of ear and hearing- related health literacy in adolescents and young adults.

Given the lack of specific tools for measuring the ear and hearing- related health literacy, an appropriate tool was developed. The validity of the tool was confirmed by a survey of experts and calculating the content validity rate and index. Internal correlation of questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha; and the reliability of questionnaire was approved by a test-retest method. After the tool finalization, the ear and hearing- related health literacy was measured in 4890 Iranian young adults and adolescents.

In the selected sample, 45.9% were male and 54.1% were female, and the mean and standard deviation of participants' age were 17± 3. The mean score of ear and hearing- related health literacy was 30.81 ± 3.75. The ear and hearing- related health literacy was adequate in 2.8% of samples and inadequate in 97.2%. There were significant statistical differences in the status of ear and hearing- related health literacy in people with different age, gender, number of study years, occupation, marital status, and income.

There were low general levels of ear and hearing- related health literacy as well as skills of searching, understanding, evaluating and using health information and services in Iranian adolescents and young adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the viewpoints of fourth grade students on the knowledge of God and the universe based on the ontological principles embodied in the theoretical foundations of the Fundamental Transformation Document (inspired by Mulla Sadra's theory); and   reviewing the textbook of divine gifts book for second-to-fourth-grade, in term of convergence between these foundations as well. The statistical population includes the book Theoretical Foundations of Fundamental Transformation, 2011, the second to fourth grade divinely gift books and among the fourth grade female students in the Tehran 20 district, 25 were randomly selected from non-profit and public schools. The research method is qualitative using phenomenological and contextual analysis. Content analysis was used to extract Hawking component from themes analysis and Shannon entropy method was used for content analysis data. The results disclosed that there is a consensus among students about the ontology and components of this part of the fundamental transformation document. The Shannon entropy coefficient also showed that familiarity with the attributes of God by 55 hundred, how to relate to God by 24 and referring to the blessings of God by 20 hundred, respectively, was the most important and least important in the heavenly gift books, which requires further investigation for a strong connection. Between the innumerable attributes of God and the blessings associated with these attributes, it is central to the objectivist perspective of thinking and reasoning to provide the ground for the cultivation of childhood creativity.

The aim of present study is to find   an answer to the following question: “What is the relationship between science and Shabah (Phantom) theory from Mulla Sadra’s point of view?” Mulla Sadra analysis about Phantom theory is summarized based on his lexical network and special existence approach. The following 4 stages shows his analysis about the theory: 1) Detection of contents of Phantom theory, denegation of the match between external existence and mental image, acceptance of existence effect of image and introduction of image as a cause that helps knowledge acquisition with his own special existence view,  2) useful expression that shows Phantom develops knowledge for qualities and what are inexistent,  3) introducing criticisms for Phantom theory and examination of criticisms, and 4) presenting a mental existence theory that develops science for qualities and what are inexistent and it also presents scientific reasons for other existents. We show, although strongly criticizing the Phantom theory, Mulla Sadra uses this theory for developing his mental existence theory. Although we do not insist on this conclusion, we believe this view will make the puzzle of relationship between science and Phantom theory enter a new stage.

Self-medication is one of the challenging health issues among women throughout the world and Iran. Considering the main role of mothers in promoting health within the families, women play a key role in this regard. This study aimed at determining the effect of an educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) to change the women's self-medication behavior about consuming Prescription-Only Medicines (POM) in Yasuj City, Iran.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test/post-test design over 192 women under the coverage of urban healthcare centers. These participants were selected by random sampling method and divided into the intervention and control groups. After measuring the constructs of HBM, a tailored intervention was designed and implemented in four weeks. The intervention program consisted of instructional sessions, pamphlet delivery, and short messages (SMS). After three months, educational contends were reevaluated and the results were compared with the pre-intervention data for both groups.  

No significant difference was observed between the interventional and control groups before and after the intervention (p> 0.05). Comparison of the data collected from the questionnaires administered before and three months after the intervention showed a significant difference between the two groups regarding the perceived susceptibility construct (P = 0.001).

Based on the results, the HBM was effective in changing women's self-medication behavior considering the prescription-only medicines. Self-medication can be reduced by increasing the women's perceived susceptibility to medication.

The conventional tripartite definition of knowledge represents it as "true justified belief" and implies that three conditions are necessary to know something namely truth, justification and belief. Here justification has proved to be more controversial than the other two. Epistemologists usually recognize only two types namely doxastic and situational. This is where the Audi's categorization stands out; he proposes four types and speaks of propositional and structural types as well. Structural Justification is an Innovation and the result of Audi's internalist view in justification. Internalism and externalism are two rival views for explaining epistemology and justification. Audi Believes in Accessibilism weak internalism in justification and Structural Justification is the conclusion of his special internalist approach to justification. Given that one of the major criticisms leveled at internalism rests upon its indefinite and mental nature, Audi’s formulation of a definite mental process leading to doxastic justification has successfully reinforced the internalists’ stance. In this research, content analysis method has been used.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of physiotherapy with uphill walking versus physiotherapy alone on the disability of patients with knee osteoarthritis.

This study was a randomized clinical trial carried out on 30 patients (5 males and 25 females) with moderate knee osteoarthritis aged between 40 and 65 years. They were assigned to the intervention and control groups. Both groups received 10-session routine physiotherapy, and the intervention group received an 8-degree treadmill walking at a speed of 1.1m/s for 30 minutes in each session. The participants’ disability was measured before, immediately after, and 20 days after the 10-session treatment by the Persian version of Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). The data were analyzed through the repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS V. 22. The significant level was set at 0.05.

Statistical analysis showed significant improvements in the activity of daily living (P≤0.01) and quality of life (P<0.05) in both groups, with these improvements being persistent up to the 20th day (P<0.02). Other subscales included Symptoms, pain, and sports functions improved only in the intervention group (P≤0.01), and these improvements were persistent up to the 20th day (P≤0.003).

This study showed that physiotherapy combined with uphill walking versus physiotherapy alone results in improvements in pain, other symptoms, and sports function subscales of patients with moderate knee osteoarthritis. These improvements were persistent up to the 20th day. Accordingly, it is recommended to include an 8-degree inclined treadmill walking to the routine physiotherapy program in the management of knee osteoarthritis.

High salt consumption is considered as one of the most significant behavioral risk factors in cardiovascular diseases which is also the first cause of mortality across the world and in Iran. This study aimed at exploring the views and opinions of people living in Yasuj about salt consumption to design a behavioral intervention.

In this qualitative study which was done through content analysis, the data were collected through 6 focus group discussion sessions attended by 66 people residing in the city of Yasuj in Iran. The data collection instrument in group discussions was comprised of semi-structured questions designed with an emphasis on social marketing mix. To this end, the submitted opinions and attitudes were fully recorded and transcribed and then analyzed manually using content analysis method. Finally, 5 main themes and 31 sub-themes were determined and the main themes with similar meanings were categorized following several reviews.

Findings: The 5 main themes included self-evaluation by individuals about salt consumption (5 sub-themes), effects of high salt consumption (3 sub-themes), barriers to reduce salt consumption (11 sub-themes), suggested strategies to cut down salt consumption (8 sub-themes), and communication channels to connect with people and encourage them to moderate salt consumption (4 sub-themes). Accordingly, the findings revealed that most study participants had no knowledge about the amount of salt consumption, considered the effects of high salt consumption only in the occurrence of high blood pressure, suggested time-saving home education programs for all family members, offered healthy salt alternatives, and finally recognized physicians and health care providers in healthcare service centers as the most important and influential people to modify their behaviors.

To modify the risky behaviors such as high salt consumption, it is important to be aware of the people’s views and opinions. It will be the basis of designing the effective consumer-oriented behavioral interventions

Objective (s): Lack of attention to nutrition and having non-healthy nutritional habits, is one of the influencing factors for noncommunicable diseases. In recent years, nutritional literacy, as a abilities to access, understand, appraise, and apply necessary information to make decision related to healthy nutrition, is considered to be a very important health-related issue. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational intervention on nutritional literacy of elementary school teachers in Yasuj, Iran. In this quasi-experimental study, 110 teachers of the elementary schools in Yasuj, who were randomly selected in two areas of the city (intervention and control group) were included in the study. Nutritional literacy was measured by using a validated tool for Iranian society, and after analyzing the data, the educational content and structure were developed to improve the nutritional literacy. Intervention consisted of two training sessions, sending two SMS and providing educational pamphlets. Data were analyzed before and three months after the intervention by using Spss16 software. There was a significant difference in terms of nutritional literacy, reading comprehension, food units (P<0.001), nutritional knowledge (P=0.001), computational literacy (P =0.034) and nutrition label (P=0.005) before and after the intervention among intervention group. The difference between the mean score of nutritional literacy in the two groups also was significant. The results indicaterd that the educational intervention was useful in increasing nutritional health literacy among primary school teachers.

Nutritional literacy is skills and the degree capacity of privates to obtain, process and understand nutrition information to make good decisions about nutrition. The use of this information and nutritional services leads to health promotion. This study examined the status of nutritional literacy in elementary school teachers in Yasuj and its related factors.
In this Cross-Sectional study, a questionnaire of 35 items belonging to Turkey was used. After translation-retranslation and determine its validity for assessing nutritional literacy, it is used in 110 persons of elementary school teachers in Yasuj. The samples were selected by multistage stratified sampling and questionnaire was completed for them. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and analytical statistics.
Findings: The average age of participants was 39.48±3.2. The results showed that the mean score of nutrition literacy for participants was 27.14± 3.2. 22.7 percent of teachers had limited or poor nutrition literacy. Teachers with less work experience and bachelor's and higher degree had more nutritional literacy scores. The least number of correct answers was related skills of food centers determination, computing skills and reading of food labels.
Overall, according to the level of nutritional literacy in different parts of the group of teachers, it should be considered the designing of interventions to improve nutrition literacy. Because of its uniqueness in Iran, this questionnaire can be used as needs assessment tool in nutritional interventions in Iranian society.

Sexuality education is one of the most important educational needs of adolescents, and mothers can have a key role in sex education of their daughters. This study aimed at developing, implementing and evaluating a skill-based training program for mothers for sexuality education of adolescent girls in Mahshahr, Iran.
This was a field trial conducted on 140 mothers having 12- to18-year-old girls between September and March 2012. Data were collected using two reliable questionnaires developed by the investigators ─ a "Parent-Child Relationship: Mother" questionnaire for assessing the mothers’ communication skills completed by the adolescent girls, and a "Knowledge and attitude about sexuality education of adolescents" questionnaire for assessing the mothers’ knowledge and attitude about sex matters and communication, skills completed by the mothers themselves. Based on the results, an educational intervention for mothers was designed consisting of three training sessions and implemented. The mothers’ knowledge, attitude and communication scores after a period of three months were compared with the respective baseline scores.
Three months after the intervention, the mean scores of mothers’ knowledge and attitude about sexuality matters increased significantly (in both cases p Based on the findings it can be concluded that the designed educational program was effective in improving the knowledge and attitudes of the mother about sexuality matters although it did not affect their communication skills. Promoting communication skills of mothers as an important factor for sexuality education of their daughters requires regular, continuous educational sessions, as well as practice and experiences.

Theory of planned behavior (TPB) has not been adequately addressed in the field of physical activity among Iranian women.
This study aimed to determine factors affecting physical activity behavior among women based on the theory of planned behavior.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 398 women in Kerman, Iran. The women were selected through the multi-stage random sampling method. Data were collected using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the constructs of the theory of planned behavior and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM).
The mean age (SD) of participants was 36.9 (9.9). Perceived behavioral control (β = 0. 16, P = 0. 013) and behavioral intention (β = 0.16, P = 0.005) had a significant positive direct effect on physical activity behavior. Moreover, instrumental attitude (β = 0.04, P = 0.003), subjective norms (β = 0.04, P = 0.003) and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.03, P = 0.002) had a significant positive indirect effect on physical activity behavior. Behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control constructs predicted 6% of variance of physical activity behavior.
Given that the constructs of behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control could predict physical activity behavior, health promotion interventions should be designed with an emphasis on these factors in order to promote physical activity in women.

Sexuality education is one of the most important educational needs for adolescents, and mothers may have the key role in educating these issues to their daughters. This study aimed at developing, implementing and evaluating of a training program for mothers to educate sexuality matters to their adolescent girls in Mahshahr, Iran.
This field trial was conducted on 140 mothers having 12 to18-year girls from September to March 2012. Data was collected by two validated questionnaires. The first one assessed the “Parent-Child Relationship: Mother" questionnaire which indirectly measures the level of communication skills for mothers completed by the girls, and the second one measured "Knowledge and attitude about sexuality education to adolescents" questionnaire completed for mothers. Based on the results, an educational intervention for mothers consisted of three training sessions was designed and established. Before and three-month later data were analyzed and compared.
Three months after the intervention, the mean scores of mothers’ knowledge and attitude scores toward sexuality matters, was increased significantly (P It seems that the designed educational program was effective to improve the knowledge and attitudes toward the sexuality matters in mothers, but learning communication skills as an important factor in training women for sexuality education to their adolescent girls, need to continuous, regular, and companion with experiences and practice.

Background and The World Health Organization declared violence against women a top priority for health and emphasized the importance of the world's attention to the prevention and control programs. This study was conducted aimed to identify the training needs of married women referring to health centers in Ahvaz with the objective of enabling the design of a program to prevent violence.
This sectional study consisted of two qualitative and quantitative studies. In qualitative study, the opinions of 30 married women residing in Ahvaz were collected and analyzed in four focus group discussions. using a validated and reliable questionnaire, the knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and performance of 320 married women in area of domestic violence were identified
Findings: 79% of the women surveyed had adequate awareness about violence against women. 34% of the target group in the field of domestic violence against women has had the right attitude and more than 80% of them stated that violence by men is considered inevitable and natural. 89% of the target group expressed lack of efficacy for the prevention of domestic violence against women. The findings also suggest that there is significant relationship between education and early marriage with violent behavior.
providing proper education and awareness to women and group discussion and clarification in order to change attitudes and increase efficacy in abused women against domestic violence are the necessary strategies which result in changing attitudes of women and increasing empowerment of women against domestic violence.