mojarrad

Dog can represent as an important source of zoonotic disease and important health problem for human. They can carry dangerous parasitic diseases such as hydatidosis, toxocariasis and Coenurus cerebralis to humans and animals. This study was performed in order to determine the prevalence and intensity of zoonotic parasites among stray dogs from Bojnurd, the capital city of North Khorasan province in North West of Iran. During a program performing by Bojnurd municipal on the slow killing of stray dogs, 32 dogs from Jun 2013 till March 2015 were selected. At necropsy their alimentary canals were removed and to identify the species of helminthes, the nematodes were cleared in lactophenol and cestodes were stained using carmine acid. Intestinal protozoan parasites were detected with parasitological methods. 28 (87.5%) of 32 stray dogs infected at least with one helminth. Seven species of cestodes were isolated from examined dogs and three species of nematode were detected. Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. detected from fecal samples. This is the first study of the prevalence of intestinal zoonotic parasites in dogs in this area. It seems control of bearing stray dogs can help human health and reduction economic losses caused by stray dog’s zoonotic parasites.

Although many studies had been conducted on various aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in domestic dogs in the endemic areas of Iran, investigations on CVL in wild canines are rare.
This is a cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2012 to 2013 in northeast of Iran where human VL is endemic. Wild canines were trapped around the areas where human VL cases had been previously identified. Wild canines were collected and examined both clinically and serologically using direct agglutination test (DAT). Microscopically examinations were performed in all the seropositive wild canines for the presence of the amastigote form of Leishmania spp. Some Leishmania sp. which had been isolated from the spleens of wild canines, were examined analyzed by conventional PCR and sequencing techniques using α-tubulin and GAPDH genes.
Altogether, 84 wild canines including foxes (Vulpes vulpes, n=21), Jackals (Canis aureus, n=60) and wolves (Canis lupus, n=3) were collected. Four foxes and seven jackals showed anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies with titers of 1:320–1:20480 in DAT. Furthermore, one fox and one jackal were parasitologically (microscopy and culture) positive and L. infantum was confirmed by sequence analysis.
The present study showed that sylvatic cycle of L. infantum had been established in the studied endemic areas of VL in northeastern Iran.

Addiction is one of the most important social deviations that is a basis for many social issues and disorders in the society. The aim of this study was to survey the relationship between attachment style and impulsivity with tendency to addiction.
The study was a descriptive-correlational researchand was performed on students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University who were studying in the academic year 2014-2015. A sample of 240 persons was selected by the cluster sampling method. The questionnaires including Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS), Attachment style, and Impulsivity questionnaire were used for data gathering. Correlation test and regression analysis were used to data analysis by spss-18.
Findings indicated that secure attachment (r=-0.44), ambivalent attachment (r=0.27), disorganization (r=0.25), motor impulsivity (r=0.44), and cognitive impulsivity (r=0.43) are correlated with tendency to addiction. Results of regression analysis showed attachment and impulsivity can explain 20% of the variance of tendency to addiction.
According to the findings, proper planning and implementation of training courses for the families can provide appropriate background for the creation of secure attachment in children. In addition, impulsivity can be controlled through applying workshops in the fields of life skills, problem solving, and decision-making.

Prepulse Inhibition (PPI), the objective measure of sensorimotor gating disturbance has being widely used in animal models of schizophrenia. Dopaminergic direct and indirect agonists impair PPI. However, the profile of dopaminergic receptors involved in PPI impairment by dopamine agonists is not clear. By injecting shRNA expressing plasmids against dopamine D2 receptor genes (DRD2) in the nucleus accumbens, here, we studied the effect of apomorphine on PPI in D2 down-regulated rats. Seventy two adult Wistar rats assigned randomly in nine groups, each received coding (250 and 500 ng/µl) or noncoding shRNA expressing plasmids against DRD2 in the nucleus accumbens, with or without apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg, S.C., 72 hours after treatment with plasmids). Auditory startle response and PPI were measured after apomorphine injection. Real time RT-PCR was used to measure DRD2 expression. Results showed that apomorphine significantly decreased PPI in noncoding plasmid treated rats; While, PPI did not impaired in rats pretreated with 250 and 500 ng/µl shRNA expressing plasmids. Accordingly, the expression of DRD2 mRNA in the nucleus accumbens showed 72-78% decrease in expressing plasmid treated rats. Additionally, treatment with expressing plasmids had no effect on basal PPI and/or auditory startle response. Taken together, our results demonstrated that DRD2 silencing in the nucleus accumbens can prevent PPI impairment by apomorphine. These observations suggest application of molecular techniques such as the use of shRNA against DRD2s in studies of schizophrenia pathophysiology and development of new treatments in schizophrenia.

The function and the technical meaning of the term Taleegh (تعلیق) are explored as a specific way of transcribing manuscript by Iranian Muslims transcribers based using textual and extra-textual evidence.

The term Taleegh (تعلیق) was examined in the Persian classic texts, then in the colophons of manuscripts ofSafineh-yeh Tabriz as well as in the colophons of a number of other Persian manuscripts.

Transcribers stipulated the term Taleegh (تعلیق) in colophon in the initial stages for works needed checking against the original text and reediting.

Those who embark at editing work should exercise caution in using manuscript the term Taleegh (تعلیق) is written colophons.

The effect of different artificial diets based on the seeds of one cowpea cultivar (Mashhad) and four chickpea cultivars (Arman, Azad, Binivich and Hashem) on biological and life table parameters of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was studied at 25±1ºC, 65±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hours. The larval period ranged from 13.26 to 21.54 days on Binivich and Mashhad, respectively. The longest and shortest development time of H. armigera was on Hashem (38.62±1.56 days) and Azad 33.81±0.09 days), respectively. The highest fecundity (total number of eggs laid per female) was obtained on Mashhad 1227.23±10.27 eggs) and lowest value of this parameter was on Arman (351.00±1.29 eggs). The highest net reproductive rate (R0) was on Mashhad 250.60 ±0.25 female offspring) and lowest value of this parameter was on Arman (59.49±0.49 female offspring). The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was the highest on Azad (0.205±0.001 day-1) and lowest on Arman (0.140±0.006 day-1). In different host plants examined, the value of mean generation time (T) ranged from 24.11±0.25 to 30.41±1.30 days and doubling time (DT) ranged from 3.22±0.5 to 4.88±0.25 days. The results indicated that Azad and Arman were the most suitable and unsuitable cultivars incorporated into artificial diet for population growth of H. armigera, respectively.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion is a major cause of industrial system failures. In the present study, for investigation of microbiologically influenced corrosion in fire-fighting system of Fajr petrochemical company, a variety of methods, including microbial cultivation, X-Ray diffraction, corrosion morphology and inspection of selected points of lines were employed. Different groups of corrosion-causing bacteria were observed in fire-fighting system. Sulfate reducing bacterial count in different parts of the system such as outlet of raw water tank and one hydrant were 103 and 104 per ml, respectively. Also producing bacterial count in some system parts such as outlet of raw water tank was 104 per ml. Heterotrophic bacteria were distributed throughout the system and their count in one hydrant reached 4 × 105 per ml. Furthermore, different groups of bacteria were observed in corrosion product deposits. Sulfate reducing and heterotrophic bacterial count were 104 and 5 × 105 per gram of deposits, respectively. Iron bacteria were also detected in corrosion products. Additionally, analysis of corrosion product deposits using XRD technique demonstrated the presence of Fe2O3, FeO(OH) and FeS. In addition, a variety of pit structures with different shapes, particularly pear-shaped pit, were observed. Pipelines inspection obviously proved formation of discrete deposits, including nodules and tubercles. These results indicated that microbiologically influenced corrosion occurred in fire-fighting system of this industrial unit. Thus, monitoring and mitigation of microbiologically influenced corrosion in fire-fighting systems must be fully considered.

Introduction Developing the cities and it’s influences on the spatial structure of megalopolises has always been one of the most important factors for the planners. Among the most important factors directing the development of the cities, are natural factors such as climatic ones which have been less considered in the country as yet because of various factors like economic benefits resulting from immethodical construction of the buildings. Since this carelessness has caused an unwise and easy-going development of Tehran megalopolis in unsuitable geographic directions, so this research intends to accomplish the optimum site selection for physical development of Tehran megalopolis based on climatic elements and geographic factors. 2- Methodology Topographic maps of the region which mainly consist some parts of Tehran and Alborz provinces on a scale of 1:250,000 were prepared and the region boundary was defined on them. In the next step, the climatic data of six meteorological stations was taken from the Iranian Meteorological Organization and, after reconstruction, was considered through the similar time range of 1984 to 2005. Then, using ArcGIS software and on the basis of the climatic and geographic factors, various layers affecting the site selection including topography, digital elevation model (DEM), slope percent and aspect, solar radiation angle, temperature means (minimum, maximum and daily), mean diurnal temperature difference, 24 hrs. maximum precipitation, and mean wind speed were made and entered into the software. Pixels’ values in the climatic layers were calculated via spline interpolation method or regression equations. Then the resulted raster layers, after the reclassification of their pixels’ values, were weighed and overlayed using Spatial Analyst (SA) and Spatial Analytical Hierarchy Process (SAHP) models and thus the final maps of the physical development suitability of these two models were obtained. On the other hand, two Landsat ETM-7 images prepared from Iranian Space Agency and some geometric corrections were made on them using PCI (Geomatica) software in UTM WGS84 projection. Before geometric corrections, because of temporal differences of images, radiometric corrections were made on them too. radiometric correction or normalization means the reconstruction of image values so that there is a linear and similar relation between pixels and their real radiations in the whole imaging area. The result was the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map and the land use map. As the last step, the final site selection maps were presented via overlaying the NDVI and the land use maps with final maps of each two SA and SAHP models. 3– Discussion Based upon the distribution of the development suitability zones in the site selection maps, the most unfavorable areas have been developed in the high slope sections of the north of the region in the SA model. According to this model, about 8500 km2 of the region has not any special limitation for the development. In the SAHP model too, the most important limitation in the way of the development is the high slope sections of north of the region. The most suitable areas with almost 1400 km2 area stands in the south, west and the submontanes of north and northwest of the region. Partly suitable areas with the area equal to 5300 km2 have been developed in the central and southern parts of the region. The comparison of the final maps of two models reveals that the most suitable areas in the SAHP model have lesser extent than in the SA model. 4– Conclusion Considering the bare land expansion which is mainly developed in the south of region and overlaying it with suitability zones of the SA and SAHP models and in order to protect the vegetation cover specially in the western parts of the region, among the three suitable zones for physical development of the city, the south direction is the most favorable direction and the western and southwestern regions respectively stand in the next precedences. In order to get a more comprehensive study in this regard, the other natural factors such as geologic, geomorphologic, hydrologic and human factors must be taken into account too.

In the last three decades، literary works have been analyzed through various critical approaches. One of these methods suitable for analysis of literary works is semiotics. "Signs are stable elements that join in theme" (Martin). In this study one kind of frequently used narrative، that is، mystical tale، is analyzed in order to show the function of signs. Attar is one of the poets who used tales in his works very much. One of the ways to determine Attar’s style is analyzing signs which have been used in the tales. In this research after analyzing five tales about prophets، these results were found: adjectives that show future of narration، adjectives that make atmosphere of oppositeness، using dialogue for making atmosphere، using adjectives that make main meaning of tale.

The gene TP53 (also known as protein 53 or tumor protein 53), encoding transcription factor P53, is mutated or deleted in half of human cancers, demonstrating the crucial role of P53 in tumor suppression. There are reports of nearly 250 independent germ line TP53 mutations in over 100 publications. The P53 protein has the structure of a transcription factor and, is made up of several domains. The main function of P53 is to organize cell defense against cancerous transformation. P53 is a potent transcription factor that is activated in response to diverse stresses, leading to the induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or senescence. The P53 tumor suppressor is negatively regulated in cells by the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein. Murine double minute 2 favors its nuclear export, and stimulates its degradation. Inhibitors of the P53-MDM2 interaction might be attractive new anticancer agents that could be used to activate wild-type P53 in tumors. Down regulation of MDM2 using an small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach has recently provided evidence for a new role of MDM2 in the P53 response, by modulating the inhibition of the cyclin‑dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) by P21/WAF1 (also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1).

The acid-base equilibria of glycine have been studied in different aqueous solutions of 1,4-dioxane(0-50 % by v/v) using potentiometric method. In this study, the macro and micro protonationconstants of the amino acid and its tautomeric constant have been determined at 25 °C and constantionic strength 0.1 mol dm-3 (NaCl). The protonation and the tautomeric constants of glycine indifferent binary mixtures were analyzed in terms of Kamlet, Abboud and Taft (KAT) parameters.Single-parameter correlations of the constants versus α (hydrogen-bond donor acidity), β (hydrogenbondacceptor basicity) and π* (dipolarity/polarizability) are poor in all solutions. Multi-parametercorrelations show better results, but dual-parameter correlations represent significant improvementswith regard to the single- and multi-parameter models. Linear correlation is observed when theexperimental protonation constant values are plotted versus the calculated ones, while the KATparameters are considered. Finally, the results are discussed in terms of the effect of the solvent onprotonation and tautomeric constants.

In this study, the cost-benefit of a screening program based on the rial, the unit of currency used, was analyzed. The intelligence quotient (IQ), and height and weight were evaluated as indices for a population of children suffering from congenital hypothyroidism (CH). The total cost for the screening program, including hormone tests, diagnosis, medicine, treatments and care was identified and calculated up to the age of seventy years and this was compared to the costs related to training and caring for patients suffering from mental retardation, who had not been screened. The screening test was done using S&S filter paper and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was determined by the ELISA test.The future costs and benefits with an annual rate of 3% discount of their current value was estimated. To evaluate the effectiveness of the screening program, IQs of 32 patients were identified and compared to 36 healthy children between 2004-2005. The IQs were evaluated according to "Good Enough" and "Proteus Maze" tests. During 2008, 1165169 of 12489136 newborns (51% male, 49% female) underwent screening for CH, 92% cover-age of all newborns for that year. Four percent of recalled infants, with TSH>5 were subjected to diagnostic tests (T4, TSH, T3RU) and finally 2745 patients were identified. Benefit to cost ratios, based on a 3% annual discount rate, were 22, 41, 32, 34, 47 and 60 times lower, respectively. No significant differences were found with regard to diferences in IQ scores between cases and controls (cases: 105±19.3, controls: 111±19.4), height (cases: 106±0.7, controls: 102±4.9 cm) and weight (cases: 15.6±4.6, control 15.3±3.2 kg). The national Newborn Screening (NBS) program for CH has been successful and quite effective in Iran. The method not only has economical advantages but also reduces capital expenditures and preserves normal IQ of the patients under treatment and prevents mental retardation and growth complications.

Minimum temperatures in Iran were studied based on a forty years period data of 44 synoptic stations using statistical methods and techniques such as one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s multi comparison test and multivariate regression equations. Then the surface of Iran was classified annually and seasonally using GIS software capabilities and cluster analysis. Also kriging interpolation method was used for interpolating and estimating of temperature and it’s spatial variations in isotherm maps and CV (coefficient of variation) maps. The results of research specified four annual mean minimum temperature zones in Iran. Analyzing of annual and seasonal zoning maps obviously shows the role of latitude in distribution of minimum temperatures especially in the south coastal zone. But in other regions, especially in northwest region and Zagros Chain, the role of elevation is more important. Statistical tests such as one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s multi comparison test confirm the accuracy of zonings. On the other hand, standard deviations and CV values of matinal temperatures are more in high-elevation regions than low-elevation regions. Comparison of β standard coefficients of multivariate regression equations shows that the role of elevation in controlling of matinal temperatures is more than latitude in all seasons and also through the year. Also reviewing r2 coefficients reveals that the incorporate role of these two factors, whilst is very salient, has more importance in justification of winter matinal temperatures than summer ones. In other words, local factors (latitude and elevation) have more importance in controlling minimum temperatures of cold period of year. Inverse relations between elevation and latitude values of stations from one hand and annual and seasonal mean and absolute minimum temperatures on the other hand, are significant at 0. 01 level. Regression coefficients show that annual mean minimum temperatures gradient in the country is 5. 9˚C /1000m and the most seasonal gradient is 6. 7˚C /1000 m in autumn.

Kelidar is the second novel of Mahmud Dolatabadie. It is one of the masterpieces of modern fiction. The story of the novel is based on some historical events which occurred in 1323. Kelidar has one major plot about the major character, Golmohammad plus two sub-plots. The sub-plots are about the life of the people of Ghale Chaman village as well as another character, Nadali’s life. The story moves forward by actions of the opposing characters with the themes of love and war.

In this study, technical efficiencies of Sistan aviculture units were estimated applying stochastic nonparametric approach to data collected from 41 active aviculture units in 2005. In previous studies, technical efficiency of firms is analyzed by any of two main parametric stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA). In this study, technical efficiency was estimated with combining these approaches in a unified framework. The results showed that the vast majority of the units are technically efficient with a score of 94 percent on average. However, 48 percent of the units have exhibited constant returns to scale, 43 percent increasing returns to scale and 7 percent Non - increasing returns to scale. Considering the findings, increasing inputs productivity and offering relevant supportive policies in respect to input and output markets are emphasized for increasing of product and improvement of technical efficiency.

In this study, the prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in kidneys and spleens of 800 domestic ruminants (cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat) in different sexes, ages and seasons was investigated. First, the kidneys and spleens were examined macroscopically. Then, a digestion method was also applied. Infestation rate in the spleen of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat were %0/5, %0, %0/5 and %1/5 respectively. No infestation was found in the kidneys. The results of this study shows that the infestation of domestic ruminants to Linguatula serrat nymphs in different sexes and ages were not significant. Also the infestation rate in different seasons was not significant.

Since the earliest days of medicine, the tongue has been considered a good reflection of systemic disease. Hip pocrates, Galen and others considered the tongue to be barometer of health. In addition, the early diagnose of tongue le sions help to recognize the some systemic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different mor phological variations (anomaly) of the tongue in a population of school children aged 6-12 years in Hamadan, Iran. This cross sectional study was held with questionnaires and face-to-face interview among 1600 schoolchildren 6- 12 years old (800 girls, 800 boys) with cluster randomize method were selected and examined. Each school was considered as a cluster that was selected by randomized selections in view of the total sample size. Tongue lesions were found in 39.7% of the children. Overall, the most frequent condition was geographic tongue (27%) and fissured tongue (12.9%). Microglosia and median rhomboid glossitis were in 0.2% of cases. The present study indicates a higher frequency of tongue abnormalities specially geographic tongue than previ ous studies however further investigation are required to indicate if hereditary and congenital factors play a vital role or if the environmental factors in this region vary with those in their regions. On the other hand the findings from this survey should serve as a baseline for future studies.