mojtaba fazel

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) is an immunodeficiency disorder resulting from genetic mutations in the WAS protein (WASP) gene in the X chromosome, characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, and infections. This case report focused on a 12-year-old Iranian male with WAS with a history of Crohn’s disease, meningitis, and bilateral hernia. His WAS was diagnosed at age six with a hemizygous c.777+1 G>A mutation in the WASP gene. The patient was referred to our clinic with symptoms including fever, abdominal pain, thrombocytopenia, and elevated ESR. Clinical Imaging revealed a significant lung nodule align bronchiectasis, mild ascites, bilateral epididymitis, and lymphadenopathy. Nephrotic syndrome with proteinuria and low levels of albumin have been observed. After six months of receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy in addition to antibiotics and antivirals, the patient suffered from arthritis, edema, and fever. Our WAS patient presented the late comorbidity of renal involvement, which highlights the monitoring of this patient, such as those involved in chronic infections. Therefore, a precise treatment approach is needed to manage either the primary immunodeficiency or the late-discovered diseases.

Identifying affecting and predictive factors of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome’s (SSNS's) outcome may greatly benefit the proper management of SSNS patients. 

The current systematic review comprehensively reviews all available evidence on the risk factors of SSNS relapse in children and adolescents. 

An extensive search was conducted on the electronic databases of Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus until February 18, 2024. Studies investigating the risk factors of relapse were included in this systematic review.

A total of 11 articles were included. Age, gender, and laboratory variables, such as serum creatinine and serum protein are not risk factors for relapse in these studies. Possible associations were reported for risk factors, such as the number of relapses and response time. Overall, the studies reported conflicting results on the value of relapse risk factors.

Although factors, such as hematuria, hypertension, time from treatment to response, and number of relapses have been proposed as possible risk factors for relapse, no conclusion can be reached due to the heterogeneity of studies. Future studies should have more conforming designs to make comparisons more reliable.

Food allergy is a risk factor for asthma. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of food allergy in children with asthma.

This cross-sectional study included 200 children with asthma selected through available sampling; and was conducted in Taleghani Children’s Referral Hospital, Gorgan, Northern Iran, from 2014 to 2016. Greer® (USA) Skin Prick test (SPT) was used to recognize food allergens in all participating children. A questionnaire recorded children’s demographics. Statistical analysis was based on t-tests and chi-square using SPSS 16.

The children's mean age was 10.29 ± 4.06 years. One hundred three children (51.5%) were females. The SPT of garlic, banana, kiwifruit, soybean, tomato, peanut, wheat, and walnut was significantly different between age groups (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences in food allergens were found between different genders, different age groups, and between the two groups of breastfeeding only and breastfeeding plus complimentary food. Allergy to curry powder, peanut, garlic, egg, and pepper was detected to be significantly higher than to other food allergens, (p<0.05). Atopia was detected in approximately all participants (99.5%).

Atopia seems to be an associated condition in asthmatic children. Allergy to curry powder, peanut, garlic, egg, and pepper, was significantly higher than other food allergies in children with asthma in Gorgan, Northern Iran.

Myocardial infarction is characterized by the interruption of blood supply to part of the myocardium, leading to tissue damage. Acute myocardial infarction rarely affects young adults. However, considering the possibility of its occurrence, particularly in the presence of risk factors such as obesity and smoking, can help provide appropriate and timely diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Herein, were present a case of acute myocardial infarction in a young adult male.

Various studies indicate that in many cases, fire has broken out in hospitals. This study aims to assess fire protection in the selected units of Imam Khomeini hospital located in Tehran, Iran in 2020. In this descriptive-analytic study, first, a researcher-made checklist was developed for the data collection by valid scientific resources (CVI = 0.90 and CVR > 0.62). After revising and the final confirmation of reliability, the checklist was separately completed by two members of the risk management committee in 22 units of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Cronbach’s weighted Kappa statistical test was calculated. The domain of Ability and Capability of Fire Prevention was 66.1%; the domain of Responsiveness was 65.1%, and the domain of Urgent Evacuation Ability was 27.3%. In the domain of Responsiveness, the highest scores were relevant to accessing fire extinguishers cylinder in the units (95.5%) and holding fire extinguishing practice courses, and doing seasonal practices with that region’s fire station (90.9% for both). The highest scores in the domain of Urgent Evacuation Ability were assigned to accessing adequate ambulances to evacuate patients (90.9%) and mapping the units as well as determining patient evacuation routes when a fire breaks out (72.7%). The essential protection measures should be taken in order to improve the hospitals’ fire protection by better access to the exits, increasing the number of the exits and standardizing the emergency exits, enhancing the due fire extinguishing practices and hospital evacuation as well as training the staff.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS), like any other chronic illness, may affect the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children, so do the complications related to the disease, and its treatment. A better understanding of the (HRQoL) of people with nephrotic syndrome may help to better guide their treatment.

Sixty children with nephrotic syndrome were assigned as the first case group, besides 81 healthy children as the first control group and 98 children with other chronic illnesses as the second control cohort. The participant and his or her caregiver were asked to fill in the standard HRQoL questionnaire. The patient’s demographic data were also collected and analyzed using SPSS version 26 software.

60 patients with nephrotic syndrome (mean age 9.8±3.7) scored lower grades in physical, social, educational fields as well as total scores than the healthy controls (mean age 9.5 ± 2.7) and higher than the controls with other chronic diseases (mean age 9.7±3.9) (P < 0.05). The emotional QOL score was close to that of the non-healthy control group. No correlation was found between the clinical phenotype of disease regarding the response to steroids and HRQOL (P > 0.05).

The study shows that nephrotic syndrome can affect all aspects of the quality of life of patients. We suggest that comprehensive care of patients with NS be routinely managed in a multidisciplinary clinic with filling HRQOL questionnaires integrated as a common practice.

Tricho‑dento‑osseous syndrome (TDO) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with complete penetrance. Common clinical features include abnormalities of hair, teeth, and skull. Dental management of TDO patients is quite challenging in terms of existing dental and skeletal problems. The current article presents a 12‑year‑old girl suffering TDO, followed by a review on the published literature pertaining to the dental management of TDO patients. Patient history included, rejected corneal transplantation, stone‑forming kidneys, and several previous dental treatments. She was noted to have signs of mandibular prognatia, frontal bossing of the skull, mild bilateral tibial bowing, microstomia, and labial fissures. Dental findings included severe generalized enamel defects, discolored teeth, microdontia, anterior open‑bite, posterior cross‑bite, deep periodontal pockets, hyperplastic inflamed gingiva, taurodontism of permanent molars, dental periapical radiolucencies, and missing teeth. She was the only child of healthy, nonconsanguineous parents with no familial history of similar congenital syndrome or dental abnormalities. A treatment plan was established based on medical/dental history and findings, using a team‑based approach. This article emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for the dental management of patients suffering TDO.

Knowing the epidemiological aspects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is crucial for early recognition, identification of reversible causes, and prognosis. Here, we report the epidemiological characteristics of childhood CKD in Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted during 1991 - 2009. The data were collected using the information in the Iranian Pediatric Registry of Chronic Kidney Disease (IPRCKD) core dataset.

A total of 1247 children were registered. The mean age of the children at registration was 0.69 ± 4.72 years (range, 0.25 –18 years), 7.79 ± 3.18 years for hemodialysis (HD), 4.24 ± 1.86 years for continuous ambula-tory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and 3.4±1.95 years for the children who underwent the renal transplantation (RT) (P < .001). The mean year of follow-up was 7.19 ± 4.65 years. The mean annual incidence of CKD 2–5 stages was 3.34 per million age-related population (pmarp). The mean prevalence of CKD 2–5 stages was 21.95 (pmarp). The cumulative 1-, 5-, and 10-year patients' survival rates were 98.3%, 90.7%, and 84.8%, respectively.The etiology of the CKD included the congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) (40.01%), glomerulopathy (19.00%), unknown cause (18.28%), and cystic/hereditary/congenital disease (11.14%).

The incidence and prevalence rate of pediatric CKD in Iran is relatively lower than those reported in Europe and other similar studies. CAKUT was the main cause of the CKD. Appropriate management of CAKUT including early urological intervention is required to preserve the renal function. Herein, the long-term survival rate was higher among the children with CKD than the literature.

There is considerable controversy on the accuracy of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) in predic- tion of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children. Therefore, the present study intends to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of the value of this biomarker in predicting AKI in children.

An extensive search was performed on the Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases by the end of 2019. Cohort and case-control studies on children were included. Urinary KIM-1 levels were compared between AKI and non- AKI groups. Findings were reported as an overall standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Also, the overall area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of KIM-1 in predicting AKI in children was calculated.

Data from 13 articles were included. Urinary KIM-1 levels in children with stage 1 AKI were higher than the non-AKI group only when assessed within the first 12 hours after admission (SMD = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.07 to 1.84; p = 0.034). However, urinary KIM-1 levels in children with stage 2-3 AKI were significantly higher than non-AKI children (p <0.01) at all times. The AUC of urinary KIM-1 in predicting AKI in children was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.62 to 0.77).

Based on the available evidence, KIM-1 seems to have moderate value in predicting AKI in children. Since previous meta-analyses have provided other urinary and serum biomarkers that have better discriminatory accuracy than KIM-1, so it had better not to use KIM-1 in predicting AKI in children.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease associated with systemic involvement. Various organs including skin, kidneys, joints, heart, and central nervous system, may be affected. One of the serious organ damages in SLE is renal involvement as lupus nephritis, which occurs in 50-75% of children with SLE. Approximately 6-12% of pediatric SLE may develop other conditions, such as JIA, JDM, and polymyositis, scleroderma, and Crohn's disease. Henoch schönlein purpura (HSP) is another disease that accompanies with SLE. There have been several reports of HSP as the primary manifestation of SLE. In this report, we aim to highlight lupus nephritis as the first presentation of SLE and its association with HSP in our patient, a 6-year-old boy with lupus nephritis and past history of HSP 4 years before initiating of SLE.

The phrase "Academic mobbing" can be described as character assassination or psychological harassment against a colleague. According to many published reports, individuals in any workplace, including the academic environment, may be targets of coworkers' antisocial behaviors such as accusation, humiliation, emotional abuse, and general offences. In addition to personal negative outcomes including decreased job satisfaction, increased occupational stress, and higher risk for anxiety and depression; academic mobbing can lead to decreased efficacy of the organization to reach its targets. Job dissatisfaction leads to decrease effort of faculties in performing educational and scientific activities that has indirect consequences on community. The direct effect of dissatisfaction of faculties would be decreased quality and quantity of educational services to students. Since the first steps to systematically deal with any social issue, including academic mobbing is understanding the nature and characteristics of the situation, the current review tends to introduce and establish the characteristics of academic mobbing as well as the role of the authorities in preventing or resolving the problem.

Final diagnosis of the patient based on genetic study was Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS). WAS is an X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the gene that encodes the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp). The originally described features of WAS include susceptibility to infections (subsequently associated with adaptive and innate immune deficiency), microthrombocytopenia, and eczema.
The pathogenesis of renal involvement in Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is unclear and renal outcome is generally poor in such situations

There is still controversy about the efficacy of paricalcitol in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, the present study was designed to assess current evidence on the efficacy of paricalcitol in CKD children.

In this systematic review, an extensive search was performed on the databases of Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science up to the end of October 2019. The keywords related to CKD and paricalcitol were combined and searched. Two independent researchers reviewed the papers; data were analyzed in STATA 14.0 statistical program and the effect of paricalcitol administration on serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), and Ca × P product ratio were reported as odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (95%CI).

Finally, data from three studies were included in the present study. Paricalcitol administration decreased iPTH levels in children with CKD (OR=0.12; 95%CI: 0.05 to 0.29; p<0.001). However, paricalcitol administration had no effect on serum calcium level (OR=1.16; 95%CI: 0.48 to 2.80; p=0.741), serum phosphorus level (OR=0.87; 95%CI: 0.38 to 1.99; p=0.735), and Ca × P ratio (OR=0.48; 95% CI: 0.15 to 1.50; p=0.208). No study has investigated the efficacy of paricalcitol on the control of proteinuria following CKD.

There is limited evidence on the efficacy and safety of paricalcitol in children with CKD. There are no studies in CKD children that have shown efficacy of Paricalcitol in controlling proteinuria.

Value of Corticosteroid Randomisation after Significant Head Injury (CRASH) prognostic model has not been assessed in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study is designed to examine the value of CRASH model in prediction of 14-day mortality and 6-month unfavourable outcome of pediatric TBI. In a cross-sectional study, 738 children with TBI brought to the emergency ward of four hospitals were studied. For assessing the predictive value of the CRASH model discrimination power and calibration of CRASH basic model and CRASH CT model were examined. The areas under the curve (AUC) of CRASH basic and CRASH CT models in prediction of 14-day mortality were 0.89 and 0.91, respectively. AUCs of the CRASH basic and CRASH CT models in predicting unfavourable outcome were 0.93 and 0.94. The value of two models in prediction of 14-day mortality (p=0.20), and 6-month unfavourable outcome (p=0.22) were equal. Both models had proper calibrations in predicting 14-day mortality and 6-month unfavourable outcome. As calculations of the basic model are easier than those of the CT model and it does not necessitate CT scanning, the CRASH basic model is suggested in the field of pediatrics.

Statistics have shown that the rate of technical failure in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is greater than hemodialysis. In this regard, the present study is aimed to determine the prevalence and risks factors of technique failure of PD in Iranian children using the country’s computerized PD data registry system. Data of 405 PD patients younger than 20 years old were extracted from Iranian PD registry. The joint models of longitudinal and time-to-event data were used to assess independent risk factors of PD technique failure. PD technique failure occurred in 17.3% of the patients. 1 ng/ml increase in the baseline level of ferritin and 1 mmHg increase in the baseline systolic blood pressure will result in 0.11% (Hazard Ratio [HR]=1.0011; p=0.001), and 1.25% (HR=1.0125; p=0.046) increase in the risk of PD technique failure, respectively. In addition, 1 g/dl decrease in the baseline hemoglobin will cause a 16.25% increase in the risk of PD technique failure (HR=0.8602; p=0.026). Finally, 1 mg/l decrease in the blood urea nitrogen over time after starting PD will result in 1.75% increase in the risk of PD technique failure (HR=0.9829; p=0.006). The findings from this study showed that an increase in ferritin as well as systolic blood pressure at the beginning of PD increase the risk of technique failure. Furthermore, an increase in the hemoglobin level at the beginning of PD as well as an increase in the blood urea nitrogen over time after starting PD have protective impacts on pediatric PD technique failure.

Breast milk can be a source of toxic material, along with the transfer of nutrients needed for infant growth. This study was conducted to measure the level of lead in maternal and neonatal blood and breast milk in Tehran, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 150 mothers and their infants were studied. Samples of maternal blood, fetal umbilical cord blood, breast milk, and amount of lead measured by atomic absorption method were collected. Correlations between lead levels and demographic characteristics of mother and infants were assessed.

The mean levels of lead in maternal and neonatal blood and breast milk were 9.79±4.31, 8.29±4.83, and 8.65±3.67 μg/dl, respectively. The different levels of lead were associated with cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. No significant relationship was found between lead levels and neonatal parameters (i.e., weight, height, and head circumference). The Spearman's correlation also showed the association between different levels of lead with cord blood, maternal blood, and breast milk. Linear regression also did not show any relationship between lead levels in cord blood, milk, and mother blood with newborn growth parameters.

The present study failed to find a significant correlation between lead and newborn birth parameters. In our study, lead levels in maternal blood, breast milk, and cord blood were lower, compared those of the previous years in Iran; however, it needs to decrease, because lead even at very low concentrations may also have adverse effects.

There is little information about the survival rate of pediatric peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and its risk factors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess survival rate and its risk factors in Iranian children undergoing PD. Demographic and laboratory data of 407 Iranian children (up to 19 years old) undergoing PD, from 20 centers in Iran were included. The outcome of interest in our study was survival rate and determination of its risk factors in PD children. The joint models of longitudinal and time-to-event data analysis was used. The median duration of follow-up was 537 (interquartile range: 146 to 1,177) days. Finally, 72 (17.7%) patients died during a period of 23 years. Our results showed that one-year survival rate of PD patients was 93.6% and five-year survival rate was 76.9%. In addition, the most important risk factors for the PD all-cause mortality were age (HR=0.9301; 95% CI: 0.9031 to 0.9587), serum creatinine (HR=0.8907; 95% CI: 0.8138 to 0.9750), platelet count (HR=0.9999; 95% CI: 0.99995 to 0.99999), aspartate aminotransferase level (HR=1.0001; 95% CI: 0.9999, 1.0002), alkaline phosphatase (HR=0.9989; 95% CI: 0.9982 to 0.9997), renal solute clearance rate (HR=0.9839; 95% CI: 0.9700 to 0.9981), and normalized protein catabolic rate (HR=0.4031; 95% CI: 0.1879, 0.8648). The survival rate of Iranian pediatric PD patients is similar to other countries. It is suggested that laboratory assessment be continually

Giggle incontinence, also known as “enuresis risoria”, is characterized by unexpected, involuntary, and complete bladder voiding in response to laughter. The cause is unknown; however, there are different assumptions based on several case studies. This research discusses the effectiveness of methylphenidate for giggle incontinence in children.

Fifteen girls who met the giggle incontinence criteria were randomly divided to two groups: group A (n=8 girls) and group B (n=7 girls). The participants in group A took Oxybutynin chloride and the patients in group B received methylphenidate for one month. The response of the two groups to drugs was assessed.

Group A included 8 girls (mean age: 7.7 years) and group B comprised 7 girls (mean age: 8.4 years). Only one patient in group A showed complete response to Oxybutynin chloride. No wetting was reported by six patients in group B.

Giggle incontinence is a rare form of incontinence. The pathophysiology is unfortunately unknown yet. Methylphenidate may be suggested for symptomatic relief compared to Oxybutynin chloride until the etiology of the disease is more clearly defined.Keywords: Giggle incontinence; Giggle micturition; Laughter incontinence; Enuresis.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in children. It is preventable in many cases and appropriate health behaviors can protect a child from the disease or minimize its risk. Considering the relatively high prevalence of urinary tract infections in children and with regard to the important role of healthy behaviors in preventing this infection, we decided to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers regarding the prevention of urinary tract infections. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed in the Pediatric Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of mothers about UTI in children and to evaluate its relationships with some demographic features. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the literature review. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software and P-values less than 5% were considered significant. One hundred and fifteen mothers who presented to the Pediatric Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital participated in this study. The average knowledge, attitude, and practice score in the first part and the practice score in the second part was 6.21, 47.85, 13.86, and 10.66, respectively.A statistically significant relationship was found between the score of knowledge and attitude. The knowledge score had a significant relationship between maternal employment status, household income, and household location. There was also a significant relationship between access to information and both the knowledge and attitude scores. The significant relationship between access to information resources and the maternal knowledge and attitude scores confirms the importance of awareness in improving the knowledge of mothers in preventing urinary tract infection.Keywords: Knowledge; Attitudes; Practice; Urinary Tract Infections; Pediatrics.

Resilience has received increased attention among both practitioners and scholars in recent years. Child resilience has received notable attention in disaster risk reduction (DRR) during the creation of the Sendai Framework 2015–2030 to improve child protection in the event of disasters. As resilience is a subjective concept with a variety of defnitions, this study evaluates its different factors and determinates in the existing research to clarify the path for the near future and objective research. A systematic literature review was conducted by searching and selecting the peer‑reviewed papers published in four main international electronic databases including PubMed, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, and PsycINFO to answer the research question: “What are the criteria, factors or indicators for child resilience in the context of a natural disaster?” The process was based on PRISMA guidelines. In total, 28 papers out of 1838 were selected and evaluated using thematic analysis. The results are shown in two separate tables: one descriptive and the other analytical. Two main themes and fve subthemes for criteria for child resilience in a disaster have been found. The factors found cover the following areas: mental health, spiritual health, physical, social behavior, and ecological, and as well as environmental. The majority of the included studies mentioned the scattered criteria about children resilience without any organized category. Although this concept is multifactorial, additional research is needed to develop this study and also observe other kinds of disasters such as human‑made disasters.

Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is very rare inflammatory disorder characterized by episodic, progressive, and destructive courses affecting cartilages. Renal involvement also is very rare presenting sign in these patients. It has seldom been described in children. We describe an 11-yearold girl with RP and complaint offrequent episodes of hematuria, and dysuria with fever and periorbital edema that auricular cartilage involvement appeared after renal involvement. Renal involvement in the setting of RP is mainly important, and need close observation.

Annually, Children as a major group have affected in disasters all over the world. As resilience terminology has been appeared in disaster risk reduction to improve more attention on human ability instead of concentration on his vulnerability. It seems that child resiliency may be the best approach to decrease their vulnerability. Although there are lot studies on resiliency, child resiliency in disaster situation seems is unique filed that would be considered. The objective of this systematic review is synthesizing the evidence of the children resiliency indicators in natural disasters to identifying their capacity and improving their ability against the disaster consequences.
This study will conduct a systematic review of the children resiliency in natural disaster situation in any mythological designed articles that extract indicators/factors to improve children resiliency in every natural disaster. Four main electronic databases which cover this topic’s article will searched including PUBMED, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, and PYCINFO. Furthermore, experts will be asked to identify verifiable Grey literature documents. EndNote software version X7 will use to managing search library, screening duplication and extracting irrelevant articles. Search strategy has defined by author’s team agreement. Specific syntax has been used for each main database. It‘s considered the time duration for database searching. Articles evaluation will be based on PICO that will define according the research question for including and excluding articles. Moreover, the QARI checklist/tool from JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual: 2014 edition) will be used for assessing criteria quality. it is quality context and focused on human psychosocial behavior with specific group that call children , adolescence, teenager and youth but we call them under eighteen-year olds children according UNICEF definition. On the other hand, we will use the QARI data extraction tool according our research question, too.
This systematic literature review will determine tangible criteria of child resiliency that would be valuable for decision makers, community, researchers, family and who are concerned about children and also disaster situations. It’s worth to clarify this subjective term to objective for being tangible for them. In this way, in disaster situation they could evaluate the difference between having resilient child VS not resilient one, the effects are not only during disaster but also long time after disaster.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in children. Recurrent UTI causes serious complications such as renal scarring, proteinuria and hypertension. Recent studies have reported that hypercalciuria may be considered a risk factor for recurrent UTI.
In this study 110 children 2months to 13years old age with recurrent UTI were evaluated for hypercalciuria, urinary tract anomalies and voiding dysfunction, constipation, reflux and scars of the kidney. Hypercalciuria was defined as a calcium/creatinine ratio more than 0.21 in at least two morning spot urine test. Recurrent UTI was defined as at least 3 episodes of cystitis or 2 episodes of pyelonephritis.
There was 110 children: 103 female (93.6) and 7 male (6.4). Mean age was 4.35 ­­­­­± 2.05. Frequency of recurrent UTI was 2.7 times. The most common symptom was dysuria (73%) and frequency (60%), abdominal pain (44%). Hematuria was seen in 60% 0f patients with recurrent UTI and hypercalciuria. Mean calcium/creatinine ratio was 0.87±0.32 that detected in 37.7% of children with recurrent UTI. Familial history of hypercalciuria was detected in 13.6% of patients. Microlithiasis was detected in 83.3% of children with recurrent UTI and hypercalciuria. Patients with hypercaluria received hydrochlrotiazid for 3- 18 months (mean 8.3±3.1 months).

Epilepsy­ causes significant effects on child's physical and mental functions and is associated with different psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and quality of life (QOL) in children with epilepsy.
This study was conducted on 90 children that divided to 3 groups: chronic epilepsy, recent epilepsy (with diagnosis of less than a month), and control groups. In the first stage, all patients were screened with a questionnaire containing demographic data, ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS), Child-self report and Parent-proxy report as well as Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory TM (Peds QL™) forms. Then, the children were evaluated for definite diagnosis of ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria.
ADHD was diagnosed in 43.3%, 36.7% and 6.7% of chronic epilepsy, recent epilepsy, and control groups, respectively. There was a significant correlation between Parent-proxy report QOL score and the type of epilepsy. In analysis of QOL subgroups, the score of physical function and school performance were different in three groups. Children with ADHD had significantly lower total QOL score than non-ADHD children.
The physical function, school performance, and total QOL score of chronic epileptic children are lower than recent epileptic and non-epileptic children. The ADHD is more common in epileptic children than normal children. Screening and early treatment of ADHD in epileptic children may improve their QOL.